The Change of one Noun for another Related Noun<\/p>\n
Me-ton-y-my. Sometimes pronounced Met-o-nym-y. Greek, , from (meta), indicating change, and (onoma), a name; or, in grammar, a noun.<\/p>\n
Metonymy is a figure by which one name or noun is used instead of another, to which it stands in a certain relation.<\/p>\n
The change is in the noun, and only in a verb as connected with the action proceeding from it.<\/p>\n
The names of persons are put by Metonymy for something which stands in a special relation to them. Thus we speak of a stanhope (carriage), from the Hon. Mr. Stanhope; a brougham, from Lord Brougham; boycotting, from Capt. Boycott; a blanket, negus, a spencer, a doyley, etc., from the respective inventors.<\/p>\n
Thus it will be seen that Metonymy is not founded on resemblance, but on relation.<\/p>\n
When we say that a person writes a bad hand, we do not mean a hand, but we use the noun hand for the characters which it writes.<\/p>\n
Metonymy is of four kinds: viz., of the Cause, of the Effect, of the Subject, and of the Adjunct.<\/p>\n
I. Metonymy of the Cause is when the cause is put for the effect: i.e., when the doer is put for the thing done; or, the instrument for that which is effected; or, where the action is put for the effect produced by the action.<\/p>\n
II. Metonymy of the Effect is the opposite of the above: when the effect is put for the cause.<\/p>\n
III. Metonymy of the Subject is when the subject is put for something pertaining to it: as the possessor for the possessed; the thing signified for the sign.<\/p>\n
IV. Metonymy of the Adjunct, on the contrary, is when that which pertains to anything is put for the thing itself.<\/p>\n
Some grammarians have added a fifth Metonymy, where the antecedent is put for the consequent; but it really belongs to Metonymy of the Cause.<\/p>\n
The following is the complete outline of the figure now to be treated of:-<\/p>\n
METONYMY<\/p>\n
I.OF THE CAUSE.<\/p>\n
i.The person acting for the thing done.<\/p>\n
ii.The instrument for the thing effected.<\/p>\n
iii.The thing or action for the thing produced by it.<\/p>\n
iv.The material for the thing made from or of it.<\/p>\n
II.Of the EFFECT.<\/p>\n
i.The action or effect for the person producing it.<\/p>\n
ii.The thing effected for the instrument or organic cause of it.<\/p>\n
iii.The effect for the thing or action causing it.<\/p>\n
iv.The thing made for the material from which it is made or produced.<\/p>\n
III.Of the SUBJECT.<\/p>\n
i.The subject receiving for the thing received.<\/p>\n
ii.The container for the contents.<\/p>\n
iii.The possessor for the thing possessed.<\/p>\n
iv.The object for that which pertains or relates to it.<\/p>\n
v.The thing signified for the sign.<\/p>\n
IV.Of the ADJUNCT.<\/p>\n
i.The accident for the subject.<\/p>\n
ii.The contents for the container.<\/p>\n
iii.The time for the things done or existing in it.<\/p>\n
iv.The appearance of a thing for its nature; or, the opinion about it for the thing itself.<\/p>\n
v.The action or affection for the object of it.<\/p>\n
vi.The sign for the thing signified.<\/p>\n
vii.The name of a person for the person himself, or the thing.<\/p>\n
I. Metonymy of the Cause<\/p>\n
This is when the cause is put for the effect; and it is of four kinds: (i.) The person for the action; (ii.) The instrument for the effect; (iii.) The thing or the action for its product; and (iv.) The material cause for the matter made. We will consider these in their order: and the examples themselves will explain the meaning and use of the figure.<\/p>\n
i. The person acting for the thing done<\/p>\n
1. The Spirit for the gifts and operations of the Spirit<\/p>\n
Joh 3:34.-For God giveth not the Spirit by measure to Him: i.e., the gifts and operations produced by the Spirit. The Holy Spirit is a person, and cannot, therefore, be measured out or given by measure. The measure must consequently mean the measure of His power or gifts bestowed.<\/p>\n
Joh 6:63.-The words that I speak unto you, they, are spirit (i.e., the gift and operation of the Spirit of God), and they are life (i.e., they give and produce divine, spiritual and eternal life).<\/p>\n
Act 19:2.-Did ye on believing receive the Holy Ghost? Here, this must mean the wondrous gifts of the Spirit, because they had already received Him, or they could not have believed at all. Verse 6 also shows that this must be so, for the very gifts and powers are named and exercised.<\/p>\n
1Co 14:12.-Forasmuch as ye also are zealous of spirits: i.e., of spiritual powers and gifts and revelations. Here, the A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] has actually so rendered the figure, and put the literal Greek in the margin! So verses 26 and 32.<\/p>\n
1Co 14:32.-The spirits (i.e., the spiritual gifts) of prophets are subject to prophets: i.e., they are able to use them to edification according to the instructions given in Scripture.<\/p>\n
Gal 3:2.-Received ye the Spirit (i.e., the gifts of the Spirit) by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith?<\/p>\n
Verse 5: He, therefore, that ministereth to you the Spirit (i.e., the gifts of the Spirit) and worketh miracles among you, etc.<\/p>\n
Eph 5:18.-Be filled with the Spirit: i.e., not with the Person of the Holy Spirit surely! but with His operations: i.e., with the gifts which come through the ministry of the Word; as is clear from Col 3:16, where this effect is produced by the same cause: viz., occupation of the heart with God-the Word of Christ dwelling richly within us.<\/p>\n
1Th 5:19.-Quench not the Spirit: i.e., do not hinder in yourself or in others the use of spiritual gifts.<\/p>\n
The verb to quench is (sbennumi), to put out, and always of extinguishing a light or fire; hence, to extinguish.* [Note: See its occurrences: Mat 22:20. Mar 9:44; Mar 9:46; Mar 9:48. Eph 6:16. Heb 11:34, where it is rendered quench; and Mat 25:8, where it is gone out, or going out (marg.).] It is impossible for mortal man to extinguish the Holy Spirit of God: so that there must be a figure here. That figure lies not in the word quench, but in the word spirit, which is put for the gifts of the Spirit. These are quenched, when any, assuming and usurping authority, forbid the use of them by a brother, or hinder him in the exercise of them.<\/p>\n
This is clearly the subject of the exhortation; for the very next sentence goes on to speak of the manner in which it is to be obeyed: Despise not prophesyings: do not treat them with contempt or scorn; do not neglect or disregard them. This is the meaning of (exouthene) (see Luk 23:11. Act 4:11. Rom 14:10, where it is rendered set at nought; and Luk 18:9. Rom 14:3. 1Co 1:28; 1Co 16:11. Gal 4:14, where it is rendered despise: and 1Co 6:4, to be least esteemed; and 2Co 10:10, contemptible).<\/p>\n
2. The Spirit is put also for His quickening, regenerating and sanctifying work in man, in creating the new nature with its spiritual desires and powers<\/p>\n
Psa 51:10 (12).-Renew a right spirit within me: i.e., the Divine workings of the Spirit by which alone true obedience is rendered to God. See Eze 11:19. Eph 4:23. Rom 12:2.<\/p>\n
Joh 3:6.-That which is born of the Spirit is spirit.<\/p>\n
Here, the second time the word spirit is used, it is in a different sense, by the figure of Antanaclasis (q.v. [Note: Which see.] , page 286); and by Metonymy it is put for the effect of the Spirits operation: i.e., the New man, the New nature, in all its manifestations. This New nature is constantly spoken of as spirit (see Rom 8:1-15), just as the Old nature is spoken of as flesh.<\/p>\n
For examples of the word spirit being put for the work of the Holy Spirit within man, see Psa 51:17 (19). Isa 26:9. Eze 18:31. Mat 5:3; Mat 26:41. Act 17:16; Act 19:21; Act 20:22. Rom 1:9. 1Co 5:3-5; 1Co 6:20. 1Pe 3:4, etc.<\/p>\n
Rom 8:2.-For the law of the spirit of life (i.e., not the Holy Spirit, but His life-giving work in the New nature created within us) hath made me free from the law of sin and death.<\/p>\n
The Law brought the knowledge of sin; and its wages-death. But the work of the Holy Spirit has freed me from that Law, and has given me a new nature, by which I serve and obey Him from a totally different motive.<\/p>\n
3. The Spirit is put for special and extraordinary operations of the Spirit acting externally in various ways, publicly or privately<\/p>\n
Num 11:17.-I will take of the spirit which is upon thee and will put it upon them: i.e., not the Person of the Holy Spirit, but His operations, enabling Moses, and afterwards the seventy elders, to rule the People.<\/p>\n
The history goes on to tell how Joshua would have had two of them forbidden! True specimen of official religion to-day, and through all time; ever ready to forbid the use of spiritual powers and gifts that come out of the ordinary course!<\/p>\n
Eldad and Medad are types of what has been true from that time till the present day.<\/p>\n
2Ki 2:9.-Let a double portion of thy spirit be upon me: i.e., of thy miraculous gifts, spiritual powers. It was so: and it was so shown; for while Elijahs miracles were eight in number, Elishas were sixteen.* [Note: See Number in Scripture, by the same author and publisher, page 202.] <\/p>\n
Dan 5:12; Dan 6:3.-Because an excellent spirit was in him: i.e., the wonderful and extraordinary operations of the Spirit were manifest in him.<\/p>\n
Joh 7:39.-This spake he of the Spirit: i.e., this outflow of spiritual power mentioned in verse 38. A person could not flow out from another person.<\/p>\n
Luk 1:17.-And he shall go before him in the spirit and power of Elijah: i.e., the same wonderful spiritual power should be in John as was in Elijah. See under Hendiadys.<\/p>\n
Luk 1:80.-And the child grew and waxed strong in spirit: i.e., in the special and peculiar manifestations of the Spirit. So Luk 2:40.<\/p>\n
Act 1:5.-Ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost: i.e., ye shall be immersed in spiritual power (see verse 8), which shall cover you as well as fill you and flow out from you.<\/p>\n
Act 7:51.-Ye do always resist the Holy Ghost: i.e., the testimony of the Holy Spirit as given by the prophets. Their fathers resisted the prophets, and would not hear the Spirits voice in them and now they, like their fathers, were resisting the same testimony as given at Pentecost, and since then culminating in Stephen.<\/p>\n
The Holy Ghost in His testimony is always resisted by the natural man: i.e., opposed by him. He cannot, of course, be resisted in the sense of being successfully repelled. The Greek word here is (antipipt), to fall against, oppose. It occurs only here, but the context clearly shows the nature and character of the opposition, the reference to the ears indicating that they refused to listen to His testimony. The natural ear is always closed against the Divine testimony, until it is opened by One who is stronger than the strong man armed.<\/p>\n
2Co 3:6.-Who hath made us competent ministers also of the New Covenant: not of letter (i.e., the Divine Law of the Old Covenant), but of spirit (i.e., the ministration of the Spirit, verse 8: the New Covenant as contained in the Gospel).<\/p>\n
4. The Spirit is put also for special revelations and visions communicated by Him<\/p>\n
Eze 37:1.-The hand of the Lord was upon me, and carried me out in the Spirit of the Lord: i.e, in a vision.<\/p>\n
2 Theas. 2:2.-That ye be not soon shaken in mind, or be troubled, neither by spirit (i.e., by a revelation professed to have been received by the Spirit), nor by word (professed to be spoken by us), nor by letter as from us (said to be written by us), as that the Day of the Lord has set in. For the meaning of this last statement, see the next verse under Ellipsis, pages 52 and 53.<\/p>\n
1Jn 4:1-3.-Beloved, believe not every spirit (i.e., every doctrine that is put forth as the teaching of the Spirit), but try the spirits (i.e., their teaching and doctrines, Act 17:11), whether they are of God (or of demons and evil spirits): because many false prophets are gone out into the world. Hereby know ye the spirit (or doctrine and teaching) of God. Every spirit (i.e., doctrine) which confesseth (or teacheth) that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God: and every spirit (or doctrine) that confesseth not (i.e., that does not teach) that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is not of God; and this is that spirit (i.e., teaching) of Antichrist whereof ye have heard that it should come; and even now is it in the world.<\/p>\n
As Antichrist himself has not yet come, it must mean his teaching which is already here. The confusion of the small and capital letters (s and S) in this passage shows that the translators did not perceive the Metonymy here used.<\/p>\n
Rev 1:10.-I was in spirit. Here the A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] uses a capital S, and not a small one as in chap. 4:2; 17:3, and Eze 37:1, etc., but, the meaning is the same. I became in a spiritual vision or ecstasy; or, I received a spiritual revelation; which was afterwards written down. See also Act 10:10; Act 22:17, and 2Co 12:2, where similar visions and revelations are called a trance. There is great divergence of the use of small and capital letters in all different versions.<\/p>\n
5. Parents and Ancestors are frequently put for their posterity, and for children: and the name of the stock or race is put for the patronymic<\/p>\n
Japhet and Shem are put for their posterity (Gen 9:27).<\/p>\n
Jacob and Israel for the Israelitish people (Exo 5:2. Num 21:25; Num 24:5; Num 24:17. Deu 33:28. 1Ki 18:17-18. Psa 14:7; Psa 135:4. Amo 7:9).<\/p>\n
Isaac for the people of Israel (Amo 7:9).<\/p>\n
Esau for the people descended from Esau (Rom 9:13).<\/p>\n
David is put for him who is descended from David; and therefore especially of the Messiah, who was of the seed of David according to the flesh (Eze 34:23). Compare Rom 1:3; Rom 9:5.<\/p>\n
