Deu 5:19<\/span><\/p>\n Neither shalt thou steal.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/p>\n The Eighth Commandment<\/strong><\/p>\n I will consider the negative and, secondly, the positive part of the commandment. For the first, the negative part, to wit, what is forbidden here, we are to know that it extends to ourselves as well as to our neighbours. I begin with the former. We are forbid to wrong ourselves as to our goods and possessions. We are to do nothing that will impair our own estates and livelihood. Wherefore one main thing disallowed of in this commandment, as it respects ourselves, is living without a calling, or wholly neglecting our calling, and living in idleness (Pro 19:15<\/span>). Idleness is the way to beggary; and this is the way to that theft which injures others. Whence the Hebrew ministers say, He that brings not up his son to some lawful calling and employment teaches him to steal. Idleness naturally disposes men to robbery. Those that work not steal from others. Drones filch honey from the bees who take pains for it. Again, a man is a thief to himself by niggardliness and denying himself those things which are fitting for his maintenance, though God has given him great abundance. But by being penurious he deprives himself of the comfort which he might take in the enjoyment of them. This is self-felony. Others are guilty of this by a contrary extreme, that is, wastefulness and prodigality. They steal from themselves by being lavish above their income. But this commandment doth more signally respect our dealings with our neighbours, and therefore I will chiefly insist on it under that consideration, and show what sins are forbidden by it. To begin with the lowest instance of stealing, here is forbid covetousness, that is, an unlawful desiring of other mens goods and possessions. This is a degree of theft, or an immediate tendency to it. But actual stealing is that which this commandment chiefly strikes at, and of that I shall speak next. It is a taking away that which is none of ours. Or more fully thus, it is an unjust taking away or detaining from any man what is his proper goods, either without his consent or without the warrant of some superior authority. This is the true notion of theft, and it is the sin here condemned. This is either open or secret; the former is called robbery, which is an open and violent taking away of anothers goods, as when one on the highway with force of weapons doth this. The other sort of theft, called by us larceny, is taking away privily from another that which is his without his knowledge or in his absence. These are downright thieves; but there are several other ways of defrauding our neighbours, as encroaching on our neighbours lands, called, in the Mosaic law, removing the landmarks, which were ever esteemed inviolable, even among the Gentiles. Likewise all oppression and extortion and screwing of our neighbours in any kind whatsoever is here forbid. Yea, denying of alms to those that are really in want is a sort of thievery, for we are not absolute proprietors of what we have, but are stewards, and therefore we are obliged to dispense some part of that we have to our brethren that are in want. If we do otherwise, and show ourselves hardhearted to our distressed neighbours, we rob them of their right, we detain from them what is their due. I might reckon ingratitude also among the other instances of defrauding others, for we are bound to show ourselves thankful to those who have done us kindnesses. And as there is injustice done to single persons, so likewise to the public, for there is a public right in which the whole community is concerned. And in the imperial law, and so, indeed, in the law of nature, it is commended to the care of all that the commonwealth suffer no detriment. And the good of the community is to be preferred to our own private profit. Yea, indeed, these two may be said to be joined in one, for our own interest is involved in that of the public. When the community is wronged, every individual person feels the effects of it, more or less. Unto the things forbidden by this commandment are to be reduced all cheats and circumventions, all articles of tricking and imposing upon others. There are three particulars more behind, namely–<\/p>\n 1. <\/strong>First, theft or deceit in buying and selling, in trading and merchandising, is here forbid. The buyer is guilty of deceit when he knows the condition, use, and advantage of what he buys better than he that sells it, and yet cunningly dissembles it, and thereby purchases it at a cheaper rate than it is worth. The seller also is guilty of theft when<\/p>\n (1)<\/strong> he obtrudes upon the buyer bad wares instead of good, or<\/p>\n (2)<\/strong> he takes an unreasonable price for them that are good. I might add, and that most truly, that as there is a deceitfulness and theft in overrating what is exposed to sale, so there is in selling of commodities at too low a rate. He that doth this not only defrauds himself by undervaluing his goods, but he defrauds others of the same calling by getting away their custom.<\/p>\n 2. <\/strong>Next I am to speak of sacrilege, which is a theft of another and a higher kind, for it is robbing of God, and impairing or alienating of what is sacred and separated to holy uses. The offence of sacrilege reaches to places, times, persons, and things.<\/p>\n I proceed now to the affirmative part of the commandment, namely, what is required of us. This part, as well as the other, hath respect both to ourselves and to others.<\/p>\n 1. <\/strong>First, it concerns ourselves. We are obliged by virtue of this commandment to do ourselves right, to get and preserve such worldly goods as are for our convenience and welfare. We are to be content with our own, and not to covet other mens estates. We are to be moderate and prudent in our expenses. On the other hand, we are to take care that we be employed in some lawful business and honest calling.<\/p>\n 2. <\/strong>But, secondly, our duty enjoined in this commandment hath respect to our neighbours, and that I am next to consider. We must suffer them to enjoy their wealth and estate, and we must help them in it. This is a general description of that justice and righteousness towards men which this commandment requires. Before I proceed to particulars, I will show what is the spring and root of this righteousness, what is the great rule and standard of it, and I will endeavour to illustrate it by propounding some instances. Without doubt the great and standing rule, as well as spring, of justice towards men is that command of our Saviour, All things whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, do ye even so to them (Mat 12:1-50<\/span>.), which is thus expressed in Luk 6:31<\/span>, As ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise. I come now to the particular acts of justice and righteousness which are required in this part of the Decalogue. We are enjoined here to be true, just, and exact in our traffic and commerce. There ought to be great integrity in making of contracts, and as great in keeping them. Particularly in buying and selling there ought to be great faithfulness and sincerity. There must always be a just proportion between the price and the thing sold. This is justice, and this is religion, and they both go together. To which purpose it is observable that, according to Moses law, the standards of all weights and measures were kept in the sanctuary, and it was part of the priests work to oversee these (1Ch 23:29<\/span>), which shows that we ought to use great fidelity in our dealings and bargains, and to transact them out of conscience and a sense of our religion which obliges us to it. Again, this commandment requires that we show ourselves just and upright in paying our debts. Further, this requires of us to make satisfaction for injuries, to repair all hurts and wrongs, to restore what was unjustly taken from others. Examples of this are Jacob and his sons (Gen 43:12<\/span>; Gen 43:21<\/span>), Samuel (1Sa 12:3<\/span>), Zaccheus (Luk 19:8<\/span>). Restitution is an inseparable ingredient of justice, for this bids us give to everyone his own. We are obliged by the laws of justice and righteousness to be grateful to our benefactors, to acknowledge their courtesies, to pray for them, and to make returns as our condition will permit. By the same law of justice we ought to relieve the poor, to supply the wants and necessities of those that are in distress. The same commandment that forbids theft enjoins charity and beneficence. I may add that justice extends even to the dead. To do the dead right, as well as the living, is an act of religion; and accordingly executors and those that are left to see the will of the deceased performed ought to act in this affair with a good conscience and to do what is just. Besides justice to single persons, there is also the same due to the community, for man is made for society, and calculated for converse and friendship. To this affirmative part belongs also equity, which mitigates the rigour of severe justice and tempers it with benignity. The office of this virtue is to exact of others less than we might, for the sake of peace, and to yield to them more than they could look for, and that for the same reason, namely, to prevent long disputes and to maintain peace. To what hath been said this must be added, that some people are more particularly concerned in this commandment, for though all are to observe the rules of justice, yet this is more especially incumbent on those who are in places of magistracy. (J. Edwards, D. D.