12<\/strong>. hath greatly offended<\/em> ] Israel as the people of the true God was inviolable (Jer 2:3<\/span>), except when Jehovah employed the nations to chastise it. Too often the nations exceeded their commission, cherishing purposes of their own (Isa 10:6<\/span> seq<\/em>.), and themselves incurred guilt by their excess (Isa 47:6<\/span>; Zec 1:15<\/span>).<\/p>\n 12 14<\/strong>. Prophecy against Edom<\/p>\n The relations of Edom to Israel were changeful. Subdued by David it shook off the yoke under Jehoram (2Ki 8:20<\/span>). Reconquered by Amaziah and Uzziah (2Ki 14:7<\/span>; 2Ki 14:22<\/span>), it rebelled under Ahaz (2Ki 16:6<\/span>; 2Ch 28:17<\/span>), and from this time was probably independent. Edomites seem to have taken part in the capture of Jerusalem by the Chaldeans, or at least to have been active in cutting off the fugitives (Ob. Eze 25:10-14<\/em><\/span>), and for their part in this they incurred the lasting hatred of Israel (Obad., Lam 4:21<\/span>; Isa 34:5<\/span> seq<\/em>., Isa 63:1-6<\/span>; Joe 3:19<\/span>; Psa 137:7<\/span>; Mal 1:2<\/span>. Cf. Jer 49:7<\/span> seq<\/em>.). During the exile the Edomites took possession of part of the land of Israel (Eze 35:10<\/span>); and in the time of the Maccabean war of independence, like the Ammonites, they shewed their hereditary enmity to Israel ( 1Ma 5:3 ; 1Ma 5:35 ). John Hyrcanus finally subdued them and incorporated them in the state of Israel. Ultimately, like Moab and Ammon, the name of Edom disappears from history, all the three peoples being known by the general name of Arabs, Children of the East as Ezek. had prophesied.<\/p>\n Edom, so named from Esau, consisted of various tribes enumerated in Gen. 36<\/span>. The Edomites became a powerful nation before the Israelites came out of Egypt. David conquered them, but in the reign of Joram they rebelled and were not again subdued 2Ki 8:20<\/span>. Under the name of Idumea the land was conquered by John Hyrcanus (compare Eze 25:14<\/span>), when many of the people adopted the religion of the Jews. In later times the Idumean Herod became king of Palestine, reckoning himself as a Jew. Mount Seir, deserted by its original inhabitants, was occupied by a tribe of Arabians (the Nabatheans), under whelm Petra rose and continued a flourishing city under Roman dominion, until the tide of Mahometan conquest brought it to that ruin in which Edom at last found the complete fulfillment of the prophecies uttered against it Eze 35:1-15<\/span>.<\/P> Taking vengeance – <\/B>Referring to the wrong done by Jacob to Esau Gen 27:36<\/span>.<\/P> <\/p>\n Verse 12<\/span>. Because that Edom hath dealt<\/B><\/I>] The Edomites were the most inveterate enemies of the Jews from the very earliest times, and ever did all that they could to annoy them.<\/P> <\/p>\n Edom; <\/B>the Idumeans, children of Esau. <\/P> The house of Judah; <\/B>the kingdom of David after the division of the tribes, when but two remained constant to the house of David. <\/P> By taking vengeance<\/B> for the old quarrel, because Jacob got the blessing from Esau, or rather in revenging a later quarrel, which they had against Judah for the slaughter, spoil, and captivity they suffered by Davids conquering sword. <\/P> Hath greatly offended; <\/B>both in the thing itself, for vengeance belongs to God; and in the manner and measures of executing it, as appears both from Psa 137:7<\/span>, and the prophecy of Oba 1:10-15<\/span>, which see, and consider. <\/P> <\/p>\n 12. taking vengeance<\/B>literally,”revenging with revengement,” that is, the most unrelentingvengeance. It was not simple hatred, but deep-brooding, implacablerevenge. The grudge of Edom or Esau was originally for Jacob’srobbing him of Isaac’s blessing (Gen 25:23<\/span>;Gen 27:27-41<\/span>). This purposeof revenge yielded to the extraordinary kindness of Jacob, throughthe blessing of Him with whom Jacob wrestled in prayer; but it wasrevived as an hereditary grudge in the posterity of Esau when theysaw the younger branch rising to the pre-eminence which they thoughtof right belonged to themselves. More recently, for David’ssubjugation of Edom to Israel (2Sa8:14<\/span>). They therefore gave vent to their spite by joining theChaldeans in destroying Jerusalem (Psa 137:7<\/span>;Lam 4:22<\/span>; Oba 1:10-14<\/span>),and then intercepting and killing the fugitive Jews (Am1:11<\/span>) and occupying part of the Jewish land as far as Hebron.