Abraham is put for Christ by the same figure of Metonymy. In thee shall all families of the earth be blessed: i.e., in Christ (Gen 12:3; Gen 18:18). So lsaac, 26:4; and Jacob, 28:14. This is explained in Gal 3:8; Gal 3:14; Gal 3:16. Gen 22:18. Psa 72:17. Act 3:25-26.<\/p>\n
6. The Writer is put for his writing or book<\/p>\n
Luk 16:29.-They have Moses (i.e., his writings) and the prophets (i.e., their writings); let them hear them.<\/p>\n
See Luk 24:27. Act 15:21; Act 21:21. 2Co 3:15.<\/p>\n
7. To this first species of Metonymy must be referred the use of the word Soul for life, which is the effect of it<\/p>\n
Indeed, when so used, the Hebrew (nephesh) and the Greek (pseuchee) are often so translated.<\/p>\n
See Gen 9:5; Gen 37:21. Exo 4:19. Lev 17:11. Jdg 9:17. 1Sa 26:21. 1Ki 2:23. Est 8:11. Psa 33:19; Psa 38:12 (13); 56:13 (14). Jer 40:14; Jer 45:5. Lam 5:9. Jon 2:6. Mat 2:20; Mat 10:39; Mat 16:25; Mat 20:28. Joh 10:17; Joh 12:25; Joh 13:37-38; Joh 15:13, etc.<\/p>\n
8. The Soul is also put for the person, as when we say a city contains so many thousand souls<\/p>\n
We have examples in such phrases as Praise the Lord, O my soul (i.e., O myself) (Psa 103:1, etc.); or, My soul doth (i.e., I myself do) magnify the Lord (Luk 1:46); or, Thou wilt not leave my soul (i.e., me) in Sheol (Psa 16:10. Act 2:27; Act 2:31. See Psa 49:15. Hebrews 16). Rev 6:9 : I saw the souls of them that were beheaded: i.e., I saw them (i.e., the persons of them) that were slain. Compare 20:4.<\/p>\n
9. The Soul is also put for the will, affection, or desire, which are its operations and effects:-<\/p>\n
Gen 23:8. Exo 23:9. Deu 23:24. 1Ki 19:3. Pro 23:2. Jer 34:16. Joh 10:24.<\/p>\n
10. The word spirit is sometimes so used for the soul or life in its manifestations:-<\/p>\n
Gen 45:27. Num 14:24. Jdg 8:3. 2Ch 21:16; 2Ch 36:22. Ezr 1:1. Psa 76:12 (13); 77:3 (4), 6 (7). Pro 1:23; Pro 18:14; Pro 29:11. Ecc 7:9. Isa 29:10. Jer 51:11. Eze 13:3. Dan 2:1; Dan 2:3. Hag 1:14. Rom 11:8. 1Co 2:12.<\/p>\n
ii. The ORGANIC CAUSE or instrument is put for the thing effected by it<\/p>\n
1. The Organs of Speech are put for the testimony borne<\/p>\n
The Mouth is put for the witness or testimony borne by it.<\/p>\n
Deu 17:6.-At the mouth (i.e., on the testimony) of two witnesses or three shall he be put to death. So Deu 19:15, and Mat 18:16.<\/p>\n
The Mouth is put for the command or precept given.<\/p>\n
Gen 45:21.-And Joseph gave them wagons, according to the mouth (i.e., commandment, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] ) of Pharaoh.<\/p>\n
Exo 17:1.-Israel journeyed according to the mouth (i.e., commandment, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] ) of Jehovah. So Num 3:16; Num 3:39; Num 20:24; Num 27:14. Deu 1:26; Deu 1:43.<\/p>\n
Deu 34:5.-So Moses died there according to the mouth (i.e., the word) of Jehovah.<\/p>\n
The Targum of Jonathan takes this literally (or as Anthropopathpia, q.v. [Note: Which see.] ), and interprets it as a kiss!<\/p>\n
The Tongue is put for what is spoken by it.<\/p>\n
Psa 5:9 (10).-They flatter with their tongue: i.e., with what it says.<\/p>\n
Pro 25:15.-A soft tongue (i.e., gentle speech) breaketh the bone (i.e., overcomes obstinacy).<\/p>\n
Pro 10:20.-The tongue (i.e., the words or speech) of the just is as choice silver.<\/p>\n
Jer 18:18.-Let us smite him with the tongue: i.e., with hard words.<\/p>\n
The Tongue is also put for the language peculiar to any people or nation.<\/p>\n
Act 2:4.-They began to speak with other tongues: i.e., in other languages). So verse 11. Mar 16:17. 1Co 14:18.<\/p>\n
The Lip is put for the language.<\/p>\n
Gen 11:1.-And the whole earth was of one lip (i.e., language) and of one speech.<\/p>\n
Pro 12:19.-The lip (i.e., speech) of truth shall be established for ever.<\/p>\n
Verse 22: Lying lips (i.e., liars or lies) are abomination to the Lord.<\/p>\n
Pro 14:8.-The lips of knowledge: i.e., the words of wisdom, or wise words.<\/p>\n
Pro 17:7.-Excellent lip (i.e., speech) becometh not a fool; much less does a lip of lying a prince: i.e., lying words. So Pro 18:6-7.<\/p>\n
Isa 33:19.-A people deeper of lip (i.e., speech) than to be understood.<\/p>\n
The Palate is put for the words spoken.<\/p>\n
Pro 5:3.-Her palate is smoother than oil: i.e., her speech.<\/p>\n
The Throat also is put for the words spoken.<\/p>\n
Psa 5:9 (10).-Their throat (i.e., their speech) is an open sepulchre. So Rom 3:13, explained by Luk 11:44.<\/p>\n
2. The Hand is put for the actions performed by it<\/p>\n
These are many and various; as finding, counselling, thought, purpose, impulse, effort, attempt, or care. The hand is put by Metonymy for all these and similar things.<\/p>\n
Deu 32:36.-When he seeth that their hand was gone. This is rightly rendered power; for which the hand is put by Metonymy.<\/p>\n
1Sa 22:17.-Saul said, Turn, and slay the priests of the Lord; because their hand (i.e., help) is with David, and because they knew him when he fled, and did not show it to me: i.e., the priests helped David with their counsel, and with food; and by silence, in not betraying him. All this is contained in, and expressed by, the word hand.<\/p>\n
2Sa 3:12.-My hand (i.e., my help) shall be with thee.<\/p>\n
2Sa 14:19.-Is not the hand (i.e., the counsel) of Joab with thee in all this?<\/p>\n
1Ki 10:29.-And so for all the kings of the Hittites, and for the kings of Syria, did they bring them out by their hand (i.e., as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] , by their means).<\/p>\n
Psa 7:3 (4).-O Jehovah my Elohim, if I have done this: if there be iniquity in my hands: i.e., if I have done iniquity. So Isa 1:15.<\/p>\n
The Hand is also put for instrumentality or agency, especially in connection with Inspiration.<\/p>\n
Ezr 9:10-11.-Thy commandments which thou hast commanded by the hand (i.e, the agency) of thy servants the prophets.<\/p>\n
In all these cases there is an implied reference to testimony preserved in writing.<\/p>\n
Neh 9:30.-Thou testifiedst against them by thy Spirit in (or by) the hand (i.e., the agency) of thy prophets.<\/p>\n
Zec 7:12.-The words which the Lord of hosts hath sent in (or by) His Spirit by the hand of the former prophets: i.e., by their agency.<\/p>\n
This is the testimony of one of the latter prophets to the Inspiration of the former: viz., Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings.<\/p>\n
The Hand is also put for the writing done by it or hand-writing. As we say of one he writes a good hand.<\/p>\n
See 1Co 16:21. Col 4:18.<\/p>\n
The Hand is also put for a gift given to anyone.<\/p>\n
Psa 68:31 (32).-Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God: i.e., shall bring presents, as in Psa 68:29, of which this is the continuation. As further explained in Psa 72:10. Isa 49:7; Isa 60:6; Isa 60:9. Psa 22:27 (28).<\/p>\n
3. The Sword is put for war or for slaughter<\/p>\n
Exo 5:3.-Lest he fall upon us with pestilence, or with sword: i.e., with slaughter.<\/p>\n
Lev 26:6.-Neither shall the sword (i.e, war) go through your land.<\/p>\n
So Isa 1:20. Jer 14:12-13; Jer 14:15-16; Jer 43:11. Psa 144:10. Rom 8:35, and many other, passages.<\/p>\n
Mat 10:34.-I came not to send peace, but a sword (i.e., but for war). That is to say, the object of His coming was peace, but the effect of it was war.<\/p>\n
4. A Line is used for the territory divided up or marked out by it<\/p>\n
Amo 7:17.-Thy land shall be divided by line: i.e., divided up among others.<\/p>\n
Mic 2:5.-Thou wilt have none that shall cast a cord by lot in the congregation of Jehovah.<\/p>\n
The land in Palestine round each village was divided by lot for the year, for each family to sow and reap. Referring to this, David says, The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant places, and then he goes on to explain it, Yea, I have a goodly heritage (Psa 16:6).<\/p>\n
Hence the word line is used of an inheritance measured out See Deu 3:4 (where it is rendered region). Jos 17:14. Psa 105:11 (the lot of your inheritance).<\/p>\n
In this sense Israel was (among the other nations) the line or lot of Jehovahs inheritance. Deu 32:8-9.<\/p>\n
2Co 10:16.-In another mans line: i.e., in another mans inheritance or sphere of labour.<\/p>\n
Psa 19:4 (5).-Their line is gone out through all the earth. The A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] interprets the Metonymy incorrectly in the margin, their rule or direction. It is their inheritance: i.e., the whole earth was the sphere through which their words and speech went forth, and where the knowledge imparted by the stars was made known. See Rom 10:18.* [Note: And The Witness of the Stars, by the same author and publisher.] <\/p>\n
5. Silver is put for the thing procured by it<\/p>\n
Exo 21:21.-Where a servant is said to be the money of the master.<\/p>\n
6. Hyssop is put for the sprinkling which was effected by it<\/p>\n
Hyssop () a small humble moss-like shrub (1Ki 4:33; 1Ki 5:13) used in ceremonial sprinklings. See Lev 14:4. Num 19:18, etc.<\/p>\n
Psa 51:7 (9).-Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean: i.e., purge me with the atoning blood; not with the herb.<\/p>\n
iii. The THING or ACTION is put for that which is the effect or product of it<\/p>\n
Some Rhetorists confine Metonymy only to nouns, and deny its application to verbs. But there seem to be certain words, even verbs, the use of which cannot otherwise be classed except under the figure Metonymy: words which, if not actually changed for or strictly used instead of others, are yet analagous, and have the meaning of another word taken conventionally with them; so that a thing or action is put for some effect which is understood as being consequent upon it.<\/p>\n
1. In certain NOUNS, where the Feeling or Affection is put for the effects resulting or proceeding from the feeling<\/p>\n
Love is put for the benefits and blessings flowing from it.<\/p>\n
1Jn 3:1.-Behold, what manner of love the Father hath bestowed upon us: i.e., not merely the feeling of love, but the manifestation of it in all that it has done for us: one thing here being the calling and making lost sinners the sons of God, and blessing them with all spiritual blessings in Christ.<\/p>\n
Mercy is put for the offices and benefits which are the outcome of it.<\/p>\n
Gen 20:13.-This is thy kindness which thou shalt show, etc.<\/p>\n
Gen 32:10.-I am not worthy of the least of all the mercies and of all the truth, which thou hast showed unto thy servant: i.e., all the material and spiritual benefits bestowed in kindness and faithfulness.<\/p>\n
2Ch 35:26.-Now the rest of the acts of Josiah, and his goodness (marg. [Note: arg. Margin.] Heb. kindnesses): i.e., his acts of kindness.<\/p>\n
By the same figure the Greek (pity, or mercy) is put for benefits bestowed upon the poor.<\/p>\n
Mat 6:1.-Take heed that ye do not your alms. The R.V. [Note: The Revised Version, 1881.] and Critical Texts (G. [Note: . Griesbach and his critical Greek Text.] L. [Note: . Lachmann and his critical Greek Text.] T. [Note: . Tischendorf and his critical Greek Text.] Tr. [Note: r. Tregelles and his critical Greek Text.] A. [Note: . Alford and his critical Greek Text.] ) have (dikaiosunee), righteousness, instead of (elemosunee), mercy. The reading doubtless arose from some scribes not seeing the Metonymy, and trying to explain it.<\/p>\n
In either case the feeling is put for the acts which manifest it. So Luk 11:41. Act 10:2; Act 10:4.<\/p>\n
Anger and Wrath are put for punishment, and various acts which flow from them.<\/p>\n
Psa 79:6.-Pour out thy wrath upon the heathen that have not known thee: i.e., thy judgments. So 1Sa 28:18.<\/p>\n
Mic 7:9.-I will bear the indignation of Jehovah: i.e., the chastisements which it inflicts.<\/p>\n
Rom 2:5.-Thou treasurest up unto thyself wrath: i.e., the judgments produced by it.<\/p>\n
Rom 4:15.-The law worketh wrath: i.e., inflicts or executes punishments and penalties. The word execute is actually supplied in Rom 13:4.<\/p>\n
Rom 13:5.-Wherefore ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath: i.e., on account of the effects of the anger, etc., of those who govern, but also for conscience sake: i.e., because ye believe it to be right according to the will of God.<\/p>\n
Eph 5:6.-For because of these things cometh the wrath of God upon the children of disobedience: i.e., the punishments inflicted by God on account of His wrath.<\/p>\n
Justice is put for the judgment or punishment which manifests it.<\/p>\n
Exo 6:6.-I will redeem you with a stretched-out arm and with great justice: i.e., as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] , judgments. As rendered in Pro 19:29. Eze 14:21, etc.<\/p>\n
It is put also for the actual sentence and condemnation.<\/p>\n
Jer 26:11.-The judgment (i.e., the sentence) of death is for this man. This Metonymy is idiomatically rendered in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] So Joh 3:19 (, krisis, the act or process of judging).<\/p>\n
Sin and its synonyms are put for the effects or punishment of sin.<\/p>\n
Gen 19:15.-Lest thou be condemned in the iniquity: i.e., punishment, as in margin of A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] So Psa 7:16 (17).<\/p>\n
Jer 14:16.-I will pour their wickedness upon them: i.e., the punishment on account of their wickedness.<\/p>\n
Zec 14:19.-This shall be the sin (marg. [Note: arg. Margin.] ) of Egypt: i.e., the punishment for Egypts sin.<\/p>\n
When joined with the verb to bear (i.e., to bear iniquity), it means to bear the punishment or judgment for iniquity, etc. See Exo 28:43. Lev 5:1; Lev 20:20; Lev 22:9. Num 14:33. Isa 53:4. Eze 23:35; Eze 23:49; Eze 18:20.<\/p>\n
When Christ is said to bear our sins, it means that He bore thepunishment (i.e., death) which was due to them. Heb 9:28. 1Pe 2:24, etc.<\/p>\n
Work is put for the wages paid for it.<\/p>\n