<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Desiring to live honestly in all things<\/strong><\/p>\n This <\/em>word implies that it is right to own property; that it is perfectly just and legitimate for one to possess goods to which no one else can lay, claim. It is natural to desire to possess property, to have Some portion of goods you can call your own. I almost think that the gratification and pleasure with which a little child finds a pocket in his new dress are rooted in this instinctive desire of possession. We may speak of mans labour and ingenuity, the will of God, and the law of the land, as the grounds of right to property. That such a right exists few will deny, and there are many advantages resulting from it. As Paley says, It increases the produce of the earth. The earth, in climates like ours, produces little without cultivation, and none would be found willing to cultivate the ground if others were to be admitted to an equal share of the produce. It prevents contests. War and waste, tumult and confusion, must be unavoidable and eternal where there is not enough for all, and where there are no rules to adjust the division. It improves the conveniency of living. This it does in two ways. It enables mankind to divide themselves into distinct professions, which is impossible unless a man can exchange the productions of his own art for what he wants from others, and exchange implies property. Much of the advantage of civilised over savage life depends upon this. When a man is from necessity his own tailor, tent maker, carpenter, cook, huntsman, and fisherman, it is not probable that he will be expert at any of his callings. Hence the rude habitations, furniture, clothing, and implements of savages, and the tedious length of time which all their operations require. It likewise encourages those arts by which the accommodations of human life are supplied, by appropriating to the artist the benefit of his discoveries and improvements, without which appropriation ingenuity will never be exerted with effect. But while the institution of property has its advantages, the vast inequality in the social conditions of men carries with it many disadvantages, and is the source of much evil and misery. Hence the cry for communism, the social theories that have been propounded, the destructive forces that are secretly and ceaselessly working in Russia, and Germany, and France. And many who have not fallen into open crime are ready to declare war against society. They ask, Why are we compelled to toil like slaves, while others are rolling in wealth, and spending it on their amusements and lusts? Why does Lazarus beg at the gate and Dives feast in the palace? Is it the ordination of God? Then God is unjust, partial, tyrannical. Is it the arrangement of society? What society? The arrangement is a cruel one; it is a conspiracy of the rich against the poor; of capital against industry: let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us. These words appear in a book in Russia–And when we, the socialists, get the upper hand, then will we rid mother Russia of all her oppressors. Then shall we be at liberty to set up our peasant brotherhood, in which there shall be neither mine nor thine, neither gains nor oppressions, but there will be labour for the common weal, and among all men brotherly aid. Wrong must be utterly rooted out, and Right must be set on foundations that will last forever. We do not hear much of this doctrine in our own country. A writer in the Contemporary Review <\/em>says: Multitudes cherish a faith in the omnipotence for good of a well-intentioned government; and in those lands where socialism is most potent there have been facts to foster this belief. The Russian has seen the effect of the fiat of the emperor in reconstituting the rural life of his subjects; why should not the same power be exercised on behalf of the artisan as well? The German feels the potent grip of militarism at every turn; why should this force not be used for social rather than dynastic gain? No nation possesses such a heritage of political experience as ours, and none has yet attained to so much political wisdom; it is this that has prevented our impoverished masses from joining in the widespread cry for a total reorganisation of our social system. Socialism would be no remedy; it would be a disease far more terrible than the one it was intended to heal. This word of the law, then, implies the sacredness of property, Thou shalt not steal. Not only the burglar, and the pickpocket, and the swindler are the transgressors of this law, but all who by misrepresentation enrich themselves at the expense of their neighbours. There are many other applications of this law which I might dwell upon. Thou shalt not steal. A man steals from his family when by his indolence or his intemperance he neglects its interests, and provides not for those of his own household. A man may steal from himself by frittering away opportunities, squandering money, wasting time, and abusing the energy that might be employed for some high and useful ends. A man may steal from God. Will a man rob God? Yet ye have robbed Me. To withhold from Him that which belongs to Him, the attention of the intellect, the love of the heart, the service of the life, is to rob Him, to waste our Lords money, to embezzle our Masters property. Be just, then, in all your relations; be true, be honest. (James Owen.<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n On theft<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. <\/strong>The meanness of this vice. Every decent man, if he has pride in anything, has a pride in appearing upon an equal footing at least with the members of his own society. He will not choose to be indebted for the mere means of living to any man, but to depend upon himself, and be obliged, as much as possible, to himself. While his health and hands are left him he will account it the most reproachful objection which can be made to him that he is a burden to the society or to any individual of it. The thief is the character which is in every respect the reverse of this. He neither possesses respect, nor seems to wish for it. He has an evil and a base mind, which has no sense of honour nor of credit. Instead of aspiring to his own place in society, he aspires to no place; instead of making it his pride to depend upon himself, he thinks of nothing but how he may subsist himself upon others.<\/p>\n 2. <\/strong>The vice of theft is not only mean itself, but inconsistent with the very existence and great end of society. In vain has nature directed and Scripture taught us to make provision for our necessities, if the thief or robber is allowed to intercept it. In vain will we select our superfluities, and reserve them for our future occasions, if the base part of our species are allowed to pick our stores and possess themselves of the fruits of our labours.<\/p>\n 1. <\/strong>There is often an original difference among minds themselves. Some minds seem to be naturally base and ill-disposed. They possess a natural turn for shuffling and a dexterity in deceit. They will prefer at any time a gain which they can obtain by trick to the same gain which they might obtain by fair dealing.<\/p>\n 2. <\/strong>As there are some who are naturally base-minded, and seem originally to have been made of bad materials, there are many more who were once virtuous, but are degenerated.