<\/P><\/p>\n Thus saith the Lord God<\/strong>,…. Concerning Seir or the Edomites, the prophecy concerning the Moabites being finished:<\/p>\n because that Edom hath dealt against the house of Judah by taking vengeance<\/strong>: or, “revenging a revenge” w; the Edomites bore an old grudge against the Jews, not only because their father Jacob had got the birthright and blessing from their father Esau; but because they were made tributaries to them in David’s time, and afterwards severely chastised by Amaziah; these things they laid up in their minds, and vowed revenge whenever they had an opportunity; and now one offered at the destruction of Jerusalem, which they took:<\/p>\n and hath greatly offended, and revenged himself upon them<\/strong>: not only by rejoicing at the destruction of the Jews, but by encouraging the Babylonians in it; assisting them therein, joining with them in plundering the city, and in cutting off those with the sword who endeavoured to make their escape; see Ps 137:7<\/span>.<\/p>\n w “in ulciscendo ultionem”, Montanus, Starckius.<\/p>\n Against the Edomites<\/p>\n Eze 25:12<\/span>. Thus saith the Lord Jehovah, Because Edom acteth revengefully towards the house of Judah, and hath been very guilty in avenging itself upon them, <\/em> Eze 25:13<\/span>. Therefore, thus saith the Lord Jehovah, I will stretch out my hand over Edom, and cut off man and beast from it, and make it a desert from Teman, and unto Dedan they shall fall by the sword. <\/em> Eze 25:14<\/span>. And I will inflict my vengeance upon Edom by the hand of my people Israel, that they may do to Edom according to my anger and my wrath; and they shall experience my vengeance, is the saying of the Lord Jehovah<\/em>. – Whilst the Ammonites and the Moabites are charged with nothing more than malicious pleasure at the fall of Israel, and disregard of its divine calling, the Edomites are reproached with revengeful acts of hostility towards the house of Judah, and threatened with extermination in consequence. The , doing or acting of Edom, is more precisely defined as ‘ , i.e., as consisting in the taking of vengeance, and designated as very guilty, . , followed by with an infinitive, as in Eze 17:17<\/span>. Edom had sought every opportunity of acting thus revengefully towards Israel (vid., Oba 1:11<\/span>; Amo 1:11<\/span>), so that in Eze 35:5<\/span> Ezekiel speaks of the “eternal enmity” of Edom against Israel. For this reason we must not restrict the reproach in Eze 25:12<\/span> to particular outbreaks of this revenge at the time of the devastation and destruction of Judah by the Chaldeans, of which the Psalmist complains in Psa 137:1-9<\/span>, and for which he invokes the vengeance of God upon Edom. Man and beast are to be cut off from Edom in consequence, and the land to become a desert from Teman to Dedan. These names denote not cities, but districts. Teman<\/em> is the southern portion of Idumaea (see the comm. on Amo 1:12<\/span>); and Dedan<\/em> is therefore the northern district. Dedan<\/em> is probably not the Cushite tribe mentioned in Gen 10:7<\/span>, but the tribe of the same name which sprang from the sons of Abraham by Keturah (Gen 25:3<\/span>), and which is also mentioned in Jer 49:8<\/span> in connection with Edom. has local with Seghol<\/em> instead of Kametz<\/em>, probably on account of the preceding a<\/em> (vid., Ewald, 216 c<\/em>). There is no necessity to connect with the following clause, as Hitzig and Kliefoth have done, in opposition to the accents. The two geographical names, which are used as a periphrasis for Idumaea as a whole, are distributed equally through the parallelismus membrorum <\/em> between the two clauses of the sentence, so that they belong to both clauses, so far as the sense is concerned. Edom is to become a desert from Teman to Dedan, and its inhabitants from Teman to Dedan are to fall by the sword. This judgment of vengeance will be executed by God through His people Israel. The fulfilment of this threat, no doubt, commenced with the subjugation of the Edomites by the Maccabees; but it is not to be limited to that event, as Rosenmller, Kliefoth, and others suppose, although the foundation was thereby laid for the disappearance of the