Lev 19:13.-Heb. work; A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] , wages.<\/p>\n
Jer 22:13.-And doth not give him his work: i.e., Heb. his wage. A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] : for his work.<\/p>\n
Rom 11:6.-If by grace, then is it no more of works: i.e., of wages or merit.<\/p>\n
Rev 14:13.-And their works (i.e., their rewards) do follow with them.<\/p>\n
Divination is put for the money received for it.<\/p>\n
Num 22:7.-So the elders departed with divinations in their hands. Here, both A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] and R.V. [Note: The Revised Version, 1881.] do not scruple to boldly translate the Metonymy and put the rewards of divination.<\/p>\n
Labour is put for that which is produced by it.<\/p>\n
Deu 28:33.-All thy labours shall a nation which thou knowest not eat up: i.e., all the fruit of thy labours.<\/p>\n
Psa 78:46.-He gave their labour unto the locust: i.e., the fruit of their labour.<\/p>\n
Psa 105:44.-They inherited the labour of the people.<\/p>\n
Psa 128:2.-Thou shalt eat the labour of thine hands: i.e., that which the labour of thy hands has produced.<\/p>\n
Pro 5:10.-Lest thy labours be in the house of a stranger: i.e., that which thou hast made or produced.<\/p>\n
So Ecc 2:19. Isa 45:14. Jer 3:24. Eze 23:29.<\/p>\n
Strength is put for that which it effects or produces.<\/p>\n
Gen 4:12.-When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength: i.e., her fruits shall not be brought forth freely and liberally to thee.<\/p>\n
Pro 5:10.-Lest strangers be filled with thy strength: i.e., that which thy strength brings forth. A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] : wealth.<\/p>\n
Hunting is put for the flesh of the animal that is caught.<\/p>\n
Gen 25:28.-And Isaac loved Esau because hunting was in his mouth. Here, the mouth is put for the eating which it performed, and hunting for the venison which it caught. See also under Ellipsis, page 26.<\/p>\n
Gen 27:3.-Hunt me a hunting: i.e., catch or take for me some venison (as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] ). See Polyptoton, page 275.<\/p>\n
2. In certain VERBS<\/p>\n
The same Metonymy is seen in certain verbs, but it is confined to verbs of (a) Knowing, (b) Remembering, (c) Loving and Hating, and (d) Operation.<\/p>\n
(a) Verbs of Knowing<\/p>\n
are used of the effect of knowing: i.e., understanding, caring for, approving, etc.<\/p>\n
Job 19:25.-I know that my redeemer liveth: i.e., I believe, or have a saving knowledge of the fact.<\/p>\n
Psa 1:6.-The Lord knoweth (i.e., approveth) the way of the righteous. So Rev 2:24.<\/p>\n
Psa 9:10 (11).-They that know thy name will put their trust in thee: i.e., they that understand Thee as their God and Saviour.<\/p>\n
Psa 35:11.-False witnesses did rise up; they laid to my charge things that I knew not: i.e., things which I was not conscious of, or did not acknowledge as true. So Psa 51:3 (5). 2Co 5:21.<\/p>\n
Psa 90:11.-Who knoweth (i.e., Who rightly considers) the power of thine anger? Many may hear of it and know of it in the ordinary sense of the verb, but who rightly estimates it and understands it?<\/p>\n
Pro 24:23.-It is not good to know (or discern) faces in (giving) the judgment: i.e., to have respect or show favour to them. See Deu 1:17 (marg. [Note: arg. Margin.] ) and 16:19. Job 34:19.<\/p>\n
Isa 1:3.-Israel doth not know. The next parallel line goes on to explain it:-My people doth not consider. So Jer 8:7. Luk 19:42 (cf. [Note: f. Compare (for Latin, confer).] Psa 101:4). This comes also under the figure Exergasia (q.v. [Note: Which see.] )<\/p>\n
Jer 9:24.-Let him that glorieth glory in this, that he understandeth and knoweth me: i.e., loves me and believes me. Compare verses 3 and 6.<\/p>\n
Jer 31:34.-They shall all know me: i.e., believe in me with a saving faith.<\/p>\n
Joh 8:43.-Ye cannot hear (i.e., receive, and understand, and approve) my word. See verse 44.<\/p>\n
Joh 10:27.-My sheep hear my voice, and I know them: i.e., I love them with all a shepherds fondness.<\/p>\n
Joh 17:3.-This is life eternal that they might know (i.e., believe on) thee-the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent.<\/p>\n
Act 10:34.-I perceive (i.e., I now understand and am made to know from what has taken place) that God is no respecter of persons.<\/p>\n
Rom 7:15.-For that which I do I know not. Here, the A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] translates the Metonymy, that which I do I allow not: i.e., I do not approve. The old Eng. of the verb allow is allaud, to praise or approve, as in Psa 11:5. Prayer Book (i.e., Coverdales) Version: The Lord alloweth the righteous: i.e., approveth him.<\/p>\n
1Co 8:3.-If any man love God, the same is known of him: i.e., is loved and cared for by Him (see Heterosis of the verb).<\/p>\n
Verbs of Knowing are sometimes put for caring for or manifesting affection to.<\/p>\n
Gen 39:6.-He (Potiphar) knew not ought he had: i.e., had no anxiety about it.<\/p>\n
Exo 2:25.-And God knew them: i.e., as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] , had respect unto them.<\/p>\n
Deu 33:9.-Neither did he acknowledge his brethren, nor knew (i.e., cared for) his own children.<\/p>\n
So Rth 2:10; Rth 2:19.<\/p>\n
Jdg 2:10.-There arose another generation after them, which knew not the Lord: i.e., which did not care for Him.<\/p>\n
1Ch 17:18.-Thou knowest (i.e., hast respect to) thy servant.<\/p>\n
Psa 37:18.-The Lord knoweth the days of the upright: i.e., has respect to them and acts accordingly.<\/p>\n
Psa 142:4 (5).-There was no man that would know me: i.e., that would care for me. See under Ellipsis.<\/p>\n
Pro 12:10.-A righteous man knoweth the life of his beast: i.e., he regardeth and careth for it.<\/p>\n
Pro 29:7.-The righteous knoweth (A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] , considereth) the cause of the poor.<\/p>\n
Jer 1:5.-Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee: i.e., cared for and loved thee.<\/p>\n
Jer 24:5.-So shall I know (A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] , acknowledge) them that are carried away captive.<\/p>\n
Amo 3:2.-You only have I known of all the families of the earth: i.e., loved and cared for. Cf. [Note: f. Compare (for Latin, confer).] Deu 4:20.<\/p>\n
1Th 5:12.-We beseech you, brethren, to know them which labour among you: i.e., to consider and care for them.<\/p>\n
2Ti 2:19.-The Lord knoweth (i.e., loves and cares for) them that are his. See also under Heterosis.<\/p>\n
Verbs of Knowing are used also of experiencing, either by saving faith or by personal dealing.<\/p>\n
Isa 53:11.-By his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many: i.e., knowledge of Him and the salvation which He gives. See Luk 1:77. To give knowledge of salvation.<\/p>\n
Mat 7:11.-If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your children, etc.: i.e., are able, notwithstanding all your innate blindness, to understand enough, in spite of your selfishness, to give good gifts, etc.<\/p>\n
Mar 5:29.-And she knew () by her body (i.e., by the sensations of it) that she was healed of that plague: i.e. (as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] ), she felt. She experienced, just as the Lord Himself did in verse 30, where we have the same verb used of Him: knowing in Himself ().<\/p>\n
1Co 4:19.-But I will come to you shortly, if the Lord will, and will know (i.e., will find out and expose) not the speech of them which are puffed up, but the power.<\/p>\n
2Co 1:9.-We had the sentence of death in ourselves: i.e., we experienced the feelings of those who have had the sentence of death pronounced upon them.<\/p>\n
(b) Verbs of Remembering<\/p>\n
are used of a strong desire or wish for the thing mentioned or remembered.<\/p>\n
Isa 44:21.-Remember these, O Jacob and Israel thou shalt not be forgotten of me: i.e., desire the things which make for your peace, etc.<\/p>\n
Eze 23:19.-Yet she multiplied her whoredoms, in calling to remembrance the days of her youth, wherein she had played the harlot in the land of Egypt: i.e., in desiring again the former sins.<\/p>\n
Jon 2:7 (8).-When my soul fainted within me, I remembered the Lord (and therefore desired Him, and called upon Him).<\/p>\n
2Ti 2:8.-Remember that Jesus Christ of the seed of David was raised from the dead according to my Gospel: i.e., Believe and enjoy, and rest in, the blessed knowledge of the fact.<\/p>\n
Heb 11:15.-If they had been mindful of that country from whence they came out: i.e., if they had longed for it, or desired to return to it, they could have done so. This is clear from the verb to desire in verse 16.<\/p>\n
So the noun is used of the Lords Supper, in remembrance of Me: i.e., not a mere calling to mind, but that which is produced by such remembrance: viz., faith, love, hope, which are all bound up in that acknowledgment of Christs death (Luk 22:19. 1Co 11:24-25). Hitherto they had celebrated their deliverance from Egypt. Henceforth they were to remember Christ, and the exodus which He accomplished, and to desire His return, looking for it with loving hope.<\/p>\n
On the other hand, the verb to forget is used of unfaithfulness, and rejection.<\/p>\n
Hos 4:6.-Seeing thou hast forgotten the law of thy God, I will also forget thy children: i.e., seeing thou hast been unfaithful to me, and will reject thy children.<\/p>\n
(c) Verbs of Loving and Hating<\/p>\n
are put for the actions consequent upon them.<\/p>\n
To Love is put for to expect, or desire, or take.<\/p>\n
Psa 11:5.-Him that loveth violence (i.e., and hence practises it) his soul hateth.<\/p>\n
Pro 21:17.-He that loveth (and therefore liveth in) pleasure shall be a poor man, etc. He would not be poor unless he gratified his love of pleasure by spending his substance.<\/p>\n
Mat 6:5.-They love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, and they do it because they love it.<\/p>\n
Luk 11:43.-Ye love the uppermost seats in the synagogues: i.e., ye not only love them, but take them because ye love them.<\/p>\n
Joh 3:19.-Men loved darkness rather than light: (and practised, and lived, and acted, accordingly).<\/p>\n
2Ti 4:8.-All them also that love His appearing (and act, and live, accordingly).<\/p>\n
2Ti 4:10.-Demas hath forsaken me, having loved this present world: (and returned to it).<\/p>\n
To Love is used of the exercise of the greatest possible care for whatever is the object of the love. While to hate is used in the opposite sense, of exercising less care, or of neglect.<\/p>\n
Gen 29:31.-And when the Lord saw that Leah was hated: i.e., neglected, and the other more esteemed. See verse 30.<\/p>\n
By some this is called Hyperbole (q.v. [Note: Which see.] ).<\/p>\n
Joh 12:25.-He that loveth his life shall lose it: i.e., that cares more for his life than for Christ. See under Ellipsis and Hyperbole.<\/p>\n
This is the explanation of Mat 16:25, where it reads, whosoever shall save his life: i.e., shall care more for it, and preserve it, instead of giving it up for Christ. Compare Luk 14:26.<\/p>\n
To Love is used not merely for the act itself, but for the effect of it.<\/p>\n
Psa 109:17.-As he loved cursing: i.e., not merely loved to do it, but did it.<\/p>\n
Pro 13:24.-He that spareth his rod hateth his son: but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes: i.e., his love takes effect, and is seen, in the chastening.<\/p>\n
Pro 18:19.-He loveth trangression that loveth strife: i.e., he trangresses who strives, for He does it because he loves to do it.<\/p>\n
Pro 8:36.-All they that hate me love death: i.e., so live and act as to injure life and accelerate death.<\/p>\n
(d) Verbs of Operation<\/p>\n
The verb to do often denotes the effect rather than the act.<\/p>\n
Gen 12:5.-The souls that they had gotten (Heb., made) in Haran: i.e., the servants which they had acquired in Haran. Thus the Metonymy is here translated by the word gotten.<\/p>\n
Gen 30:30.-And now when shall I do for my house also? The A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] translates the Metonymy by the verb provide: when shall I provide? etc.<\/p>\n
Mat 25:16.-He that had received the five talents went and traded with the same and made them (i.e., gained) other five talents, as explained in verse 20.<\/p>\n
Certain Verbs have not their own proper signification, but are used of the actions or effects consequent upon them:<\/p>\n
To Judge is put for punish or condemn.<\/p>\n
Gen 15:14.-That nation whom they serve shall I judge: i.e., punish with judgments, not simply rule. Act 7:7.<\/p>\n
2Ch 20:12.-O our God, wilt thou not judge them? i.e., punish them.<\/p>\n
Psa 9:19 (20).-Let the heathen be judged in thy sight.<\/p>\n
Heb 13:4.-Whoremongers and adulterers God will judge: i.e., punish. See also Joh 3:18 and Rom 14:3.<\/p>\n
To Judge is also used in the sense of acquit, which is also an effect of judging. See<\/p>\n
Psa 35:24.-Judge me, O Lord my God: i.e., acquit me.<\/p>\n
To Hurt or even to Injure is put for the hurt or injury done.<\/p>\n
Luk 10:19.-Nothing shall by any means hurt you: i.e., have any injurious effect upon you.<\/p>\n
Rom 8:31.-If God be for us, who can be against as? i.e., who can hurt us or bring any evils upon us? They can, of course, be against us, but not have any hurtful effect.<\/p>\n
iv. The MATERIAL is put for the thing made of or from it<\/p>\n
1. Trees are put for arms or instruments made from them<\/p>\n
Nah 2:3 (4).-The fir-trees shall be terribly shaken. The context shows that trees are put for the spears, etc., which men make from them.<\/p>\n
2Sa 6:5.-And David and all the house of Israel played before the Lord on all fir-woods. The A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] and R.V. [Note: The Revised Version, 1881.] both treat this as though it were an Ellipsis: on all manner of instruments made of firwood, instead of seeing the Metonymy and saying simply, On all manner of instruments, which are immediately mentioned: viz., harps and psalteries. But according to a note in Dr. Ginsburgs Hebrew Bible, the Septuagint reads with all might and with songs instead of on all manner of fir-woods. Compare verse 14 and 1Ch 13:8.<\/p>\n