<\/p>\n (1)<\/strong> Some are led to dishonesty from the obscurity and false shame of poverty.<\/p>\n (a) <\/strong>They consider themselves as removed from notice, and become careless of their own conduct.<\/p>\n (b) <\/strong>They are ashamed to discover their situation and to ask assistance and relief. The shame lies not in asking assistance, but in deserving to be reduced to that necessity. At any rate, we must not add one meanness to another, and, after contriving to be burdensome to our neighbours, contrive next to rob and plunder them.<\/p>\n (2)<\/strong> Another cause which leads men to commit theft is covetousness. The love of gain, when it takes full possession, can bear no rival in the heart. It puts every other principle, good and bad, to flight. The covetous man, from the moment he bows before it, acknowledgeth no superior power. It is the religion in which he is sincere, and the one only god whom he worships without hypocrisy. There is no vice which approaches so nearly to theft as covetousness. The distinction is very slight between the man who strongly desires what is mine and the man who takes it.<\/p>\n (3)<\/strong> As some are led to commit theft from covetousness, others are led to commit the same vice from prodigality. It is remarkable that in the natural world extremes meet, and that even in morals they produce often the same effect. Nature directs us simply to store up our superfluities and reserve them for our future wants. The covetous man stores up more than he ought; the prodigal stores up much less. The covetous man amasses everything; the prodigal throws everything away. The one goes beyond the intentions of nature; the other by no means fulfils them. The prodigal is under the dominion of vile habits and gross passions. He gorges the present without reflecting on the future. He seems born to waste and to consume. He never thinks on want or suspects that matters are to be any otherwise than as they are. It is easy to predict the effects of this character. If a man waste his substance he must come to poverty. If he acquire habits he must indulge them. If he consume in one day the provision of seven he must think of some way to supply the expenses of the other six. Sensual habits besides debase the mind and render it mean and worthless. In this situation what is he to do? He must borrow or he must steal.<\/p>\n (4)<\/strong> The last cause of theft which I shall mention here is idleness. There is not a more ample source than this of vice and of disgrace. Idleness, with respect to the bulk of mankind, produces want, and want must be supplied. But from whence is the supply to come An indolent, idle man cannot exert himself, or, if he can, he will not. His good qualities are destroyed and bad ones implanted in their room. He has acquired habits of expense from which he cannot disengage himself, and of vice which he cannot conquer. He is entangled in bad company, and soon finds himself engaged in bad practices. He has neither resolution to relinquish the one, nor virtue to surmount the other. His decline is therefore rapid, and his destruction sudden and inevitable. Lessons:<\/p>\n 1. <\/strong>The first conclusion which presents itself is the necessity of employing the active and able part of our existence in acquiring that provision which is necessary to support the infirm and disabled parts of it. This goes to the source of the disorder. Every man, when he sets out in life, ought to ask himself this plain question, Whether he chooses to depend upon himself or to come upon the public? He has but this alternative, and must at last do one of these two things. If he choose the first, there is no covetousness, nor even any uncommon solicitude, necessary. He has only to exert himself and be careful. But then he must do it while he can, and not think that his youth is to last forever. If you would not know the fond pang of a parents heart brooding over the wants of his children; if you would not invite temptation; if you would not embrace vice and disgrace, work diligently, work while it is today.<\/p>\n 2. <\/strong>Avoid with the utmost circumspection the causes which lead to this vice upon their own account. Covetousness, prodigality, idleness, and theft belong all to the same family. They are all a monstrous perversion of nature, and the certain marks of a vitiated mind. (John Mackenzie, D. D.<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Rights of property<\/strong><\/p>\n Is it a crime to be rich? Against whom is the offence committed? Against God? Against man? Against society? Underlying the amplest fortunes are inflexible truth, incorruptible honesty, incomparable honour. Poverty, competence, and affluence are the three financial conditions of man, in each of which there may be sainthood. Poverty may be as vicious upon the morals of character and life as wealth. Is it misanthropic to be rich? Do large possessions in land and money sour the milk of human kindness that flows through the veins of humanity? To whom are we indebted for those houses of charity whose gates of mercy stand open night and day? Who are the founders of those libraries which spread their ample feast before mankind? The universities and colleges of our country are the monuments of the rich. Is it unpatriotic to be rich? In the three great wars for the Union the rich poured forth their wealth as the rain descends upon the just and upon the unjust. Love of country rose supreme above the love of money. Wealth is not disloyalty. The capitalists of this country supported the Government in the darkest hour of the rebellion, when the national treasury was in sore distress. Is it tyranny to be rich? Do wealth and oppression go hand in hand? Are slavery and opulence born of the same parentage? Wilberforce was rich, yet foremost in the abolition of slavery in the British colonies. Gerrit Smith died worth his millions; yet he was the most eloquent, most ardent, most benevolent of abolitionists. Is it impiety to be rich? Is poverty essential to godliness? Are beggars the only saints? What, then, shall we do with Abraham, who was very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold? Christ would not have had a decent tomb had it not been for the rich Joseph of Arimathea. The acquisition of wealth is a Divine gift. Industry and frugality are the laws of thrift. To amass great fortunes is a special endowment. As poets, philosophers, and orators are born such, so the financier has a genius for wealth. By intuition he is familiar with the laws of supply and demand. He seems gifted with the vision of a seer of the coming changes in the market; he knows when to buy and when to sell and when to hold fast. He anticipates the flow of population and its effect upon real estate. The Lord thy God giveth thee the power to get wealth (Deu 8:18<\/span>). Against these natural and lawful rights to the possession of property is the clamour for the distribution of property among those who have not acquired it, either by inheritance or skill or industry. It is a communism that has no foundation either in the constitution of nature or in the social order of mankind. It is the wild, irrational cry of labour against capital, between which, in the economy of nature and in political economy, there should be no common antagonism. There is a wealth of muscle and a wealth of brain and a wealth of character. He is a labourer who does productive work; he is a capitalist who has five dollars or five hundred thousand dollars. Capital may be a tyrant, and labour may become a despot. Wealth has the noblest of missions. It is not given to hoard, nor to gratify, nor for the show of pomp and power. The rich are the almoners of the Almighty. They are His disbursing agents. When the wealth of capital joins hands with the wealth of intellect, the wealth of muscle, and the wealth of goodness for the common good, then labour and capital will be esteemed the equal factors in giving every man life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The right to property is founded in nature, sustained by organised society, and protected by the sanctions of the Divine law. The right has its origin in a prior fact, that each human being is a distinct individuality, adapted to all the purposes of self-government and responsible to God and to society for the manner in which his powers are employed. By his physical nature he is connected with the universe which is modified to supply his wants. He has a right to use his body as he will, provided