national existence of Edom. For it is impossible with this limitation to do justice to the emphatic expression, “ my people<\/em> Israel.” On the ground, therefore, of the prophecies in Amo 9:12<\/span> and Oba 1:17<\/span>, that the people of God are to take possession of Edom, when the fallen tabernacle of David is raised up again, i.e., in the Messianic times, which prophecies point back to that of Balaam in Num 24:18<\/span>, and have their roots, as this also has, in the promise of God concerning the twin sons of Isaac, “the elder shall serve the younger” (Gen 25:23<\/span>), we must seek for the complete fulfilment in the victories of the people of God over all their foes, among whom Edom from time immemorial had taken the leading place, at the time when the kingdom of God is perfected. For even here Edom is not introduced merely as a single nation that was peculiarly hostile to Judah, but also as a type of the implacable enmity of the heathen world towards the people and kingdom of God, as in Eze 35:1-15<\/span>, Isa. 34:63, etc. The vengeance, answering to the anger and wrath of Jehovah, which Israel, as the people of God, is to execute upon Edom, consists not merely in the annihilation of the national existence of Edom, which John Hyrcanus carried into effect by compelling the subjugated Edomites to adopt circumcision (see the comm. on Num 24:18<\/span>), but chiefly in the wrathful judgment which Israel will execute in the person of Christ upon the arch-enemy of the kingdom of God by its complete extinction.<\/p>\n COMING JUDGMENT ON EDOM<\/strong><\/p>\n Verses 12-14:<\/strong><\/p>\n Verse 12 states <\/strong>that because of Edom’s vengeance and revenge upon the house of Judah she too is to face irrevocable judgment, Gen 12:3<\/span>. The Edomites were the offspring of Esau, Gen 36:1<\/span>. Mt Seir was given Esau for a possession, Deu 2:1-5<\/span>; See also Eze 35:2-3<\/span>. See also 2Ch 28:17<\/span>; Psa 137:7<\/span>; Jer 49:7-8<\/span>; Amo 1:11<\/span>; Oba 1:10<\/span>.<\/p>\n Verse 13 asserts <\/strong>that because of Edom’s sins God would stretch out His hand to execute judgment that would cut off man and beast, and make the land desolate from Teman, and cause those of Dedan to fall by the sword. It was to be from the south to the north, through all the land, Jer 49:8<\/span>.<\/p>\n Verse 14 declares <\/strong>that Edom, who had shown vengeance and revenge toward Israel, would have the Lord’s hand of vengeance turned upon them by the hand of the Israelites whom they had persecuted, until they knew or recognized that God was a just avenger of sins, Deu 32:35<\/span>; Rom 12:19<\/span>.<\/p>\n III. THE WORD AGAINST EDOM 25:1214<\/p>\n TRANSLATION<\/strong><\/p>\n (12) Thus says the Lord GOD: Because Edoms dealings with the house of Judah have been the result of vengeful conduct, and he has incurred enormous guilt by executing vengeance against them, (13) therefore, thus says the Lord GOD: I will stretch out MY hand against Edom, and I will cut off from it man and beast. And I will make it a desolation from Teman; even toward Dedan they shall fall by the sword. (14) And I will put My vengeance in Edom by the hand of My people Israel, and they shall deal with Edom according to My wrath and according to MY anger; thus they will know My vengeance (oracle of the Lord GOD).<\/p>\n COMMENTS<\/strong><\/p>\n The Edomites were descended from Esau. They occupied the territory south of the Dead Sea. Although the twins Esau and Jacob were reconciled during their lifetime (Genesis 33<\/span>), their descendants were involved in perpetual hostilities. The Edomites had not allowed the Israelites to pass through their land in the days of Moses (Num. 20:14-21<\/span>). Amos (Eze. 1:11-12<\/span>) and Obadiah[373] condemned the Edomites for early attacks against Israel.[374] Jeremiah lashed out against them (Jer. 49:7-11<\/span>; Lam. 4:21-22<\/span>), and later Malachi would blast them (Mal. 1:2-5<\/span>).<\/p>\n [373] The date of Obadiah is in dispute among Bible scholars. Many scholars consider Obadiah as one of the earliest of the writing prophets, He may have been active during the reign of Jehoram of Judah (848841 B.C.)<\/p>\n [374] The historical record Indicates that Israel had responded in kind to the viciousness of the Edomites (2Sa. 8:13<\/span>, 1Ki. 11:15<\/span>; 1Ki. 11:15<\/span>; 2Ch. 25:11-12<\/span>).