2. Brass is put for fetters, etc<\/p>\n
Lam 3:7.-He hath made my brass heavy: i.e., my fetters, or bonds, or chains.<\/p>\n
Jdg 16:21.-And bound him with two brasses: i.e., two brazen fetters.<\/p>\n
2Sa 3:34.-Thy hands were not bound, nor thy feet put into brasses: i.e., fetters, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
3. Curtains are put for tents<\/p>\n
2Sa 7:2.-The ark of God dwelleth within curtains: i.e., in the curtain or tent.<\/p>\n
Jer 4:20.-Suddenly are my tents spoiled, and my curtain (i.e., my tabernacle or dwelling) in a moment.<\/p>\n
Hab 3:7.-And the curtains (i.e., tents) of Midians land did tremble.<\/p>\n
4. Corn is put for bread or food generally<\/p>\n
Lam 2:12.-They say to their mothers, Where is corn (i.e., bread) and wine?<\/p>\n
5. Gold and Silver and other metals and similar substances are put for what is made with them<\/p>\n
Gen 23:9.-That he may give me the cave of Machpelah, which he hath, which is in the end of his field, for silver (i.e., money made from silver) full (i.e., of full value) he shall give it to me in your midst (i.e., within your boundaries), for a possession of (i.e., hereditary) sepulchre.<\/p>\n
Gen 24:22.-Of ten gold was their weight: i.e., bracelets made of gold, ten shekels in weight.<\/p>\n
2Ki 5:5.-Six thousand of gold: i.e., pieces of money.<\/p>\n
2Ki 12:4 (5), where it is rendered money.<\/p>\n
1Ch 21:22; 1Ch 21:24.-Full silver: for full money value. In A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] rendered full price.<\/p>\n
1Ch 29:2.-Here, the figure is translated by the words things of in italics. I have prepared the gold for gold (things), and the silver for silver (things), and the brass for brass (things), etc.<\/p>\n
Psa 115:4.-Their idols are silver and gold: i.e., made of silver and gold.<\/p>\n
Mat 10:9.-Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass (i.e., money made from these) in your purses.<\/p>\n
Act 3:6.-Silver and gold (i.e., money, like the Scottish siller and French largent) have I none.<\/p>\n
6. Iron is put for things made of it<\/p>\n
2Ki 6:5.-As one was felling a beam the iron (i.e., the axhead, as the A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] renders it) fell into the water.<\/p>\n
Psa 105:18.-Whose foot they hurt with the gyve, his soul came into iron: i.e., he was fast bound with iron chains.<\/p>\n
7. Stones are put for things made of them<\/p>\n
Exo 7:19.-Both in woods and in stones: i.e., both in wooden vessels and stone vessels.<\/p>\n
Deu 25:13.-Thou shalt not have in thy bag divers stones: i.e., weights. Heb., a stone and a stone.<\/p>\n
Pro 11:1.-A perfect stone (i.e., a just weight) is his delight.<\/p>\n
Isa 34:11.-The stones of emptiness: i.e., the stones which characterize waste land.<\/p>\n
Jer 2:27.-Saying to a stone (i.e., to an idol), Thou hast brought me forth Jer 3:9.<\/p>\n
Zec 4:10.-They shall see the stone of tin (i.e, the plummet) in Zerubbabels hand.<\/p>\n
8. Wood is put for things made of wood<\/p>\n
See above Exo 7:19 (for vessels). Isa 44:19. Jer 2:27; Jer 3:9; Jer 10:8. Hos 4:12 (for idols).<\/p>\n
Eze 37:16.-Take thee one wood and write upon it, For Judah and for the children of Israel his companions: then take another wood, and write upon it, For Joseph, the stick of Ephraim, and for all the house of Israel his companions : i.e., take a tablet or stick made out of wood.<\/p>\n
Gen 40:19.-Shall hang thee on a tree: i.e., a gallows. So Jos 8:29. Deu 21:22-23. Est 7:9-10. Gal 3:13. 1Pe 2:24.<\/p>\n
2Sa 21:19.-The wood (i.e., as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] , staff) of whose spear was like a weavers beam.<\/p>\n
Act 16:24.-And made their feet fast in the wood: i.e in the stocks, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
9. Flax is put for the wick made of it<\/p>\n
Isa 42:3.-The smoking flax (i.e., wicks) shall he not quench. See under Tapeinosis.<\/p>\n
Isa 43:17.-They are quenched as the flax: i.e., as a wick. (A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] , tow).<\/p>\n
10. Dust and Ashes for man, who is made of dust<\/p>\n
Gen 3:19.-Dust thou art: i.e., made of dust.<\/p>\n
Gen 18:27.-Dust and ashes. See under Paronomasia.<\/p>\n
Psa 103:14.-He remembereth that we are dust: i.e., made of dust.<\/p>\n
Ecc 12:7.-Then shall the dust (i.e., man) return to the earth as it was.<\/p>\n
11. Seed is put for son or posterity<\/p>\n
Gen 4:25.-God hath appointed me another seed: i.e., son.<\/p>\n
Gen 15:13.-Thy seed shall be a stranger, etc. So Act 7:6; where the period of sojourning is stated to be 400 years. Whereas, in Exo 12:40, and Gal 3:17, where the period refers not to the sojourning of Abrahams seed (which could not commence till Isaac was born, thirty years after the promise), but includes that of Abraham himself, the sum is given as 430 years.<\/p>\n
12. Forest or wood is put for the houses, etc., made of its trees<\/p>\n
Jer 21:14; Jer 22:7 : compare these with Jer 52:13. 2Ki 25:9 and 2Ch 36:19, and the figures in the last two passages will be explained.<\/p>\n
II. Metonymy of the Effect<\/p>\n
This is when the effect is put for the cause producing it. It is of four kinds: (i.) The action for the actor. (ii.) The thing for the organic cause of it. (iii.) The effect for the producer of it. (iv.) The matter made for the material cause of it. We will consider these in their order:-<\/p>\n
i. The ACTION or the EFFECT for the person producing the effect, or for the author of it<\/p>\n
1. Nouns<\/p>\n
Gen 25:23.-Two nations are in thy womb: i.e., two infants whose progeny should become two different nations.<\/p>\n
Gen 26:35.-Which were a grief of mind unto Isaac and to Rebekah: i.e., the source of much sorrow to them.<\/p>\n
Gen 49:18.-I have waited for thy salvation (i.e., for Him who shall bring and work salvation), O Lord.<\/p>\n
Neh 12:31; Neh 12:38; Neh 12:40.-Two great celebrations. The A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] and R.V. [Note: The Revised Version, 1881.] have supplied the words implied by the Metonymy (the former in italics, the latter in roman type), by rendering two great companies of them that gave thanks. The effect of the praises or thanks, is put for the people who rendered them.<\/p>\n
Psa 18:1 (2).-I will love thee, O Jehovah my strength: i.e., the author and source of my strength. So Psa 22:19 (20). Jer 16:19.<\/p>\n
Psa 27:1.-The Lord is my light and my salvation. This is not a Metaphor but a Metonymy: i.e., Jehovah is the source of my light, and the author of my salvation. Compare Heb 5:9.<\/p>\n
Psa 106:20.-Thus they changed their glory (i.e., God) into the similitude of an ox that eateth grass.<\/p>\n
The Massorah records this as one of the passages in which the Sopherim changed the pronoun my into their. It was thought to be too gross an anthropomorphism to say my, Jehovah being the speaker. See Appendix E.<\/p>\n
Isa 49:6.-That thou mayest be my salvation (i.e., the Saviour whom I have sent) unto the end of the earth.<\/p>\n
Jer 23:6.-Jehovah our Righteousness: i.e., the Author of our righteousness: our Justifier.<\/p>\n
Mar 9:17; Mar 9:25.-A dumb spirit: i.e., a spirit which produced the effect of dumbness in the person possessed.<\/p>\n
Luk 11:14.-And he was casting out a devil, and it was dumb: i.e., it produced dumbness in the man possessed. Compare Mat 9:32-33. Mar 9:17; Mar 9:25.<\/p>\n
Luk 2:30.-Mine eyes have seen thy salvation: i.e., Christ the Saviour: the Worker and Author of Salvation. Luk 3:6 and Isa 49:6.<\/p>\n
Luk 13:11.-And, behold, there was a woman which had a spirit of infirmity. The negative (mee) implies that she felt unable to straighten herself up,* [Note: The Greek of this is (eis to panteles), which occurs only here and Heb 7:25. Here, to her full height; there, to their full need.] and indicates some nervous disorder. So the Lord uses the remarkable language about Satan as binding her.<\/p>\n
This is not Enallage, an infirm spirit, but it is Metonymy, by which the effect is put for the cause. The woman was troubled by a spirit which caused or produced this infirmity.<\/p>\n
Joh 11:25.-I am the resurrection and the life: i.e., the Worker of resurrection, and the Giver of resurrection life.<\/p>\n
Rom 13:3.-Rulers are not a terror: i.e., a source of terror.<\/p>\n
2Co 1:14.-We are your rejoicing (i.e., cause of rejoicing), even as ye also are ours in the day of the Lord Jesus. So 1Th 2:19-20.<\/p>\n
Rev 1:12.-And I turned to see the voice (i.e., Him) that spake with me. So Joh 1:23.<\/p>\n
2. Verbs<\/p>\n
Gen 42:38.-Shall ye bring down, etc.: i.e., shall be the cause of my death. See under Periphrasis.<\/p>\n
Gen 43:6.-Why have ye done evil to me, to disclose to the man that ye had yet another brother? i.e., why have you brought or caused all this evil to be brought upon me.<\/p>\n
Exo 23:8.-The gift blindeth the wise, and perverteth the words of the righteous: i.e., is an occasion by which these effects are produced.<\/p>\n
1Ki 18:9.-What have I sinned, that thou wouldest deliver thy servant (i.e., cause to be delivered) into the hand of Ahab to slay me?<\/p>\n
Psa 76:10 (11).-Surely the wrath of man shall praise thee: i.e., shall be the occasion of praise to thee.<\/p>\n
Isa 43:24.-Thou hast made me to serve with thy sins: i.e., thy sins have caused the hard service and Passion which I endured on account of them.<\/p>\n
Jer 38:23.-Thou shalt burn this city with fire: i.e., thou shalt cause it to be burnt. See A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin.<\/p>\n
Eze 19:7.-He laid waste their cities: i.e., their sins caused them to be destroyed.<\/p>\n
Act 1:18.-Now this man purchased (i.e., caused to be purchased) a field.<\/p>\n
Rom 14:15.-Destroy not him with thy meat for whom Christ died: i.e., do not be a cause of destruction.<\/p>\n
1Co 7:16.-For what knowest thou, O wife, whether thou shalt save (i.e., be the means of salvation or the occasion of much blessing to) thy husband? etc. See 1Pe 3:1.<\/p>\n
ii. The THING EFFECTED by an instrument for the instrument or organic cause of it<\/p>\n
Gen 49:6.-Lit., My soul (i.e., myself, I) will not come into their secret (counsel), mine honour shall not be with them in their assembly.<\/p>\n
Here, honour is put for the tongue which gives it; and it means that he would not honour them by speaking or taking part in their assembly. Compare Psa 57:8; Psa 108:1.<\/p>\n
Deu 24:6.-No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge: for he taketh a mans life to pledge. Here life, the effect, is put for the means of livelihood by which the life is preserved.<\/p>\n
Psa 7:5 (6).-Let him lay mine honour in the dust: i.e., myself who gives honour.<\/p>\n
Psa 16:9.-Therefore my heart is glad, and my glory rejoiceth: i.e., my tongue gives glory, as is explained in Act 2:26.<\/p>\n
Psa 30:12 (13).-To the end that my glory may sing praise to thee and not be silent.<\/p>\n
Here, the word glory may be put for the tongue which gives it: but the structure of the Psalm suggests another explanation of the Metonymy. This verse corresponds, in the structure, with verse 4: Sing to Jehovah, O ye saints of His. Compare 2Co 8:23.<\/p>\n
So that verse 12 would be To the end that Thy saints may sing praise to Thee: glory being put for the saints who give the glory.<\/p>\n
Psa 57:8 (9).-Awake up, my glory: i.e., my tongue, wake up and glorify God.<\/p>\n
Pro 27:27.-And thou shalt have goats milk enough for thy food, for the food of thy household, and for the life (marg. [Note: arg. Margin.] ) of thy maidens: i.e., as the A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] renders it, for the maintenance of thy maidens.<\/p>\n
Mar 12:44.-She of her want did cast in all that she had, even all her living (or life): i.e., all her means of supporting herself in life.<\/p>\n
Luk 15:12.-And he divided unto them his living (or life): i.e., his means or property, by which life is sustained. So Mar 12:44.<\/p>\n
Act 17:31.-Lit., Whereof he hath given faith to all men. Here faith, the effect, is put for the proofs or evidence on which it rests. Whereof He hath afforded evidence unto all men: and then the evidence or proof is stated, in that he hath raised him from the dead. The A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] and R.V. [Note: The Revised Version, 1881.] well render it hath given assurance.<\/p>\n
The Resurrection of Christ is the evidence God affords of His purpose to judge the world by Him.<\/p>\n
Rom 1:16.-For it [the gospel] is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth: i.e., the belief is the effect of the power of God through the preaching of the gospel.<\/p>\n
1Jn 5:4.-This is the victory that overcometh the world, even our faith. Victory, the effect, is put for our faith, which accomplishes it. From Eph 6:16 we learn that it is through Christ; who is the shield which faith uses.<\/p>\n
iii. The EFFECT for the thing or action causing or producing it<\/p>\n
(a) In Nouns<\/p>\n
Exo 10:17.-Intreat the Lord your God, that he may take away from me this death only: i.e., this plague which is causing death.<\/p>\n
Deu 30:15.-I have set before thee this day life and good, and death and evil: i.e., good things which end in life, and evil things which end in death. So in Deu 32:47, and Jer 21:8, etc.<\/p>\n
2Ki 4:40.-There is death in the pot: i.e., there is that which produces death as the effect of eating it. How forcible is this Metonymy, by the use of which time is saved, and perhaps life too.<\/p>\n
Pro 10:2.-Righteousness delivereth from death: i.e., from the things that end in death.<\/p>\n
Pro 19:13.-A foolish son is the calamity of his father: i.e., does that which brings or produces calamity.<\/p>\n