such use is not an interference with the equal rights of his fellow men. Possessing an intellect, he has a right to the products thereof. Endowed with a soul of sensibilities, passions, and aspirations, he has the inherent right to seek happiness, always recognising a common right in each of his fellow creatures. By this physical, intellectual, and spiritual endowment man is made for society, and each individual in his social capacity is bound to every other individual by the law of reciprocity. If, by the constitution of nature, a man has a right to himself, he has also an equal right to that which may result from the innocent use of his bodily and mental powers. The result is what men call property. In all well-regulated society every man is accorded the right to possess that which he has made and the power of control over the same. The Creator treats this right as a self-evident fact, directs His mandates against every act violative of the same and against the temper of mind from which such violations may proceed. In harmony therewith human governments among their first acts protect this individual right, and treat the offender thereof as guilty of a wrong, and punish him accordingly. Upon the recognition of this right depend the existence and progress of society. Ignore this right, and no one would labour more than is sufficient for his individual subsistence. A nation of thieves would be a nation of barbarians. If such are the principles and consequences involved in this right of property, what are the violations of this right? the burglar takes the property of another without the knowledge and consent of the owner–this is theft; the highwayman takes the property of another with his knowledge, but without his consent. Not less guilty is he who presents wrong motives for the purposes of gain, who excites groundless fears, circulates false reports, inflames personal vanity, and awakens avarice for the purposes of illegal gain. A broker on Change who causes false information to be circulated for the purpose of raising or depressing the market seeks profit by deep rascality. God says to such a man, Thou shalt not steal. Among the prevalent causes of the violation of mans right of property are a corrupt public sentiment, an inordinate love of wealth, an extravagance which amounts to prodigality. Society scourges the thief of necessity, but pities the thief of fashion. He who steals a loaf of bread to feed his starving family is sent to jail, but he who is successful in bold, dishonourable speculation, by which others are ruined, is caressed by society. Why is it that official dishonesty is considered less disreputable than dishonesty in a private citizen? A public man guilty of many flagrant sins is treated with consideration, while the private individual, less guilty, is shunned as a pestilential criminal. Does the dignity of his office cover him like a cloak? Does his position of trust and power commend him to our respect? If from the official who reflects public sentiment we turn to the private life of a nation, we shall not be surprised to discover the inordinate love of riches a prevalent and fruitful cause of the violation of the ancient law of property. Such is the greed for gain that justice, truth, honesty, are set at defiance. Men combine in vast monopolies to control vast wealth. All must bow to this shrine of Mammon. What is the dominant thought in the life of the world today? Is it the value of education? the purity of marriage? the elevation of the labouring classes? Is it not revenue, private and public? Out of this condition of things come financial panics with the regularity of clock work. The bold attempt is made to force prosperity–to get rich in a day. As well might a man attempt to force the harvest, The most conspicuous representative of the inordinate love of wealth is the financial prodigy who attracts, lures, ruins. Wise, careful, honourable financiers rarely fail, and rarely, if ever, are they the cause of financial panics; but rather the financial prodigy, whose brilliancy dazzles, whose success captivates, whose unscrupulousness is hidden by the splendour of his operations. Closely allied with this invasion of the rights of property is the prevalent vice of gambling, the abuse of an innocent pastime. It ignores the law of equivalent. It is something for nothing. The highest motives impel to keep the law of property. Nature insists upon the recognition of her rights. Providence is upon the side of the honest. Law throws its muniments of protection around the honourable possessions of man. Honesty leads in the path of personal safety. Peace of mind is the certain reward. The happiness of others is the benediction attained. The future opens its golden gates to those who have obeyed the inspired behest of Heaven. (J. P. Newman.<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Neither shalt thou steal<\/strong><\/p>\n God has divided the worlds goods diversely. To one He has given much, to another little. This has been since the beginning. No attempt to alter this order of things has succeeded. That which God has given to the individual is called his property or possession; and in this commandment God throws a shield over mens possessions, be they great or small, and says to each, Thou shalt not steal. When do we keep this commandment?<\/p>\n 1. <\/strong>Of thieving. Luther says: It is the meanest occupation, yet the most widely practised profession on earth; and if one considers the world in its various conditions it will be found to be a den of thieves.<\/p>\n 2. <\/strong>If a man waylays another and takes his gold, we call him a robber. If another breaks into a ]louse and carries off money or clothing, etc., we call him a thief; and of him who receives the stolen property we say, The receiver is as bad as the thief.<\/p>\n 3. <\/strong>But he who invades his neighbours acres, who removes his neighbours landmark, or takes produce from his neighbours field, even though he plead necessity, is still a thief.<\/p>\n 4. <\/strong>So, too, is the man who gets gain by adulterated goods or false dealing, the merchant who uses false weights or measures, who passes off spoiled or inferior wares as fresh and good, the artisan who gives scamped work for good pay, the purchaser who passes false coin, the extortioner, the servant or official who neglects duty, the beggar who by labour might earn a days wage, the man who finds what has been lost and makes no effort to trace the owner.<\/p>\n 5. <\/strong>And it matters not whose possession is thus wrongly appropriated. The Government steals when it receives the taxes of the people and does not apply them for the good of the people, but for its own fads and designs; but the subject also steals when he seeks to avoid the legal taxation. The child steals when it takes or sells what belongs to the parent; but the parent steals when he squanders in play or debauchery the wifes or childrens portion or what should be given them for dally bread. It would be impossible to enumerate, briefly or at all, all methods of theft and robbery; and the victims–God is the avenger of all such.<\/p>\n 1. <\/strong>Many who lose their property have not to lament theft or deceit, but the carelessness of those who should have warned and helped them, e.g.<\/em>, the guardian who permits his ward to squander his property or is careless as to the investment and safety of that property; the neighbour who sees what damage his neighbours servants or children are doing and does not warn him such deal unjustly.<\/p>\n 2. <\/strong>So, too, do those who damage their neighbours trade or credit. Rather we are to aid our neighbour to increase and protect his possessions, as the apostle has said (1Pe 4:10<\/span>).<\/p>\n 3. <\/strong>In the sight of men what you possess is your own; in the sight of God it is simply lent. It is His, and should be used according to His will. If God, therefore, requires that we should give or lend in order to increase or protect our neighbours possessions, we should do so. Give to him that asketh, etc. (Mat 5:42<\/span>).<\/p>\n 4. <\/strong>Further, Scripture says, Give thy bread unto the hungry, etc. (Isa 58:7<\/span>). Not that the lazy, work-shirking beggar or the child who is being trained in beggary are to be directly relieved, for this would be to have part in sin; but whenever we are convinced that the truly poor and needy are before us we are to consider them as sent of God for our help. He that giveth to the poor lendeth to the Lord, etc.