<\/p>\n Edoms sin was a vengeful spirit toward the people of God. Apparently, at the time of the Babylonian invasion of Judah, the Edomites had seized the opportunity to get revenge against Judah. Thus they had committed a grave offense (Eze. 25:12<\/span>).<\/p>\n For the crimes committed against His people God would stretch out His hand against Edom. Man and beast would be cut off from the land. Even Teman, one of the leading cities of Edom, would become desolate. The slaughter would extend south of Edom as far as Dedan[375] (Eze. 25:13<\/span>). The devastation of Edom would be wrought by the hands of the Israelites. Acting as Gods agents, they would teach Edom the vengeance of the true Lord, Yahweh of Israel (Eze. 25:14<\/span>).<\/p>\n [375] The Dedan most frequently mentioned in the Scripture was located in Arabia, about 300 miles southeast of Teman. Dedan is elsewhere mentioned in connection with Edom only in Jer. 49:8<\/span>. Possibly Jeremiah and Ezekiel are referring to a settlement of Dedanites within the territory of Edom rather than to the famous caravan city of that name. On the other hand, the two prophets may be suggesting that the disaster which would befall Edom would sweep southward even to Dedan.<\/p>\n As in most of the prophecies against foreign nations, the predicted demise of Edom occurred gradually. Edom proper fell into Arab hands in the fifth century B.C. In the third century B.C. the area was overrun by the Nabataeans. In the second pre-Christian century the remnant of the Edomites were conquered by the Jewish general Judas Maccabeus (1Ma. 5:65). They were finally forced to accept circumcision and the Jewish faith. In this amalgamation the Edomites disappeared from history.<\/p>\n (12) Edom hath dealt against the house of Judah.<\/strong>The reason of Edoms hostility to Israel is expressly said to be revenge. Descended from the elder son, they had never looked complacently on the spiritual superiority given to the descendants of the younger. They showed their hostility from the first in refusing, with a show of violence, a passage to the Israelites through their territory (Num. 20:18-21<\/span>); and although they were subdued and made tributary under David and Solomon (2Sa. 8:14<\/span>; 1Ki. 9:26<\/span>), yet in the decline of the Jewish power they availed themselves of every opportunity for hostility (2Ch. 28:17<\/span>, &c). At this time they not only joined the armies of Nebuchadnezzar, but appear to have urged on the conqueror to greater cruelty, and to have themselves waylaid the fugitives to cut them off (Eze. 35:5<\/span>; Psa. 137:7<\/span>; Amo. 1:11<\/span>; Oba. 1:11<\/span>). They also, during the Captivity, took possession of many towns of Judea, including Hebron (Jos., Antt., <\/em>xii. 8, 6; B. J., <\/em>4:9, 7), which were re-conquered in the time of the Maccabees. Other prophecies against Edom may be found in Num. 24:18-19<\/span>; Isa. 11:14<\/span>; Jer. 49:7-12<\/span>; Joe. 3:19<\/span>, besides the extended prophecy of Ezekiel in Ezekiel 35<\/span>.<\/p>\n 12<\/strong>. <\/strong> Edom <\/strong> The Edomites (Assyrian, Udumu<\/em>) were a Semitic race closely related to the Hebrews, whose law required them to be loved as a “brother” and given special temple privileges (Deu 23:7-8<\/span>). The name, according to Sayce, means “red skins,” which would separate them from the fairer Hebrews and Amorites. They had conquered a strip of country about Mount Seir (Deu 2:22<\/span>), and were a very powerful nation until conquered by Ramman-Nirari (806-797 B.C.). They, like their brothers, the Israelites, had adopted the “language of Canaan,” and though their libraries have not yet been discovered, some scholars think traces of their literature may be seen in the lists of Edomite princes (Genesis 36<\/span>), and perhaps also in Job and the Proverbs of Lemuel. Notwithstanding their close relationship, Edom and Israel were frequently at war ( 2Ki 8:20 ; 2Ki 14:7<\/span>; 2Ki 14:22<\/span>; 2Ki 16:6<\/span>; 2Ch 28:17<\/span>). These sons of Esau had “hatred of old” (Eze 35:5<\/span>) for the sons of Jacob, and exulted with great joy when Jerusalem was destroyed by the Chaldeans, perhaps assisting in the city’s overthrow (Joe 3:19<\/span>; Psa 137:7<\/span>; Amo 1:11<\/span>; Oba 1:11<\/span>). During the Maccabean war they continued hostile to the Jews. “Ultimately, like Moab and Ammon, the name of Edom disappears from history, all the three peoples being known by the general name of Arabs children of the East as Ezekiel had prophesied.” Davidson.