Pro 20:1.-Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging.<\/p>\n
Here, wine, etc., is put for its effects. It brings him who drinks to excess into derision, and causes tumults.<\/p>\n
Ecc 11:1.-Cast thy bread (i.e., the seed which produces it) upon the waters.<\/p>\n
Isa 28:12.-This is the rest: i.e., this is what gives rest.<\/p>\n
Jer 3:24.-For shame hath devoured the labour of our fathers: i.e., the worship of Baal, which brought upon them shame and sorrow. Shame is put for an idol or for idolatry in Jer 11:13 (see margin). Hos 9:10. See also Jer 48:13, etc.<\/p>\n
Lam 2:14.-Thy prophets have seen vain things for thee and expulsions: i.e., the things which led to expulsion from the land and captivity.<\/p>\n
Eze 44:18.-They shall not gird themselves with sweat: i.e., as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] , with anything that causeth sweat. The effect sweat being put for the garments which cause it.<\/p>\n
Hos 4:18.-Their drink is rebellious, or turned aside: i.e., has caused them to turn aside from God. Through not seeing the Metonymy, the translators try to find other meanings for (see text and margin). The verse refers to Isa 28:1; Isa 5:11.<\/p>\n
Mic 1:5.-What is the transgression of Jacob? Is it not Samaria? And what are the high places of Judah? Are they not Jerusalem? i.e., Samaria and Jerusalem were the cause of the transgression of Israel:-What is the cause of Jacobs trangression?<\/p>\n
Hab 2:5.-Yea, also because the wine transgresseth: i.e., the effects of the wine was transgression; or, Yea, so surely as wine causeth trangression.<\/p>\n
Joh 3:19.-And this is the judgment: i.e., the cause of which judgment or condemnation was the effect: viz., that light is come into the world, and men loved darkness rather than light, etc.<\/p>\n
Joh 12:50.-And I know that his commandment is life everlasting: i.e., the effect of it is eternal life.<\/p>\n
Joh 17:3.-This is life eternal: i.e., the effect of it is life eternal.<\/p>\n
Rom 6:6.-The body of sin is more than sinful body. It is more than mere character. The effect is put for the cause; which is the old nature, that, through the body, works out sin; and sin is the effect; which is thus used, here and in other parts of this epistle (chap. 5:12-8:39), for the old nature itself.<\/p>\n
Whereas, in chaps, 1:16-5:11, we have sins, as the product of the Old nature, and the fruit of the old tree, we have, in 5:11-8:39, sin, or the Old nature, which causes and commits the sins; and the old tree itself which produces the fruits.<\/p>\n
Rom 7:7.-Is the law sin? (i.e., Is sin the effect of the law?) God forbid. But yet I knew not sin except through the law!<\/p>\n
There is no nay in the Greek. The word but brings out the meaning: God forbid that sin should be the effect of the law. But nevertheless. So it is.<\/p>\n
Rom 7:24.-The body of this death; or, by Hypallage (q.v. [Note: Which see.] ), as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin, this body of death: in which case, of death is either, by Enallage, put for the adjective dying, or it may be the Metonymy of the effect, and the result death put for the cause-viz., all that leads up to, and ends in, death.<\/p>\n
Rom 8:6.-To be carnally minded is death (i.e., the cause of death), but to be spiritually minded is life and peace (i.e., ends in life and peace or peaceful life). So verse 10.<\/p>\n
1Co 12:6.-And there are diversities of operations: i.e., of faculties and gifts effected by the Divine operations.<\/p>\n
1Co 14:3.-He that prophesieth speaketh unto men edification, and exhortation, and comfort: i.e., words which build up, exhort, and comfort.<\/p>\n
The A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] obtains this meaning by supplying the word to.<\/p>\n
2Co 1:10.-Who delivered us from so great a death: i.e., from the persecution or trouble which threatened to kill them, and end in death.<\/p>\n
2Co 11:23.-In deaths oft. This cannot, of course, mean that he had died more than once; but that he had often been at deaths door, and in troubles which cause or bring about death.<\/p>\n
Php 1:13.-My bonds in Christ are manifest in all the palace: i.e., the effect of his preaching made it manifest that his bonds were on account of his service for Christ, and not for any crimes.<\/p>\n
Heb 6:1.-Dead works: i.e., works wrought by the Old nature. So Heb 9:14, according to Rom 6:23.<\/p>\n
Rev 6:8.-And power was given unto them to kill with the sword, and with hunger, and with death: i.e., with pestilence which produced death.<\/p>\n
(b) In Verbs<\/p>\n
Psa 25:2.-O my God, I trust in thee: let me not be ashamed, let not mine enemies triumph over me (and thus be a cause of my being put to shame). So verse 20. Psa 31:1 (2);Psa 119:116, etc.<\/p>\n
Psa 70:4 (5).-Let them rejoice and be glad in Thee, all that seek thee: i.e., let there be a cause of rejoicing and gladness to all seeking thee. Through not seeing the Metonymy the A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] and R.V. [Note: The Revised Version, 1881.] render it: Let all those that seek thee rejoice and be glad in thee.<\/p>\n
The cause and effect are joined together in Psa 5:11 (12), 12 (13).<\/p>\n
Isa 28:16.-He that believeth shall not make haste.<\/p>\n
Here, hastening away or flight is put as the effect for the confusion and shame which is the cause of it. See Rom 9:33; Rom 10:11. 1Pe 2:6, where the cause is put. The sense is that he that believeth will have no need of hurried flight, he will wait Gods time.<\/p>\n
iv. The THING MADE, for the material from which it is made or produced<\/p>\n
Psa 74:15.-Thou didst cleave the fountain and the flood: i.e., the rock from which the fountain flowed.<\/p>\n
Isa 28:28.-Bread is bruised: i.e., the corn of which it is made. The A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] supplies corn. The sense is clear from verse 27 and Job 28:5. In Psa 104:14, we have the opposite of this in the Metonymy of the cause.<\/p>\n
Isa 33:12.-And the people shall be as the burnings of lime: i.e., as fuel for lime-kilns.<\/p>\n
Isa 47:2.-Take the millstones and grind meal: i.e., grind corn, from which meal is made.<\/p>\n
III. Metonymy of the Subject<\/p>\n
The third division of Metonymy is when the subject is put for the adjunct: i.e., for some circumstance pertaining to (or joined to) the subject: e.g., as when the place, or thing containing it, is put for that which is contained: the possessor for the thing possessed, etc. It is divided into the five following heads:-<\/p>\n
i. The SUBJECT (i.e., the Thing or Action) for that which is connected with it (i.e., the adjunct)<\/p>\n
1. Nouns<\/p>\n
Gen 3:7.-And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked. They knew this fact before: but they did not know all that was connected with it. Their nakedness, after the fall, received a new meaning.<\/p>\n
1Sa 1:15 -I have poured out my soul before the Lord: i.e., my desires and longings.<\/p>\n
1Ch 12:38.-All these came with a perfect heart: i.e., affections and desires.<\/p>\n
Psa 7:9.-God trieth the hearts and reins: i.e., the thoughts and affections and desires. This is clear from Psa 51:6 (8); 73:11. Pro 23:7.<\/p>\n
Psa 16:7.-My reins (i.e., my thoughts) also instruct me in the night season.<\/p>\n
Psa 26:2.-Examine me, O Lord, and prove me: try my reins (i.e., my thoughts) and my heart.<\/p>\n
See also Jer 11:20; Jer 17:10; Jer 20:12. Rev 2:23.<\/p>\n
Psa 38:8 (9).-I have roared by reason of the disquietness of my heart (i.e., my thoughts).<\/p>\n
Psa 62:9.-Pour out your heart before Him: i.e., your thoughts and desires. So Lam 2:19.<\/p>\n
Psa 62:10 (11).-Set not your heart (i.e., your affections) upon them.<\/p>\n
Pro 6:32.-Whoso committeth adultery with a woman lacketh heart. (So Heb., see A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin). Here heart is put for understanding, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] ; because it is spoken of as the seat of wisdom and understanding. See Pro 2:10; Pro 8:5; Pro 11:29; Pro 15:14; Pro 16:21.<\/p>\n
Pro 7:7.-A young man void of heart: i.e., of understanding.<\/p>\n
It is so used in Pro 9:4; Pro 9:16; Pro 10:13; Pro 10:21.<\/p>\n
Pro 15:32.-He that heareth reproof possesseth an heart: i.e., as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin, getteth understanding.<\/p>\n
Pro 16:23.-The heart (i.e., the desires and thoughts) of the wise maketh wise his mouth: i.e., his words, by Metonymy of the cause. See A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin.<\/p>\n
Pro 22:17.-Apply thine heart (i.e., thy thoughts and powers) unto my knowledge.<\/p>\n
Pro 26:7.-The legs of the lame are not equal: so is a parable in the mouth of fools. So A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
R.V. [Note: The Revised Version, 1881.] : The legs of the lame hang loose! The Heb. is: The legs of the lame are lifted up (see A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin). Here legs are put for the clothes which being lifted up expose the lameness. So when a fool attempts to utter a parable, he soon exposes himself.<\/p>\n
Pro 28:26.-He that trusteth in his own heart (i.e., understanding) is a fool.<\/p>\n
Isa 5:21.-Woe unto them that are prudent before their face: i.e., in themselves or in their own view of matters. See A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin.<\/p>\n
Isa 49:16.-I have graven thee upon the palms of my hands: i.e., as indelible as the lines graven in the palms of the hands, (with which we are born) will be My remembrance of thee.<\/p>\n
Jer 12:2.-Thou art near in their mouth (i.e., their words, Met. of cause), and far from their reins (i.e., their affections, Met. of subject). See Isa 29:13.<\/p>\n
Hos 4:11.-Whoredom and wine and new wine take away the heart: i.e., the understanding. That this is meant is clear from chap. 5:11.<\/p>\n
Hos 7:11.-Ephraim also is like a silly dove without heart: i.e., without understanding.<\/p>\n
Mat 6:21.-Where your treasure is, there will your heart (i.e., your thoughts and affections) be also.<\/p>\n
Mat 16:19.-Whatsoever thou (i.e., by the word which thou shalt minister) shalt bind (see Met. of Adjunct below) on earth. So Mat 18:18. Whatever this refers to, Peter had neither the power nor the authority to pass it on to any one else.<\/p>\n
Mat 24:45.-Who then (i.e., how great and blessed and happy) is a faithful and wise servant?<\/p>\n
Joh 20:23.-Whose soever sins ye (i.e., by the word which ye minister) remit. See below under verbs. Whatever this may mean, it was spoken to the apostles: and it is certain that they had no commission, authority, or power to pass on that gift to others.<\/p>\n
Act 1:11.-This same Jesus, which is taken up from you: i.e., from your presence and company. So verse 22.<\/p>\n
Act 1:24.-Thou, Lord, which knowest the hearts (i.e., the thoughts) of all men, etc. See Psa 139:2; Psa 139:4.<\/p>\n
Rom 6:6.-Our old man is (Gr., was) crucified with him: i.e., not a man really, but our Old nature derived from Adam: our old self with its desires and qualities and conditions. So Eph 4:22. Compare Rom 6:12; Rom 7:5; Rom 7:7-8. 2Co 7:1. Heb 12:1.<\/p>\n
Rom 15:24.-If first I be somewhat filled with you: i.e., your company, etc., as expressed in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin and verse 32.<\/p>\n
Rom 16:3; Rom 16:7.-My helpers in Christ Jesus: i.e., in the service of Christ.<\/p>\n
2Co 5:17.-If any man be in Christ he is a new creature: i.e., he has a new nature created within him. Thus a new standing is given to him, with new thoughts and desires, etc. So Eph 4:24. Compare Rom 12:2; Rom 8:2; Rom 8:5. 1Pe 3:4 and Rom 7:22. 2Co 4:16.<\/p>\n
Gal 4:15.-Where is then the blessedness ye spake of: i.e., how great was that blessedness ye spake of! for, etc.<\/p>\n
Php 1:21.-To me to live is Christ: i.e., to serve Christ, to work and labour for Him.<\/p>\n
2. Verbs<\/p>\n
Where the action is put for the declaration concerning it: or where what is said to be done is put for what is declared, or permitted, or foretold as to be done: or where an action, said to be done, is put for the giving occasion for such action.<\/p>\n
Gen 2:7.-See below, under Deu 9:1.<\/p>\n
Gen 27:37.-Behold, I have made him (Jacob) thy lord: i.e., I have blessed him; and this was part of the blessing.<\/p>\n
Gen 30:13.-The daughters will call me blessed: i.e., I am now a mother. For the parallels to this see Psa 72:17. Luk 1:48.<\/p>\n
Gen 34:12.-Ask me never so much dowry and gift: i.e., ask me to give never so much, etc.<\/p>\n
Gen 35:12.-And the land which I gave Abraham and Isaac: i.e., which I promised to give, or gave in promise.<\/p>\n
Gen 41:13.-Me he restored (i.e., declared that I should be restored) unto mine office, and him he hanged (i.e., declared he should be hanged).<\/p>\n
Exo 13:2.-Sanctify unto me all the first-born: i.e., declare in My name to the People that I sanctify (i.e., separate) them, etc. Which Moses did in verses 11 and 12.<\/p>\n
Exo 20:7.-The Lord will not make him guiltless: i.e., will not declare or pronounce. Or hold, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
Lev 13:3.-And the priest shall look on him, and he shall be unclean (or uncleanse him, for the verb is in the Piel): i.e., he shall pronounce him unclean, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
Deu 9:1.-Hear, O Israel: Thou art to pass over Jordan this day: i.e., it is declared this day that thou art to pass over Jordan.<\/p>\n
With this passage compare Gen 2:17 : In the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die: i.e., not that he should die in that day, but it should be declared in that day: i.e., thou shalt be sentenced to die.<\/p>\n
2Sa 7:22.-Wherefore thou art great: i.e., I will declare and praise Thee as great: or, Thou shalt be known as great.<\/p>\n