<\/p>\n 1. <\/strong>We must be careful that we have not to blush at the question as to how we obtained our possessions. Gold on account of which tears are shed–tears of poverty, of the deceived–will burn in the heart. Better to be Bartimaeus the beggar than Ahab and Achan the thieves, or as the miser who on his death bed lamented that the gold which had once been to him like rose leaves on which he could sleep peacefully now appeared to be like thorns and thistles and red-hot needles.<\/p>\n 2. <\/strong>We must guard against idleness. He who is idle may soon come to poverty; and if he cannot dig and is ashamed to beg, he may take to thieving. This applies as well to those who have no need to labour for daily bread. To every man some work is given, and labour has a golden foundation.<\/p>\n 3. <\/strong>Beware of extravagance. He who squanders his possessions in play or drunkenness, etc., has no right to say, I spend what is my own. No, it is Gods possession–the possession of his children and, if they have enough, of Gods poor. The prodigals fate is mostly an evil one. The young free-liver becomes the old beggar.<\/p>\n 4. <\/strong>Beware of avarice. Many treasures, many snares. To him whom Mammon never satisfies sufficiently, who will sooner forego love and mercifulness than goods and gold, his possessions are occasions of sin. Avarice increases with gain during the years–binds its cords on rich and poor alike, makes the heart stony, and is indeed a root of all evil. Many a one would not go about with disturbed mind and troubled heart, a broken promise, and the curse of the betrayer on the conscience, had such an one remembered that Mammon is a merciless lord and gives evil rewards to his servants. What shall it profit a man? etc.<\/p>\n 5. <\/strong>Beware of envy. A mans life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth. Men may have wealth and yet sorrow and misery enough. Poverty and riches lie not in chests, but in the soul. He is rich who combines godliness with contentment. Modest and honourably acquired possessions are like a graceful fountain, full of water (like the widows cruse), which fills many pitchers and yet is not exhausted. From a small fountain we may satisfy our thirst as well as from a great one.<\/p>\n 6. <\/strong>Set not your hope on riches. The riches which water engulfs, fire destroys, rust eats, worms gnaw, and thieves steal are truly uncertain riches.<\/p>\n 7. <\/strong>Let both rich and poor put their hope in God. With Him men can be poor or rich without sin; and He has given the promise, I will never leave thee, etc. And where poor and rich can grasp this promise, then what Solomon says takes place. (K. H. Caspari.<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Stealing<\/strong><\/p>\n This <\/em>commandment strikes at many different forms of stealing, which are being practised today.<\/p>\n 1. <\/strong>Perhaps it is hardly necessary to say anything concerning the simple act of purloining articles belonging to other persons. People seem to forget, e.g., <\/em>that to borrow a book and not to return it is a theft.<\/p>\n 2. <\/strong>The sin of stealing is terribly prevalent in the matter of fraudulent getting. Unjust weights, false measures, lying advertisements, etc.<\/p>\n 3. <\/strong>The whole habit of gambling is of the essence of theft, and this for the reason that it is a means by which men come into possession of property which is a violation of both the laws upon which property may alone be held. A man who gambles, whether by play or betting, puts into his pocket money for which he gives to the person from whom he takes it no adequate return, money for which he has done no honest work; and by the very act he robs the man from whom he receives, and violates the law of love.<\/p>\n 4. <\/strong>The commandment is, moreover, violated by all such as enrich themselves by means that rob their fellow men of the inalienable rights of human beings. The wealth that is tarnished by a death rate higher than is necessary is ill-gotten gains, and they who spend their days in the enjoyment of such wealth are branded in the light of the perfect law of God as thieves–thieves, indeed, by the side of whom Bill Sykes, the burglar, is a hero, for in the prosecution of his unlawful practices he risks his life; but these men risk nothing but the lives of their fellow creatures.<\/p>\n 5. <\/strong>The commandment is broken again and again every day within the great realm of capital and labour. How often today might the words of James (Jam 5:4<\/span>) be quoted with advantage. It is lamentable, but equally true, that many a working man robs his master in that he withholds his fair share of honest labour while he takes his wage.<\/p>\n 6. <\/strong>Principles apply to individuals and to nations with equal force. This being so, this eighth word of the Decalogue is a severe denunciation of the false imperialism which is growingly manifest through all the nations of the world. Strong peoples have, without cause, stolen the land of the weaker. Weak nations have been handed over to the control of new Powers without reference to their own rights, and to the wrong of those so dealt with. (G. Campbell Morgan.<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Stealing in business<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. <\/strong>One of the common transgressions of this law is entirely a modern sin. I refer to those dishonest Limited Liability Companies which are so frequently floated. False prospectuses are issued, hopes of gain which is never made are held out to investors. The men who wilfully promote a dishonest company are as really thieves as the burglar who breaks into the house and forcibly appropriates its plate.<\/p>\n 2. <\/strong>A closely connected form of stealing is found in the over-capitalisation of some companies which are formed to take over and to work a prosperous private concern.<\/p>\n 3. <\/strong>The same principle applies to the lesser businesses of the world. A tradesman, for instance, who sells his customer goods of inferior quality to that of the sample that leads the customer to purchase, or who adulterates more expensive goods with a cheaper product, and then sells them as genuine or pure, may or may not be punishable by the law, but he is a thief in the sight of God, he is robbing the purchaser as truly as if he put his hand into his pocket and stole his purse. A short time ago I was talking to a commercial traveller of a certain person whom we both knew, and whose name had an unsavoury reputation in the town in which he lived. I said, He is a very sharp man of business, is he not? and the reply was, Yes, he is too sharp to be honest. In other words, he was a thief, living by deceiving seller and buyer alike.<\/p>\n 4. <\/strong>Let us not, however, forget that there may be dishonest buyers quite as truly as dishonest sellers of goods. A man who purchases goods without the means of paying for them, and who does it deliberately, is as really a thief as the man who purloins them. (G. S. Barrett, D. D.<\/em>)<\/p>\n [See comments on De 5:17]<\/span>.<\/p>\n XX<\/p>\n<\/p>\n THE DECALOGUE THE EIGHTH COMMANDMENT<\/p>\n Exo 20:15<\/span><\/strong> ; Deu 5:19<\/span><\/p>\n <\/strong><\/p>\n This chapter is on the commandment “Thou shalt not steal.”<\/p>\n 1. What is the positive form of this commandment?<\/p>\n Ans. Be honest.<\/p>\n 2. What is the basis of the law, “Thou shalt not steal”?<\/p>\n Ans. Unless there is such a thing as property, it would be impossible to have a commandment, “Thou shalt not steal.” So that this commandment is based upon the right of property. We continually go back to the original declaration to man when God gave him the title to the earth, and gave him the commission to subdue the earth; the earth in usufruct, <\/em> that is, in the use of its fruits is the property of man.<\/p>\n 3. What is the derivation of the word “property”?<\/p>\n Ans. It comes from the Latin word, proprius,<\/em> which means “peculiar to one” or “personal to one,” and therefore the idea of property is something that is yours and not another’s.<\/p>\n 4. What are the inherent rights of property?<\/p>\n Ans. (1) A right to keep in harmony with God. And you can steal that right from man as well as you can any other kind of property.