<\/p>\n ‘Thus says the Lord Yahweh, “Because Edom has dealt against the house of Judah by taking vengeance, and has greatly offended, and revenged herself on them,” therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh, “I will stretch out my hand on Edom and will cut off man and beast from it, and I will make it desolate from Teman, even to Dedan they will fall by the sword.” ’<\/p>\n Edom is singled out as especially treacherous (Psa 137:7-9<\/span>) a fact reflected in the continual animosity revealed against her elsewhere (Oba 1:21<\/span>; Mal 1:3-5<\/span>). We do not know quite what she did but she acted positively in some way to bring as much harm on Jerusalem as possible. In Eze 35:5<\/span> it is said that they ‘gave over the children of Israel to the power of the sword in the time of their calamity’. This suggests that they turned back those seeking refuge in Edom into the hands of their pursuers, an example of heartless cynicism and cruelty that would not easily be forgiven. Even Moab and Ammon did not do that. And there is evidence of Edomite occupation of southern Judah after the exile ( 1Ma 5:65 ; Josephus; the Zenon papyri). It seemed that she took full and vicious advantage of Jerusalem’s cruel dilemma.<\/p>\n Because of this her fate was to be severe, although we do not actually have any details of what immediately happened to her. She was to be totally desolated. There is certainly evidence of a later Arab population.<\/p>\n The inhabitants of Teman in northern Edom were renowned for their wisdom (Jer 49:7<\/span>; Oba 1:8-9<\/span>). Teman may be identified with Tawilan which has been excavated to reveal a large Edomite town of the 8th to 6th centuries BC. Dedan was in north west Arabia and well known for its role in the caravan trade (Eze 27:20<\/span>; Isa 21:13<\/span>), and is mentioned in inscriptions. The site is now known as al-‘Ula<\/p>\n The Oracle Against Edom ( Eze 25:12-14<\/strong><\/span><\/strong> ).<\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n Edom has already been mentioned in the charge against Moab. Ammon and Moab were seen as brother nations descended from Lot (Gen 19:37-38<\/span>), while Edom was seen as descended from Esau (Gen 32:3<\/span>; Gen 36:8<\/span>). They were thus related nations, and their land was seen as given to them by Yahweh, which was why Moses had sought to avoid conflict with them (Deu 2:18-19<\/span>; Deu 2:22<\/span>). But now He was taking it away from them. They had gone too far.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/strong> Against Idumea and Philistia<\/p>\n v. 12. Thus saith the Lord God, Because that Edom,<\/strong> whose people were direct descendants of Jacob’s brother Esau, hath dealt against the house of Judah by taking vengeance,<\/strong> or, “by exercising vindictive revenge,” and hath greatly offended,<\/strong> heaping guilt upon itself, and revenged himself upon them,<\/strong> still smarting under the feeling of having been cheated of the right of the first-born, Cf Gen 27:41<\/span>, <\/p>\n v. 13. therefore thus saith the Lord God, I will also stretch out Mine hand upon Edom,<\/strong> in a stern and comprehensive punishment, and will cut off man and beast from it,<\/strong> in a general destruction; and I will make it desolate from Teman,<\/strong> the southernmost part of the country; and they of Dedan,<\/strong> of the northern section of the country, shall fall by the sword,<\/strong> that is, the entire land would become subject to the punishment of the Lord. <\/p>\n v. 14. And I will lay My vengeance upon Edom by the hand of My people Israel,<\/strong> not only in a physical subjection brought about at the time of the Maccabees, but also in the more complete conquest in the Messianic times, when at least some of the inhabitants of this country bowed down before the true God; and they shall do in Edom,<\/strong> in its physical subjection, according to Mine anger and according to My fury; and they shall know My vengeance, saith the Lord God,<\/strong> the manner in which he takes revenge upon