See other examples in Isa 8:13. Jer 1:5; Jer 1:10. Eze 13:19; Eze 20:26.<\/p>\n
Isa 6:10.-Make the heart of this people fat: i.e., declare that it shall become so. (Isaiah could not make it fat, etc.) So Mat 13:14. Mar 4:12. Luk 8:10. Joh 12:40. Act 28:26-27. Rom 11:8.<\/p>\n
Jer 1:10.-I have this day set thee over the nations and over the kingdoms, to root out (i.e., to declare that they shall be rooted out), and to pull down (i.e., to prophesy that they shall be pulled down), and to destroy (i.e., to declare that they shall be destroyed), and to throw down (i.e., to foretell that they shall be thrown down), etc.<\/p>\n
Jer 4:10.-Then said I, Ah, Lord God (Adonai-Jehovah)! surely thou hast vehemently (or verily) deceived this people (i.e., prophesied that this People shall be deceived), saying, Ye shall have peace; whereas the sword reacheth unto the soul.<\/p>\n
The people deceived themselves, assuring themselves that they should have peace (see chap. 5:12). The Lord had declared by his prophet that they would so deceive themselves, and so it came to pass that they were permitted to be deceived by their false prophets.<\/p>\n
Jer 38:23.-Thou shalt burn this city with fire: i.e., thou shalt declare that it shalt be burnt. A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] renders it cause it to be burnt, as though it were the Metonymy of the effect. It is clearly the Metonymy of the subject: for Zedekiah was not personally to set light to the city!<\/p>\n
Eze 13:19.-And will ye pollute me among my people for handfuls of barley and for pieces of bread, to slay the souls that should not die and to save the souls alive that should not live: to prophesy (falsely) that they should die, and to promise life to those who should not live.<\/p>\n
Eze 13:22.-Ye have strengthened the hands of the wicked, that he should not return from his wicked way, by quickening him: i.e., by promising him life. See A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin.<\/p>\n
Eze 20:25-26.-Wherefore I gave them also statutes that were not good, and judgments whereby they should not live (i.e., I permitted them to receive such statutes from the heathen); And I polluted them in their own gifts, etc.: i.e., I suffered them to pollute themselves inthose gifts which, by the Law, they ought to have dedicated to Me.<\/p>\n
See under Antanaclasis.<\/p>\n
Hos 6:5.-Therefore have I hewed them by the prophets (i.e., I have declared by the prophets that they shall be hewed); I have slain them by the words of my mouth (i.e., I have foretold by the words of my mouth that they shall be slain).<\/p>\n
Mat 6:13.-And lead us not into temptation: i.e., suffer us not to be led.<\/p>\n
Mat 16:19.-Whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth (i.e., declare to be binding as a precept, etc.), shall be bound in heaven; and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth (i.e., declare to be not binding) shall be loosed in heaven. But note that, whatsoever this may mean, it is nowhere stated that the apostle had either authority or power to transmit the gift to others; still less to transmit the power to others to give this gift! And in any case it refers to the kingdom and not to the Church. See also chap. 18:18.<\/p>\n
Luk 7:29.-And all the people that heard him, and the Publicans justified God, being baptized with the baptism of John: i.e., declared God to be just, and praised him for His justice and goodness; in that they humbled themselves in confession of sin and were baptized by John. So the word is used again in verse 35 and chaps, 10:29; 16:15, etc.<\/p>\n
Joh 20:23.-Whose soever sins ye remit (i.e., declare to be remitted) they are remitted unto them: and whose soever sins ye retain (i.e., declare to be retained) they are retained.<\/p>\n
Here note that the apostles had neither the authority nor the power to transmit this gift; still less to transmit the power to others to give it.<\/p>\n
Act 10:15.-What God hath cleansed: i.e., declared to be (ceremonially) clean: as is clear from verse 28.<\/p>\n
Rom 7:9.-But when the commandment came: i.e., when its power was declared in revealing my impotence to obey it, I, in my experience, suffered its penalty-death. See Gal 3:23, below.<\/p>\n
2Co 3:6.-The letter killeth: i.e., the Law of God manifests its power, in convincing of sin, and causing the sinner to condemn himself to death, which is the wages of sin. Compare Rom 7:10, and Hos 6:5.<\/p>\n
Gal 3:23.-Before faith came: i.e., before the Gospel was declared, and brought a new object for faith.<\/p>\n
Jam 2:21.-Was not Abraham our father justified by works? i.e., declared to be justified. See verse 23 and Gen 22:12. So also verses 24, 25.<\/p>\n
Jam 2:22.-By works was faith made (i.e., declared to be, or manifested to be) perfect: i.e., true and sincere.<\/p>\n
ii. The CONTAINER for the contents: and the PLACE for the thing placed in it<\/p>\n
1. Circuit is so put in all these cases for what is contained within it<\/p>\n
Num 22:4.-Now shall all this company lick up all our circuit: i.e., all that are round about us (as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] ).<\/p>\n
Ezr 1:6.-And all their circuit: i.e., all that were about them.<\/p>\n
2. Basket is put for its contents<\/p>\n
Deu 28:5.-Blessed shall be thy basket and thy kneading-trough (and verse 17 contra). Here the A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] has translated the latter Metonymy, but not the former. The R.V. [Note: The Revised Version, 1881.] has translated neither. The container is put for the contents. Here, probably, the basket is put for the seed, and kneading-trough for the meal; the beginning and the end of their labours.<\/p>\n
3. Wilderness is put for the wild beasts in it<\/p>\n
Psa 29:8.-The voice of the Lord shaketh the wilderness: i.e., the people and animals or inhabitants of the wilderness, as is clear from the next verse, and Deu 8:15.<\/p>\n
4. House is put for household<\/p>\n
Gen 7:1.-Come thou and all thy house (i.e., thy family) into the ark.<\/p>\n
Gen 30:30.-When shall I provide for mine own house (i.e., family) also?<\/p>\n
Gen 43:16.-Joseph said to the ruler of his house: i.e., of his servants. We use the word establishment in the same way: as the French also use mnage.<\/p>\n
Exo 1:21.-God made them houses: i.e., families, or progeny.<\/p>\n
Exo 2:1.-And there went a man of the house (i.e., lineage) of Levi.<\/p>\n
2Sa 7:11.-Jehovah telleth thee that make thee an house will Jehovah: i.e., a posterity, especially referring to Christ, Who should be of the seed of David, and sit on His throne for ever. Luk 1:31-33. Observe the Figure Epanadiplosis in the above rendering of the Hebrew.<\/p>\n
1Ch 10:6.-So Saul died, and his three sons, and all his house died together (i.e., all his family), as explained in 1Sa 31:6.<\/p>\n
Psa 49:11 (12).-Their inward thought is that their houses (i.e., their families) shall continue for ever.<\/p>\n
Isa 36:3.-Then came forth unto him Eliakim, Hilkiahs son, which was over the house: i.e., the servants, or household.<\/p>\n
Eze 3:1.-Go speak unto the house (i.e., the descendants) of Israel. The margin of Ginsburgs Hebrew Bible gives another reading: sons.<\/p>\n
Eze 27:14.-They of the house of Togarmah: i.e., of Togarmahs descendants. See Gen 10:3.<\/p>\n
Luk 19:9.-This day is salvation come to this house: i.e., to ZacchAEus and his family.<\/p>\n
Act 10:2.-Cornelius feared God with all his house: i.e., all his family or household.<\/p>\n
1Co 1:16.-Here the Greek word house is rendered household: i.e., family.<\/p>\n
1Ti 3:4.-One that ruleth well his own house: i.e., his own family.<\/p>\n
2Ti 3:6.-For of this sort are they that creep into houses: i.e., families.<\/p>\n
2Ti 4:19.-Here the Greek, house, is rendered household: i.e., family.<\/p>\n
Tit 1:11.-Who subvert whole houses: i.e., families.<\/p>\n
Heb 11:7.-Noah prepared an ark to the saving of his house: i.e., of his family.<\/p>\n
5. Islands are put for their inhabitants<\/p>\n
Isa 41:1.-Keep silence before me, O islands: i.e., the inhabitants of the islands. So Isa 42:4; and Isa 51:5.<\/p>\n
6. Table is put for the things on it<\/p>\n
Psa 23:5.-Thou preparest a table before me: i.e., the good things upon it. As, when we say that such an one keeps a good table, we mean that it is spread bountifully.<\/p>\n
Psa 78:19.-Can God (, the name of concentrated power) furnish (Heb., order, see A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] marg. [Note: arg. Margin.] ) a table in the wilderness?: i.e., set the things upon it.<\/p>\n
Under this head comes also<\/p>\n
Hos 14:2 (3).-So will we render the calves of our lips.<\/p>\n
Here, note first, that the word render is (shilem), to offer or pay a vow. Next, that the word calves means oxen; i.e., the animals used in sacrifice.<\/p>\n
Then we have two Metonymies. First, oxen are put (by Metonymy of the subject) for the sacrifices offered; and then the lips are put (by Metonymy of the cause) for the confession made by them. So that the verse really should read: So shall we offer our sacrifices of confession and prayer; being exactly what is expressed in Psa 51:17 (19). The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit, etc., and Heb 13:15 : By him let us offer the sacrifice of praise to God continually, that is, the fruit of our lips, giving thanks to his name. See also Psa 69:30 (31), 31 (32); 116:17; 141:2.<\/p>\n
The R.V. [Note: The Revised Version, 1881.] , while trying to improve the translation, misses both Metonymies: So will we render as bullocks the offering of our lips-retaining the letter (bullocks and lips) and missing the spirit (sacrifices and confession).<\/p>\n
Heb 13:10.-We have an altar: i.e., a sacrifice, referring to the sin-offering which was burned without the camp including the skin and the dung, no soul having a right to eat of it. So Christ is our sin-offering offered without the gate. That it is a figure is clear, for the verse reads on: We have an altar, whereof ( , ex hou, of which) they have no right to eat which serve the Tabernacle. People do not eat altars! The word altar must, therefore, be used by Metonymy for the sacrifices offered upon it, which were eaten.<\/p>\n
But, here, it is the sin-offering which is referred to, which no one might eat; and therefore those who continued still served the tabernacle could have no part in Christ as the sin-offering.<\/p>\n
7. Mountain is put for mountainous region<\/p>\n
Jos 13:6.-Mountain is put for a mountainous region, translated here hill country. See Jdg 7:24.<\/p>\n
Jdg 3:27; Jdg 7:24.-Mountain of Ephraim: Mount Ephraim is put for the mountainous region of Ephraim.<\/p>\n
Mountains are also put for idols worshipped there; or for their inhabitants.<\/p>\n
Jer 3:23.-Truly in vain is salvation hoped for from the hills, and from the multitude of mountains. Here, mountains and hills are put for the idols which were worshipped there. See Eze 18:6; Eze 18:11; Eze 18:15.<\/p>\n
Mic 1:4.-And the mountains shall be molten under him, and the valleys shall be cleft, as wax before the fire, and as the waters that are poured down a steep place. From a comparison with Psa 68:2 and 1Ch 12:15 (16) it seems that mountains and valleys are here put for their inhabitants. So Psa 97:5.<\/p>\n
8. The World is put for its inhabitants<\/p>\n
Joh 3:16.-God so loved the world: i.e., the inhabitants of the world, now without distinction. Before it was only Israel without exception.<\/p>\n
See further under Synecdoche.<\/p>\n
2Co 5:19.-Reconciling the world (i.e., the inhabitants of the world) unto himself.<\/p>\n
1Jn 2:2.-He is the propitiation for our sins: and not for ours only, but also for the whole world: i.e., for all the inhabitants of the world without distinction; as shown by the use of the word for ours (which is (heemeteros) and not (heemn), of us: i.e., our, as in the previous clause).<\/p>\n
Heemeteros denotes that which is peculiarly ours as distinct from others. See Act 2:11; Act 24:6; Act 26:5. Rom 15:4. 2Ti 4:15. Tit 3:14. 1Jn 1:3.<\/p>\n
See also under Synecdoche and Ellipsis.<\/p>\n
1Jn 5:19.-The whole world (i.e., all the inhabitants of the world) lieth in [the power of] the wicked one. See under Ellipsis.<\/p>\n
9. The World is put for a portion of its inhabitants<\/p>\n
Joh 1:10.-The world knew him not: i.e., people of the world.<\/p>\n
Joh 3:17.-That the world through him might be saved: i.e., people in the world without distinction.<\/p>\n
Joh 6:33.-The bread of God is he which cometh down from heaven, and giveth life unto the world: i.e., to Gods People in the world.<\/p>\n
Compare verse 51. Hence Joh 1:9; Joh 3:17.<\/p>\n
Joh 7:7.-The world cannot hate you, but me it hateth: i.e., the inhabitants of the world, as without God.<\/p>\n
Joh 14:17.-The Spirit of truth; whom the world (i.e., men) cannot receive. So Joh 15:19; Joh 16:20; Joh 16:33; Joh 17:9; Joh 17:14, etc.<\/p>\n
Joh 14:31.-But that the world may know that I love the Father: i.e., that the godly in the world. Hence Joh 1:9 : That was the true light, which, coming into the world (i.e., among men), lighteth every man, without distinction of race or language, etc.; as heretofore only Israel, not without exception, for that is not the fact. See under Periphrasis.<\/p>\n
Joh 17:21.-That the world may believe: i.e., many in the world, without distinction.<\/p>\n
1Co 11:32.-That we should not be condemned with the world: i.e., with the ungodly.<\/p>\n
1Jn 3:1.-Therefore the world (i.e., those who are without God) knoweth us not. 1Jn 4:5; 1Jn 5:4-5, etc.<\/p>\n
So the Devil is the Prince (or god) of this world: i.e., the ungodly inhabitants of it.<\/p>\n
Joh 12:31; Joh 14:30; Joh 16:11. 2Co 4:4. Eph 2:2; Eph 6:12.<\/p>\n
And conversely, the world may be put for Gods people.<\/p>\n
10. Ships are put for the souls in them<\/p>\n
Isa 23:1.-Howl, ye ships of Tarshish. Here ships are put for the people in them. So verse 14.<\/p>\n