<\/p>\n (2) The right to himself, and the greatest of all stealing, so far as man is concerned, is what, in the Bible, is called “menstealing,” the stealing of men. One of the accusations against the false church, Babylon, was that she dealt in slaves and the souls of men, and one of the most inhuman, cruel kinds of theft in the world is the kidnapping of children. So that the stealing of a man is the highest order of theft that relates to man.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n (3) The right to his family and domestic happiness. You can steal a man’s wife, alienate her affections; you can alienate the affections of a child. A man may feel robbed of that which makes the very sunlight and peace of his home.<\/p>\n (4) The right to space. Man is a finite being and he must have a place to turn around in. Hence the great woe pronounced in Isaiah: “Woe unto them that add house to house and land to land until there is no room for the people.” God gave the earth to man and it is stealing from a man to rob him of his place in the earth where he can be.<\/p>\n (5) The right to health. Suppose a factory is built and the operators are required to work under such conditions as will necessarily undermine their health; or if forced to live in tenements of such unsanitary conditions that health is stolen from the occupant, there is no doubt on earth but that is a violation of this commandment. You could, with much more impunity and less heinousness, steal a man’s money than steal his health.<\/p>\n (6) The right to time. I mean some time for himself. You must not work him so many hours of the day or so many days of the week that he never has time to think for himself and for his family and concerning his God. All those rules which require undue hours of labor or labor all the week round, including Sunday, are violations of this commandment.<\/p>\n (7) Then he has a right to work. Because God has made labor the common heritage of man, and if you take away from a man his chance to do any work by which he can make an honorable living, you have robbed him of more than if you had taken his money. He is not only entitled to the right of labor but to fair profits on his labor. You must not grind him down so that his labor will not bring him in enough to live on, and wherever there is a right to acquire property, there is a right to hold it and a right to transmit it to children.<\/p>\n (8) Then comes the right of safety. If a man lives under a government and that government does not protect his life from unnecessary peril, it has robbed him of more than money. It used to be a sort of cruel thing when a person taken prisoner by the wild Indians was compelled to run a gauntlet, run between two rows of fierce warriors armed with clubs, each one to hit him as he went by. There was very little safety in that gauntlet. But if you force a school child to go to school through a gauntlet of saloons and gambling houses, that is robbing him of safety more than the Indians robbed a man of safety when they required him to run that gauntlet of clubs.<\/p>\n (9) He is entitled to rest. We can’t live if we don’t have time to rest, and any condition of society that so places people that there is no opportunity for rest is robbery.<\/p>\n (10) Man is entitled to his good name, and it is a much bigger offense to steal a man’s reputation by slander than it is to steal his money. So the above are inherent rights and inalienable rights that God endows a man with.<\/p>\n 5. What are the acquired rights of property?<\/p>\n Ans. Now his acquired rights are those that come from labor. If I go out into the forest and cut down a hickory tree and make an ax helve out of it, that is mine; that is the fruit of my labor. You may reply that that tree was in the forest. Yes, but the ax helve wasn’t there. I made that ax helve and by my labors I acquired a right of property. If you take up a piece of wild land and cut off the timber, take up the roots and break up the soil, then you acquire a right of property through labor, and hence political economists tell us that all rights of labor come from labor.<\/p>\n 6. How is property a token of man?<\/p>\n Ans. Because none of these things apply to a brute. A brute doesn’t build a house; he doesn’t cultivate a field; a brute doesn’t utilize the winds and the waves and the waterfalls to minister unto his necessities. So that this is a token of a man and not of a brute. Brutes have no property.<\/p>\n 7. From what does all obligations arise?<\/p>\n Ans. An obligation arises primarily from relation and that relation is an expression of rights as well as of obligations. So that the essential idea in stealing is a disregard of the rights of relation. I build a house and a man gets it by fraud. He has no labor relation to that house. He disregards it. It is another man’s work. One will steal away the affections of a wife. She bore no relation to him, but she did to her husband.<\/p>\n 8. What, then, is the essential idea of stealing?<\/p>\n Ans. The essential idea of stealing, then, is the disregarding of relations.<\/p>\n 9. What other commandment is the root of which this is the fruit?<\/p>\n Ans. The Tenth Commandment says, “Thou shalt not covet.” “Thou shalt not steal” is the overt act. “Thou shalt not covet my house, my money, my family, anything that is mine.” There the commandment deals with the thought, with the desire. But stealing is the overt act. So that the Tenth Commandment is the root of the Eighth Commandment.<\/p>\n 10. What is the primal source of stealing?<\/p>\n Ans. The primal source of stealing is a bad heart.<\/p>\n 11. Secondary sources?<\/p>\n Ans. There are some very powerful secondary sources; I call your attention to some of them: (1) Extreme poverty, or necessity. Argur prayed, “Give me not poverty, lest I steal.” (2) Another is indolence, laziness. A man steals because he is too lazy to work. (3) Another is fast living. One lives faster than he can supply, and so he must get his resources in some other way than by hard work. He steals. (4) Then comes a love of display. You want to show off; you want to assume to have more than you are able to have. The love of luxuries and display oftentimes causes stealing. (5) But more than all is the love of money. That may be a root of every kind of evil love of money but it is this greed of money that causes more kinds of stealing than every other cause in the world out together.<\/p>\n 12. What names express open violation of this law?<\/p>\n Ans. On the high seas, piracy; on the land, highway robbery, burglary, theft.<\/p>\n 13. Cite some of the methods of covert violation.<\/p>\n Ans. (1) Deu 25:13<\/span> : “Thou shalt not have divers weights and measures.” If you do, that is covert stealing. Sometimes in going into a little grocery store, you pick up a tray that holds the articles that they are to weigh and look under the bottom of it and you find lead or pewter put under there. That makes it already draw, before anything is put in it, several ounces. That is what is called a false weight, and it is stealing. Suppose a man steals by a quart measure that doesn’t hold a quart, or a bushel measure that doesn’t hold a bushel, or in measuring off a piece of cloth, his yardstick may be all right but he may use his two thumbs so that he steals the width of his two thumbs every time he measures off a yard. I want to read you what an old prophet of God said on that. Amo 8:4-6<\/span> : “Hear this, O ye that would swallow up the needy, and cause the poor of the land to fail) saying, When will the new moon be gone, that we may sell grain? and the sabbath, that we may set forth wheat, making the ephah small, and the shekel great, and dealing falsely with balances of deceit; that we may buy the poor for silver, and the needy for a pair of shoes, and sell the refuse of the wheat?” All those tricks of trade under the Mosaic law come under the head of stealing.<\/p>\n (2) Another method is expressed in Pro 3:28<\/span> . As I want to particularly impress this thought on you I will quote this passage: “Say not unto thy neighbour, Go, and come again, and to-morrow I will give; when thou hast it by thee,” that is, if you delay a payment when it is due, when you put the man to the trouble to come back again or say, “I will see you tomorrow,” or “Come next week,” that is stealing. You are keeping him that long out of the use of his money, and Moses had a statute of this kind. “Let not the sun go down without paying the day-labourer his wages.” That man is already convicted in the eyes of the world as a thief, who never pays his washerwoman. These people who toil hard for their daily living and are dependent upon what they earn for the next day’s food, if they go without their money twenty-four hours, they are really injured; the very bread has been taken out of their mouths.