such as will not bow down to his rule. <\/p>\n v. 15. Thus saith the Lord God, Because the Philistines,<\/strong> Judah’s neighbors to the southwest, along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, have dealt by revenge,<\/strong> in vindictive malice, and have taken vengeance with a despiteful heart,<\/strong> in a perpetual war of spite, to destroy it for the old hatred,<\/strong> on account of the enmity which reached back into the earliest history of the relations between the two nations, <\/p>\n v. 16. therefore thus saith the Lord God, Behold, I will stretch out Mine hand upon the Philistines, and I will cut off the Cherethims,<\/strong> another name for the Philistines on account of their Cretan descent, and destroy the remnant of the seacoast. <\/strong> Cf Amo 1:8<\/span>; Isa 14:30<\/span>; Jer 47:4<\/span>. <\/p>\n v. 17. And I will execute great vengeance upon them with furious rebukes,<\/strong> or, “in punishments of fury”; and they shall know that I am the Lord when I shall lay My vengeance upon them,<\/strong> forcing them to concede the unlimited range of His power, so that they would have to confess, even though most unwillingly, that lie alone is the true God. <\/p>\n Eze 25:12<\/span><\/em><\/strong>. <\/strong>Because that Edom, <\/em><\/strong>&c.<\/strong> See Psa 137:7<\/span>. Houbigant renders the passage, Because Edom hath burned with rage against the house of Judah, and hath revenged himself upon them by wickedness, <\/em>&c. <\/p>\n Edom, the descendants of Esau, the brother of Jacob, is the next brought to God’s bar, and a solemn judgment and sentence is pronounced upon Edom. See, Reader! how plainly the different seeds of nature and grace ran through all the generations of Esau and Jacob? Oh! to what can we refer distinguishing mercy but to God’s sovereign will and purpose! Mal 1:2-3<\/span> ; Rom 9:13-16<\/span> .<\/p>\n Eze 25:12 Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because that Edom hath dealt against the house of Judah by taking vengeance, and hath greatly offended, and revenged himself upon them;<\/p>\n Ver. 12. By taking vengeance.<\/strong> ] Heb., By revenging revengement; out of a vindictive spirit rejoicing at Judah’s harms, and saying, They were well enough served. See the prophecy of Oba 1:10-16 and Psa 137:7 Their father Esau was of a spiteful spirit, Gen 27:41 and they took after him, proceeding upon the old score. Hence they are put for God’s and the Church’s enemies by a specialty. Isa 63:1-6 <\/em> Joe 3:9-17 <\/em> Amo 9:1-10 A learned man hath given us this note: Esau<\/em> signifieth a doer<\/em> or a worker<\/em> ; Edom<\/em> , a ruddy, bloody, or earthy man. These Edomites were a type of justiciaries, who will needs be saved by their works and merits. These are the deadliest enemies of God’s people, war upon them continually, seek and suck their blood, and shall at length suffer condign punishment. <\/p>\n <\/p>\n And hath greatly offended and revenged himself upon them.<\/strong> ] Wishing, as Caligula did by the people of Rome, that they had all but one neck, a<\/em> that he might cut them off at one blow. Plane sunt serpentes,<\/em> saith Luther concerning hypocrites, quo nullum est animal vindictae cupidius,<\/em> they are very serpents, than which there is no living creature more revengeful. <\/p>\n<\/p>\n a<\/em> ’ .<\/p>\nFuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: Adam Clarke’s Commentary and Critical Notes on the Bible<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible <\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: Keil & Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: Garner-Howes Baptist Commentary<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: College Press Bible Study Textbook Series<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: Commentary Series on the Bible by Peter Pett<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: Commentary Series on the Bible by Peter Pett<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: The Popular Commentary on the Bible by Kretzmann<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: Commentary on the Holy Bible by Thomas Coke<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: Hawker’s Poor Man’s Commentary (Old and New Testaments)<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n