11. Nests are put for the birds in them<\/p>\n
Deu 32:11.-As an eagle stirreth up her (Heb., masc.) nest: i.e., her young in the nest, as is clear from the rest of the verse.<\/p>\n
12. Ophir is put for the gold of Ophir<\/p>\n
Job 22:24.-Then shalt thou lay up gold as dust; and Ophir (i.e., the gold of Ophir) as the stones of the brooks.<\/p>\n
13. Cup is put for the wine in it<\/p>\n
Jer 49:12.-Cup is put for the contents: i.e., for the wine in it.<\/p>\n
Eze 23:32.-Cup is put for what is in it.<\/p>\n
Luk 22:17; Luk 22:20.-Cup is put for its contents, as is clear from verse 20, and Mar 14:24 and Mat 26:28.<\/p>\n
1Co 10:16; 1Co 10:21; 1Co 11:25-28.-In these and other places cup is put for the contents of it.<\/p>\n
14. Region is put for its inhabitants<\/p>\n
Gen 47:15.-All Egypt came unto Joseph: i.e., all the Egyptians, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
Psa 105:38.-Egypt was glad when they departed: i.e., the Egyptians were glad.<\/p>\n
Psa 68:31 (32).-Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God: i.e., the Ethiopians.<\/p>\n
Job 1:15.-Sheba fell upon them: i.e., the Sabeans, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] See 6:19 and Isa 43:3.<\/p>\n
Mat 3:5.-Then went out to him Jerusalem (i.e., the inhabitants of Jerusalem) and all JudAEa (i.e., the dwellers in JudAEa), etc.<\/p>\n
Rom 15:26.-For it pleased Macedonia and Achaia to make a certain contribution: i.e., the saints in Macedones and Achaia.<\/p>\n
15. Grave is put for the dead buried in it<\/p>\n
Isa 38:18.-The grave (i.e., those who are buried in it) cannot praise thee. This is clear from verse 19 and Psa 115:17.<\/p>\n
16. Tents, etc., are put for the dwellers therein<\/p>\n
Gen 13:5.-Tents are put for the many servants, etc., who dwelt in them.<\/p>\n
Psa 78:67.-He refused the tabernacle (or tent: i.e., the tribe) of Joseph, and chose not the tribe of Ephraim.<\/p>\n
Psa 87:2.-The Lord loveth the gates of Zion more than all the dwellings (i.e., tribes) of Jacob.<\/p>\n
Psa 91:10.-Neither shall any plague come nigh thy dwelling: i.e., those who dwell in it.<\/p>\n
Pro 14:11.-Here house and tabernacle are put for those who dwell in them.<\/p>\n
17. The land or earth are put for its inhabitants<\/p>\n
Gen 6:11.-The earth also was corrupt before God: i.e., the inhabitants of the earth, as is clear from the next verse.<\/p>\n
Gen 11:1.-And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech: i.e., the people on the earth.<\/p>\n
Gen 18:25.-Shall not the Judge of all the earth (i.e., the people on the earth) do right?<\/p>\n
Gen 41:30.-The famine shall consume the land: i.e., the people in the land.<\/p>\n
Gen 41:57.-And all countries came into Egypt to Joseph to buy: i.e., people from all countries.<\/p>\n
Jdg 5:7.-The villages ceased: i.e., the inhabitants of the villages, or the Peasantry. So also 5:11. See under Ellipsis and Homopropheron.<\/p>\n
1Sa 14:29.-Then said Jonathan, My father hath troubled the land: i.e., the People.<\/p>\n
2Sa 15:23.-And all the country (i.e., the people) wept with a loud voice.<\/p>\n
Pro 28:2.-For the trangression of a land (i.e., of the people of a country) many are the princes thereof.<\/p>\n
Psa 9:8 (9).-And he shall judge the world in righteousness: i.e., the inhabitants of the world.<\/p>\n
Psa 22:27 (28).-All the ends of the world (i.e., the people living in the uttermost parts of the world) shall remember and turn unto the Lord. So Psa 67:7 (8).<\/p>\n
Psa 66:1.-Make a joyful noise unto God, all ye lands: i.e., ye nations.<\/p>\n
Psa 66:4.-All the earth (i.e., the peoples) shall worship thee. So Psa 82:8; Psa 96:1. Eze 14:13.<\/p>\n
Mat 5:13.-Ye are the salt of the earth: i.e., the peoples.<\/p>\n
Salt also is used by Metaphor (q.v. [Note: Which see.] ) for its preserving effects.<\/p>\n
Land is also put for its spoils.<\/p>\n
Isa 43:3.-Egypt is put for the spoils of Egypt.<\/p>\n
18. Theatre is put for its spectacle<\/p>\n
1Co 4:9.-For we are made a theatre to the world: i.e., a spectacle, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
19. City, etc., put for its inhabitants<\/p>\n
1Sa 22:19.-And Nob, the city of the priests, smote he: i.e., its inhabitants.<\/p>\n
Jer 4:29.-The whole city shall flee: i.e., all the inhabitants of the city.<\/p>\n
Isa 14:31.-Cry, O city: i.e., ye inhabitants of the city.<\/p>\n
Jer 26:2.-Speak unto all the cities of Judah: i.e., to their representatives.<\/p>\n
Jer 48:8.-Here city, valley, and plain are put for their respective inhabitants.<\/p>\n
Jer 49:23.-Hamath is put for its inhabitants. So Arpad too in verse 24, Damascus.<\/p>\n
Mic 6:9.-The Lords voice crieth unto the city: i.e., to the inhabitants.<\/p>\n
Mat 11:21; Mat 11:23.-Chorazin, Bethsaida, and Capernaum, are put for their inhabitants.<\/p>\n
Mat 23:37.-O Jerusalem, Jerusalem: i.e., the people that dwelt there.<\/p>\n
Mar 1:5.-JudAEa is put for its inhabitants.<\/p>\n
Mar 1:33.-And all the city was gathered: i.e., all its inhabitants.<\/p>\n
Act 8:25.-They preached the gospel to many villages of the Samaritans: i.e., to their inhabitants. The A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] evades and hides the Metonymy by rendering it in many, etc.<\/p>\n
20. Heaven is put for God, Who dwells there<\/p>\n
Psa 73:9.-They set their mouth against the heavens: i.e., against God, Who dwells there.<\/p>\n
The rest of the verse confirms this:-Their tongue (Met. for words) walketh through the earth. Here earth is put for the people who dwell upon it; and so heaven is put for Him who dwells there.<\/p>\n
So Dan 4:26; Dan 4:29. 2Ch 32:20.<\/p>\n
Mat 3:2.-The kingdom of heaven: i.e., of God; the sphere in which God rules and reigns. For the word means dominion rather than territory.<\/p>\n
The expression occurs only in Matthew, and in this gospel we have it 35 times. Whether the Lord spoke in Hebrew or Aramaic is open to question: but it is certain He did not speak in Greek.<\/p>\n
It is also certain that several passages, which are exactly parallel in every other respect, are unlike in this: e.g., Mat 11:11 : He that is least in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he (i.e., John the Baptist), and Luk 7:28 : He that is least in the kingdom of God is greater than he.<\/p>\n
How is this difference to be explained? Only by the assumption that the Lord speaking in Aramaic, or Hebrew, used the words kingdom of heaven. Then, in putting this into Greek, in Matthew the figure was preserved, literally; while in Luke it was translated, kingdom of God.<\/p>\n
Heaven is frequently put for God, who dwells there. We say Heaven forbid, Heaven protect us, etc. So the lost son says, I have sinned against heaven. He means, against God!<\/p>\n
This does not at all affect the truths concerning the kingdom, as contrasted with the Church.<\/p>\n
While the kingdom or reign is Gods, yet it has different aspects. In Matthew, the expression Kingdom of heaven corresponds with the aspect of the kingdom as presented in that Gospel.<\/p>\n
Our suggestion is that in each case the words kingdom of heaven were the words spoken in Aramaic; but that, in presenting them in Greek, the figure is translated, and given idiomatically in Mark and Luke.<\/p>\n
The effect of this figure, then, here, is that, by the figure of Enallage, the emphasis is placed on the words heaven and God, and not on the word kingdom; and by the figure of Heterosis, the plural, heavens (as it is in the Greek) is put for the singular to still more emphasize the expression.<\/p>\n
Hence the phrase means that this reign is the Divine or Heavenly Dominion, in contrast with all the kingdoms which are of or from this world.<\/p>\n
In Matthew, the aspect of it is Old Testament and Jewish; while in the other gospels the aspect is larger and wider in its sphere.<\/p>\n
The reign and rule of God Comprises all in time and space, and many are the spheres and departments embraced within it. Thus, while the Church of God is embraced in it, the church is not the kingdom. While Israel is embraced in it, Israel does not exhaust the reign and dominion of God. While the Gentiles come within the reach of that dominion, they are neither the kingdom itself nor the church. All these are distinct from each other; and yet all are embraced in the universal reign of heaven; the church occupying its own unique position as the Body of Christ, in whom all things are to be headed-up (Eph 1:10; Eph 1:20-23).<\/p>\n
Mat 21:25.-The baptism of John, whence was it? from heaven (i.e., from God), or of men? So Luk 20:4.<\/p>\n
Luk 15:18.-Father, I have sinned against heaven (i.e., against God), and before thee.<\/p>\n
Joh 3:27.-A man can receive nothing, except it be given him from heaven: i.e., from God (who dwells there).<\/p>\n
21. Heart is put for nature and character<\/p>\n
Psa 24:4.-He that hath clean hands, and a pure heart.<\/p>\n
Here hands are put for the works done by them; while heart is not the muscular organ of the body, but is put for the inward character<\/p>\n
Psa 84:2 (3).-My soul longeth (i.e., I long), yea, even fainteth for the courts of the Lord: my heart and my flesh crieth out for the living God: i.e., my soul and my body, my whole being. See also under Synecdoche.<\/p>\n
1Pe 3:4.-Let it be the hidden man of the heart: i.e., the new nature implanted within.<\/p>\n
22. Belly is put for heart or thoughts<\/p>\n
Job 15:35.- Their belly prepareth deceit: i.e., their thoughts and desires.<\/p>\n
Pro 18:8.-The words of a talebearer are as wounds, and they go down into the chambers of the belly: i.e., the innermost thoughts and feelings, moving them as the belly is actually moved by excitement. See Hab 3:16. So Pro 26:22.<\/p>\n
Pro 20:27.-The spirit of man is the candle (or lamp: i.e., light) of the Lord, searching all the inward parts of the belly: i.e., moving and influencing the thoughts and feelings, as the belly itself is moved.<\/p>\n
Joh 7:38.-He that believeth on me, as the Scripture hath said, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water. Here, belly is put for the innermost thoughts and feelings, and what the Scripture hath said of this is written in Pro 18:4.<\/p>\n
iii. The possessor is put for the thing possessed<\/p>\n
1. Nations are put for countries<\/p>\n
Deu 9:1.-To possess nations: i.e., their countries, and all that they contained.<\/p>\n
2Sa 8:2.-And he smote Moab, and measured them (i.e., the territory of the Moabites) with a line, casting them (i.e., the cities within it) to the ground.<\/p>\n
Psa 79:7.-They have devoured Jacob: i.e., the riches and good things of the descendents of Jacob.<\/p>\n
Mar 5:35.-While he yet spake, there came from the ruler of the synagogue: i.e., from his house: i.e., his servants, whom he employed.<\/p>\n
2. Person is put for possessions<\/p>\n
Gen 15:3.-And, lo, one born in my house inherits me: i.e., my possessions or property.<\/p>\n
2Co 11:20.-For ye suffer if a man devour you: i.e., your goods or property, as expressed in Psa 14:4.<\/p>\n
3. Princes are put for the thousands whom they led<\/p>\n
Mat 2:6.-Art not the least among the princes of Judah. Here the princes who led-men by the thousand are put for the thousands or families whom they led. See 1Sa 10:19.<\/p>\n
In Mic 5:2 (1), we have the word thousands literally instead of the figure Metonymy. So Jdg 6:15, and 1Sa 10:19. Our English hundreds, as applied to a territorial division, has the same origin.<\/p>\n
4. God is put for the sacrifices offered to Him<\/p>\n
Jos 13:33.-The Lord God of Israel was their (the Levites) inheritance, as he said unto them: see verse 14. From which it is clear that the name of Jehovah is put for the sacrifices which were offered to him, and which He accepted: i.e., their priesthood, as stated in 18:7. Deu 10:9. Eze 44:28. Num 18:8; Num 18:20. Deu 18:1-3.<\/p>\n
5. Christ is put for His people<\/p>\n
Act 9:4.-Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me? i.e., My People who belong to Me. See verse 5; and compare verses 1 and 2.<\/p>\n
1Co 12:12.-For as the body is one, and hath many members and all the members of that one body, being many, are one body; so also is Christ or the Christ: i.e., Christ mystical; not personal; as is clear from verse 13 and what follows.<\/p>\n
Col 1:24.-Who now rejoice in my sufferings for you, and fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ in my flesh: i.e., Christ mystical; not personal; as is clear from what follows: for His bodys sake, which is the Church.<\/p>\n
6. God is put for the power manifested by Him<\/p>\n
Luk 1:35.-The power of the Highest shall overshadow thee: i.e., the Highest shall overshadow thee; and His power, which is infinite, shall be put forth upon or manifested in thee.<\/p>\n
iv. The object is put for that which pertains or relates to it<\/p>\n
1. Jesus is put for His doctrine<\/p>\n
2Co 11:4.-For if he that cometh (i.e., the one who is coming, perhaps from Jerusalem or the Twelve) preacheth another Jesus: i.e., a different doctrine or teaching concerning Jesus. See Gal 1:8.<\/p>\n
2. A god is put for his worship<\/p>\n
Exo 32:1.-Make us a god which shall go before us: i.e., whom we-may worship and honour. Compare 1Ki 12:28.<\/p>\n
3. Attributes are put for the praise and celebration of them<\/p>\n
Psa 29:1.-Give unto the Lord glory and strength: How can we give these to God? We can praise Him for these, but we cannot give them. They are thus put, by Metonymy, for the praise given to Him for his glory and strength. So also Psa 96:7.<\/p>\n
Psa 8:2 (3).-Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings hast thou ordained strength: i.e., praise for the manifestation and putting forth of Gods strength, as is clear from Mat 21:16, where it is rendered Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings thou hast perfected praise.<\/p>\n
4. Burden is put for the prophecy<\/p>\n