<\/p>\n (3) Here is another, Pro 20:14<\/span> : “It is bad, it is bad, saith the buyer; But when he is gone his way, then he boasteth.” You come up to sell a man a horse and he looks at him and says, “He is a little fellow, his hoofs are stove up. Looks to me as if he has the spavin, he is wind-broken, or has ringbone. He is bad, bad.” Well, you feel like he ought to be paid something to take that horse, and as soon as the fellow gets the horse and gets off, he throws back his head and laughs at what a bargain he has made. That is stealing.<\/p>\n 14. Cite several kinds of covert stealing.<\/p>\n Ans. (1) Official stealing, using the office that you are in in order to fill your pockets; (2) Corporate stealing; (3) Wall Street stealing. On that I have a special question.<\/p>\n 15. Cite and explain certain classifications of Wall Street stealing.<\/p>\n Ans. (1) “Bearing” the market, the object of which is to lower the price of an article that they want to buy. They are called “the bears.” Their object is to reduce stocks, to make prices sink clear out of sight, and then surreptitiously they buy.<\/p>\n (2) The second is “bulling” the market. The object of that is to push stocks up so high that they can sell and make fortunes. That is, the pressure that they bring to bear to make stock, say worth fifty cents, $2.50. Then they sell. Then they clear $2.00, paying fifty cents and bull the market till the stock goes away up yonder and then they sell.<\/p>\n (3) Freezing out, that is, a number of men, say twenty, go into a company and one or two of them manage to get a majority of stock, say they get just $1.00 over half of the stock. Now that enables them to entirely control the whole stock, and they want to make the others sell out to them for a song, and therefore by controlling the stock they see to it that these men never get any dividends or any interest on their money. And they let them know that there are no profits made; they vote on big salaries among themselves so that there are never any dividends. Finally the poor fellows see the best thing for them to do is to sell out for what they can get. That is freezing out.<\/p>\n (4) The next is pooling. Say one man hasn’t got enough money to make stocks go up as high as he wants them or to go down as low as he wants them; if they are up, he will want to sell, and if they are down he will want to buy; now he is not able himself to lower or raise the price of the stock. Then pooling comes in: say forty or fifty of the richest men put in each so much to be used in the stock market for bulling or bearing. That is pooling.<\/p>\n (5) The next is cornering the market, that is, getting control, say, of all the tobacco, or all the wheat, or all the barley, or of all the sugar, getting a corner on it. Now by getting this corner on a certain product, they can hold back from sale any part of it and hold it back until they can make the price. The world must have its sugar, or its wheat, and they will hold it back until it booms; wheat goes to $1.50, then they sell. While they are doing that, thousands of people are starving.<\/p>\n (6) The next is watering stock. They unite and buy a piece of property, that costs them $50,000. They instantly vote that their property is worth $100,000 and they divide that stock up into a hundred shares of $1,000 each, and go out and sell it. That is watering stock.<\/p>\n (7) Then there is monopoly, working so as to have complete control of a supply so that there is no competition, and just as a highwayman stands before you with a loaded pistol and says, “Stand and deliver,” they can make you stand and deliver. You can’t help yourself.<\/p>\n 16. Who wrote this passage? In vain we call old notions fudge And bend our conscience to our dealing, The Ten Commandments will not budge, And stealing will continue stealing.<\/p>\n Ans. That is a fine example. These old Ten Commandments will not budge, and man may, through what he calls business methods, violate them and bend his conscience to his dealings, but all the same God’s standard remains and stealing will continue stealing. This was written by James Russell Lowell.<\/p>\n 17. How does human law classify thefts?<\/p>\n Ans. Petit larceny and grand larceny, that is, little stealing and big stealing.<\/p>\n 18. How does divine law classify thefts?<\/p>\n Ans. Puts all stealing that man does from man as petit larceny and all robbery of God as grand larceny.<\/p>\n 19. Under the divine classification cite a scriptural instance of “grand larceny.”<\/p>\n Ans. Mal 3:8-9<\/span> : “Will a man rob God? Yet ye have robbed me.”<\/p>\n 20. Grade according to heinousness the different kinds of stealing.<\/p>\n Ans. I would commence that grading this way: (1) robbing God; that is grand larceny; (2) next, the biggest larceny is stealing a man; (3) the next would be stealing the honor of a family; (4) the next would be official corruption; (5) next would be corporate corruption; then (6) down to stealing things, like stealing $1,000 in money, or a thousand yards of cloth, or anything of that kind.<\/p>\n 21. Cite passage from Paul expressing this Eighth Commandment both positively and negatively.<\/p>\n Ans. Rom 12:17<\/span> : “Recompense to no man evil for evil. Provide things honest in the sight of all men.” Rom 13:8<\/span> : Owe no man anything, but to love one another; for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law.” 2Co 8:21<\/span> : “Providing for honest things, not only in the sight of the Lord, but also in the sight of men.” Eph 4:28<\/span> : “Let him that stole steal no more; but rather let him labour, working with his hands the thing which is good, that he may have to give to him that needeth.” The above passages express Paul’s idea of this commandments.<\/p>\n 22. Cite some of the reasons for the present alarming high cost of living and the bearing of this cost on temptations to violate this commandment.<\/p>\n Ans. (1) The cost of living always goes up in proportion to the number of middlemen. For instance, if I plant potatoes and bring that crop in and store it, there is no middleman to draw a profit. I have my own potatoes, raise my beeves, hogs, etc. But when, through middlemen, potatoes are bought up for wholesale and then through a number of middlemen are sold to the consumer, each middleman takes out his profit and the consumer has to pay for all the profits.<\/p>\n (2) But if I had to state the main reason for the present high cost of living, I would say “Cold storage inventions.” There never has been anything in the history of the world that has affected the price of living like cold storages. Here is an invention by which you can take the most perishable things, a fruit that wouldn’t keep good two days, an egg that won’t keep good in your house over five days, or a piece of beef that won’t keep good without tainting twenty-four hours, and put it in that cold storage and you can keep it indefinitely. Wealth combines and builds these cold storages, therefore they can go out over the country and buy up everything on the face of the earth that is for sale, your chickens, hogs, beeves, turkeys, and everything, and they put them in these cold storages, and they tickle the people over the prices they pay for their turkeys and chickens and eggs, but wait till you want to buy a turkey for a Christmas dinner. You go down to get a turkey and the word comes back, “The only chance is to get a cold storage turkey.” And the price is $4.00 apiece. You see they control the market through the cold storage. Post Toasties and Corn Flakes and nearly everything that goes on a modern table do not come to you direct, but they come to you as having passed through some process of a middleman and every man gets a price on it. You think you are getting Post Toasties cheap, but when you ask yourself how many grains of corn, how many bushels of corn went to a certain quantity of Post Toasties, you find they get about $25 a bushel for corn, selling it as Post Toasties.<\/p>\n 23. Cite a passage from George Washington pertinent to this commandment.<\/p>\n Ans. “I hope I shall always possess firmness and virtue enough to maintain what I consider the most enviable of all titles the character of an honest man.” The most enviable of all titles, an honest man. And he was that.<\/p>\n 24. What does the great British essayist, Pope, say on this?<\/p>\n Ans. He says, “An honest man is the noblest work of God.”<\/p>\n 25. Who wrote it and where do you find this passage? Good name in man and woman, dear my lord, Is the immediate jewel of their souls; Who steals my purse steals trash; ’tis something, nothing; But he that filches from me my good name Robs me of that which not enriches him And makes me poor indeed.<\/p>\n Ans. Shakespeare, in Othello, Act III, Scene III.<\/p>\n 26. What remarkable New Testament instances of official stealing?<\/p>\n Ans. Judas and the Publicans.<\/p>\n 27. What Old Testament and New Testament laws require honesty as a qualification for office?<\/p>\n Ans. Judges appointed by Moses, Exo 18:21<\/span> ; bishops and deacons.<\/p>\n 28. Cite several notable Bible cases of official honesty.<\/p>\n Ans. Moses in his farewell address; Samuel in his farewell address; Paul in his farewell address to the elders of Ephesus at Miletus.<\/p>\n 29. Who wrote of “the itching palm” in office? adding: What, shall one of us, That struck the foremost man of all this world, But for supporting robbers; shall we now Contaminate our fingers with base bribes? And sell the mighty space of our large honours, For so much trash, as may be grasped thus? I had rather be a dog and bay the moon, Than such a Roman Where do you find the above?<\/p>\n Ans. Shakespeare, in Julius Caesar, <\/em><\/strong> Act IV, Scene III.<\/p>\n 30. What Old Testament statutes safeguard the necessitous from the temptation to steal?<\/p>\n Ans. The people had no fences. Roads passed right through the fields. Every man was at liberty when passing through a field or an orchard to eat what was necessary food to him. He could pluck the ears of corn and rub them in his hands and eat them, he could pull a bunch of grapes and eat them (he couldn’t take any away in a basket). The law was “When thou reapest thy fields, thou shalt not glean them.” Nor glean them in the corners, but leave the gleanings for the poor; leave what the sickle passes over for the poor and let them come in and get some of it.<\/p>\n 31. What caustic proverb exposes man’s false grading of thefts?<\/p>\n Ans. “Steal a loaf and go to the penitentiary; Steal a horse and be hanged Steal a million and be a Captain of Finance.”<\/p>\n 32. What modern classic and masterpiece of fiction shows the inhumanity and severity in punishing petit larceny committed in despair of want and makes a hero of the big thief?<\/p>\n Ans. hey say that it is the greatest book of fiction that has ever been written. It is Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables<\/em><\/strong> written in 1862.<\/p>\n NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: Deu 5:19<\/p>\n 19You shall not steal.<\/p>\n Deu 5:19 steal This is probably a reference to kidnaping and selling (BDB 170, KB 198, Qal IMPERFECT, cf. Deu 24:7; Exo 21:16), because of the context of the surrounding laws. This expresses a faithfulness to one’s covenant brother whose life belongs to God. All of the surrounding laws brought the death penalty. This seems harsh for petty theft.<\/p>\n Exo 20:15, Rom 13:9, Eph 4:28 <\/p>\n Reciprocal: Gen 44:8 – how then Lev 19:11 – shall not Psa 106:3 – at all times Hab 1:7 – their judgment<\/p>\n Deu 5:19. Neither shalt thou steal Hast thou seriously considered that these houses, lands, money, or goods, which thou hast been used to call thy own, are not thy own, but belong to another, even God? Hast thou ever considered that God is the sole proprietor of heaven and earth; the true owner of every thing therein? Hast thou considered that he has only lent them to thee? That thou art but a steward of thy Lords goods? And that he has told thee expressly the uses and purposes for which he intrusts thee with them; namely, for the furnishing, first thyself and those dependant on thee, and then as many others as thou canst, with the things needful for life and godliness? Hast thou considered that thou hast no right at all to apply any part of them to any other purpose? and that if thou dost thou art as much a robber of God as any can be a robber of thee?<\/p>\n The eighth commandment 5:19<\/span><\/p>\n Stealing means taking something that belongs to another person from him or her against that person’s will. Theft violates property as adultery violates marriage and the family.<\/p>\n Frequently what one steals is some material possession such as a vehicle, household goods, or cash. Pilfering is stealing small amounts of something. Swindling involves deceiving someone by leading him to believe that his money is going one place while really all or part of it is going somewhere else. Usually it is going into the pocket of the swindler. A person can be guilty of theft by falsifying accounts (e.g., paper theft as on one’s income tax forms; cf. Amo 8:4-6; Rom 13:7). He can do so by misusing personal discount privileges or stealing from an employer by not working all the hours his employer has contracted for. He may also do so by not paying debts (e.g., alimony, child support, bankruptcy) and by not returning items that he has borrowed. A person can also steal the spouse of another, as King David did.<\/p>\n Stealing can involve robbing a person of his personal freedom by kidnapping, taking hostages, hijacking an airliner, or enslaving someone in debt (cf. Gen 37:22-28). We can rob a person of his reputation by withholding or distorting the truth and thereby steal his promotion or job (cf. the third commandment). We can steal other people’s legitimate personal rights such as their joy, time, or even their life. It is possible to steal from God what we owe Him (e.g., money, praise, ourselves).<\/p>\n The Israelite was to return what he had stolen if possible, to make restitution, and to add 20 percent of the value as a penalty for his theft (Lev 5:16; Lev 6:5; Num 5:7; cf. Luk 19:8). God has not commanded Christians to pay the 20 percent penalty, but we should at least make restitution as well as confessing this sin to God (Joh 13:34-35; Eph 4:28; 1Jn 1:9).<\/p>\n Neither shalt thou steal. Deu 5:19 Neither shalt thou steal. The Eighth Commandment I will consider the negative and, secondly, the positive part of the commandment. For the first, the negative part, to wit, what is forbidden here, we are to know that it extends to ourselves as well as to our neighbours. I begin … Continue reading “Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Deuteronomy 5:19”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5081","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-commentary"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/bible-commentary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5081","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/bible-commentary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/bible-commentary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/bible-commentary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/bible-commentary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5081"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/bible-commentary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5081\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/bible-commentary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5081"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/bible-commentary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5081"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/bible-commentary\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5081"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
I.<\/strong> <\/em><\/strong>The nature of the vice of theft.<\/p>\n
II. <\/strong>The causes from which this vice commonly proceeds.<\/p>\n
I. <\/strong>When we do not acquire our neighbours property unjustly.<\/p>\n
II. <\/strong>When we do not uncharitably permit our neighbour to be despoiled of his possessions.<\/p>\n
III. <\/strong>When we are careful that our possessions do not unhappily become to us occasions of sin.<\/p>\nFuente: Biblical Illustrator Edited by Joseph S. Exell<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: B.H. Carroll’s An Interpretation of the English Bible<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: You Can Understand the Bible: Study Guide Commentary Series by Bob Utley<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: Joseph Bensons Commentary on the Old and New Testaments<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n
Fuente: Expository Notes of Dr. Constable (Old and New Testaments)<\/b><\/i><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"