Isa 21:1.-The burden of the desert of the sea. Here, burden is put for the prophecy of Divine punishment which follows. So Isa 13:1; Isa 23:1, etc., etc. Mal 1:1 The burden might be in words, or by a vision.<\/p>\n
5. Sin is put for the offering for sin<\/p>\n
Gen 4:7.-Sin (i.e., a sin offering) lieth at the door. So the word sin is frequently used for a sin offering. See Exo 30:10. Lev 4:3; Lev 6:25. Num 8:8. Psa 40:6 (7), etc. Lev 7:5; Lev 7:7. 1Sa 6:3-4, and 2Co 5:21.<\/p>\n
Exo 29:14.-It is a sin: i.e., an offering which atones for sin.<\/p>\n
Hos 4:8.-They eat up the sin, (i.e., the sin-offering) of my people.<\/p>\n
2Co 5:21.-He hath made him to be sin (i.e., a sin-offering) for us. See- Isa 53:10. Eph 5:2.<\/p>\n
6. Promise is put for the faith which receives it<\/p>\n
Rom 9:8.-The children of the promise are counted for the seed: i.e., who believe and receive the promise of God, as is clear from 4:12, 16. Gal 3:7; Gal 3:29; Gal 4:28.<\/p>\n
7. Covenant is put for the two tables of stone<\/p>\n
1Ki 8:21.-I have set there a place for the ark, wherein is the covenant of the Lord (i.e, the two tables of stone) which he made with our fathers, etc., as is clear from Exo 34:28 Rom 9:4. See especially Deu 9:9; Deu 9:11; Deu 9:15; Deu 9:17.<\/p>\n
8. Blood is put for blood-shedding<\/p>\n
Isa 33:15.-That stoppeth his ears from hearing of blood: from listening to those who shed blood, according to Pro 1:10-11.<\/p>\n
9. Double is used for that which is complete, thorough, or ample; and of full compensation, whether of judgment or of blessing<\/p>\n
This Metonymy arose out of the literal use of the word. See<\/p>\n
Gen 43:12, where the double money was to pay for the corn taken that time as well as for that which was taken the time before.<\/p>\n
Exo 16:5.-The double manna was twice as much, so as to be enough for two days instead of one.<\/p>\n
Exo 22:7; Exo 22:9, where the thief was to restore double: i.e., to make compensation in full.<\/p>\n
Deu 15:18, where the liberated bond-servant was worth the double of an hireling in serving six years instead of three (compare Isa 16:14; Isa 21:16).<\/p>\n
From this literal use of the words mishneh () and kiphlayim (), the word double is used by Metonymy, as follows:-<\/p>\n
Job 11:6.-The secrets of wisdom are double to that which is: i.e., far beyond, or much more.<\/p>\n
Job 41:13.-Who can come to him (leviathan) with his double (i.e., strong) bridle. Here. it is (kephel) in the singular.<\/p>\n
Isa 40:2.-For she hath received of the Lords hand double for all her sins: i.e., full punishment.<\/p>\n
Isa 61:7.-For your shame ye shall have double, and for confusion they shall rejoice in their portion: therefore, in their land they shall possess the double: everlasting joy shall be unto them.<\/p>\n
Here, we have the double denoting not full punishment (as in Isa 40:2), but complete compensation. And this is marked in the alternation of the four lines: where we have this completeness in the first and third lines; and the consequent joy and rejoicing in the second, and fourth lines:-<\/p>\n
aFor your shame ye shall have complete compensation or full acquittal.<\/p>\n
bAnd for confusion they shall rejoice in their portion.<\/p>\n
aTherefore in their land they shall possess the complete pardon.<\/p>\n
bEverlasting joy shall be unto them.<\/p>\n
Jer 17:18.-Destroy them with double destruction: i.e., with a complete destruction.<\/p>\n
Jer 16:18.-And first I will recompense their iniquity and their sin double: i.e., with a complete and thorough punishment. Not literally double, but completely.<\/p>\n
Zec 9:12.-Turn you to the stronghold, ye prisoners of hope: even to-day do I declare that I will render double unto thee: i.e., I will completely pardon you and give you full compensation for all your troubles.<\/p>\n
1Ti 5:17.-Let the elders that rule be counted worthy of double (i.e., liberal) honour (i.e., maintenance). See under Idiom.<\/p>\n
v. The thing signified is put for the sign<\/p>\n
Exo 8:23 (19).-And I will put a redemption between my people and thy people (i.e., the judgment, which would be the sign of the redemption): for to-morrow will this sign be.<\/p>\n
Num 6:7.-Because the consecration (Heb. separation, see margin) of his God is upon his head: i.e., the hair, which was the sign and symbol of his separation.<\/p>\n
Deu 16:3.-Unleavened bread even the bread of affliction: i.e., the bread which was the sign and symbol of their affliction in Egypt.<\/p>\n
Deu 22:15; Deu 22:17.-Here the Metonymy is supplied in italics, the letter of the passage being so obviously figurative.<\/p>\n
2Ki 13:17.-The arrow of the Lords deliverance: i.e., the sign of the future deliverance which the Lord would work for His People.<\/p>\n
1Ch 16:11.-Seek the Lord and his strength: i.e., the Ark of the Covenant, which was the sign and symbol of His Presence and strength. So Psa 105:4, according to Psa 132:8.<\/p>\n
Psa 78:6.-And delivered his strength into captivity i.e., the Ark of the Covenant, referring to 1Sa 4:11, etc. See Psa 132:8.<\/p>\n
Isa 49:6.-It is a light thing that thou shouldest be my servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob and to restore the desolations of Israel: i.e., the land and the cities of Israel which have been reduced to desolation.<\/p>\n
The A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] renders it preserved, not seeing the figure, but it puts desolations in the margin.<\/p>\n
Eze 7:27.-The prince shall be clothed with desolation: i.e., with his garments rent, which was the sign of his mourning.<\/p>\n
IV. Metonymy of the Adjunct<\/p>\n
The fourth division of Metonymy is called the Metonymy of the Adjunct (or Relation), and is the opposite of Metonymy of the Subject.<\/p>\n
It is so called because some circumstance pertaining to the subject is put for the subject itself; e.g., the contents for the container, the possession for the possessor, etc. It is divided into the seven following parts:-<\/p>\n
i. The adjunct or accident is put for the subject<\/p>\n
That which is an accident, or belongs to anything, is put for the subject or the thing itself to which it belongs.<\/p>\n
1. The abstract is put for the concrete; or, the attribute is put for that to which anything is attributed<\/p>\n
Gen 31:54.-Then Jacob killed beasts upon the mount: i.e., he offered sacrifices, as the A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] renders it. Here, by Metonymy, the abstract is put for its concrete.<\/p>\n
Gen 42:38.-Then shall ye bring down my grey hairs (i.e., me, in my old age) with sorrow to the grave.<\/p>\n
Gen 46:34.-For every shepherd is an abomination (i.e., an abominable person) unto the Egyptians.<\/p>\n
1Sa 15:29.-And also the eternity of Israel will not lie nor repent. Here, the A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] renders it Strength, but the attribute Eternity is put for Him to whom it is attributed: i.e., the eternal One: i.e., God. See A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin.<\/p>\n
2Sa 23:23.-And David set him over his listeners: i.e., those who stood at Davids door and listened for his command. Hence his bodyguard. See 20:23. 1Ki 1:38.<\/p>\n
Neh 5:9.-Because of the reproach (i.e., the reproachful deeds) of the heathen our enemies.<\/p>\n
Job 5:16.-So the poor hath hope, and iniquity (i.e., the iniquitous man) stoppeth his mouth.<\/p>\n
Job 31:21.-If I have lifted up my hand against the fatherless, when I saw my help (i.e., those who helped me or would be on my side) in the gate.<\/p>\n
Job 32:7.-I said, Days (i.e., men of days, or men of full age) should speak, and multitude of years (i.e., aged men) should teach wisdom.<\/p>\n
Psa 12:1 (2).-Help, Lord, for the godly man ceaseth: for the faithful from the sons of men fail: i.e., faithful men fail. So Psa 31:23 (24). 2Sa 20:19.<\/p>\n
Psa 65:8 (9).-They also that dwell in the uttermost parts are afraid at thy tokens: thou makest the outgoings of the morning and evening to rejoice: i.e., thou makest those who go out in the morning and return in the evening to sing. [Note: ing. The Singular Number.] See under Ellipsis.<\/p>\n
Psa 68:18 (19).-Thou hast led captivity (i.e., captives) captive. Isa 49:24. Jer 29:14.<\/p>\n
Psa 110:3.-From the womb of the morning: thou hast (or shall be) the dew of thy youth: i.e., thy young men shall be born to thee as dew is born in the morning.<\/p>\n
Pro 23:21.-For the drunkard and the glutton shall come to poverty: and drowsiness (i.e., the sluggard) shall clothe a man (i.e., himself) with rags.<\/p>\n
Isa 57:13.-Vanity (i.e., vain men) shall take them. So Psa 144:4. Jam 4:14.<\/p>\n
Jer 2:5.-They have walked after vanity (i.e., vain things, or idols), and are become vain. See under Paronomasia. So Deu 32:21. Jer 14:22, and compare Act 14:15.<\/p>\n
Eze 44:6.-And thou shalt say unto rebellion: i.e., to the rebellious People.<\/p>\n
Amo 8:3.-And the songs of the temple shall be howlings in that day.<\/p>\n
Here, through missing the Metonymy in the first part of this sentence, the A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] has been obliged to alter the latter part, and put in the margin, Heb., shall howl. But if we note that songs are put for singers, then we have perfect sense:-And the singers of the temple shall howl in that day.<\/p>\n
Luk 1:78.-Whereby the dayspring from on high hath visited us: i.e., the morning star which precedes the day. So John the Baptist, as the morning star, preceded Christ, Who is the Sun of Righteousness. See Isa 9:2 (1); 60:1, 2. Mal 4:2 (3:20), etc.<\/p>\n
Joh 11:40.-Said I not unto thee, that, if thou wouldest believe, thou shouldest see the glory (i.e., the glorious work) of God?<\/p>\n
Rom 3:30.-Seeing it is one God, which shall justify the circumcision by faith and uncircumcision through faith. Here, circumcision is put for those who are circumcised; and uncircumcision for uncircumcised persons, as in 15:8 and Gal 2:9; Gal 2:12.<\/p>\n
Rom 8:19.-The earnest expectation of the creation (i.e., created things or creatures) waiteth.<\/p>\n
Rom 11:7.-But the election (i.e., elect persons) hath obtained it.<\/p>\n
Eph 1:21.-Here, the attributes are put for the beings who possess them:-Far above all princes, and powerful beings, and mighty ones, and lords: i.e., all spiritual beings in heavenly places. See also under Synonymia and Polysyndeton.<\/p>\n
Php 1:16.-Supposing to add affliction to my bonds: i.e., my captivity. See also under Prosapodosis.<\/p>\n
1Pe 2:17.-Love the brotherhood: i.e., the brethren. Compare 1Pe 5:9.<\/p>\n
2. Other adjuncts also are put for the subjects to which they pertain: as Light for the sun, Oil for anointing, etc.<\/p>\n
Gen 34:29.-And all their strength: i.e., wealth, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
Exo 14:4.-And I will be honoured upon Pharaoh and upon all his power. Heb. is : i.e., his power, which is put by Metonymy for his army, which was the expression of his power. See below 1Sa 14:48.<\/p>\n
Lev 13:4.-Then the priest shall shut up the plague seven days: i.e., as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] , him that hath the plague. See verses 13, 31, 50.<\/p>\n
Deu 8:17.-And thou say in thine heart, My power and the might of mine hand hath gotten me this strength: i.e., wealth, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
1Sa 14:48.-And he gathered a power (Heb. , i.e., an host), as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] See Exo 14:4.<\/p>\n
1Ki 7:9.-From the foundation unto the coping. Heb. (tephachoth), spans, put by Metonymy for the height: i.e., from the foundation to the summit.<\/p>\n
Job 6:22.-Give a reward (or perhaps bribe) for me of your strength: i.e., of your substance, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] ; i.e., that which your strength has procured.<\/p>\n
Job 31:26.-If I beheld the light when it shined.<\/p>\n
Here the light is put for the sun, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] (see margin). So also 37:21 and Hab 3:4.<\/p>\n
Pro 5:10.-Lest strangers be filled with thy strength: i.e., thy wealth, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
Pro 15:6.-In the house of the righteous is much strength: i.e., treasure, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
Isa 1:18.-Though your sins be as scarlet. It is a question whether here sins be not put for sinners. Certainly persons are spoken of, and it is not easy to think of sins, as such, becoming white! It is the sinner himself who is thus made whiter than snow. Psa 51:7.<\/p>\n
Isa 10:14.-And my hand hath found (or found means to reach) as a nest the strength of the peoples: i.e., their riches, gotten by their strength, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
Isa 10:27.-Because of the oil: i.e., the anointing, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] But, from the reference to Gideons exploits which we have in verse 26, the sense may be: And yoke snapt at sight of oil: i.e., as Midians yoke was distended till it snapt before the oil (or resin) burning in Gideons lamps, so will Asshurs yoke, again, recoil (, verse 26) from thy neck, before the hot blast (see 37:7, and compare Psa 18:15 (16); see, too, 2Th 2:8).<\/p>\n
Isa 30:6.-They will carry their strength (i.e., riches) upon the shoulders of young asses. Here strength is put for the riches and presents which Israels ambassadors were taking down to Egypt, to induce Egypt to help Israel against Assyria. In verses 2 and 3, strength is used literally. But in the next verse (7), it is put by Metonymy for Egypt, in whose strength they trusted.<\/p>\n
Isa 30:7.-Their strength is to sit still.<\/p>\n
These words are usually taken as an exhortation to the Lords people to sit still and do nothing. But the fact is just the opposite. They are spoken of Egypt, on whom Israel was relying for help against the Assyrians. See verses 1, 3: The strength of Pharaoh was what they trusted in. But Jehovah declared that that would be a vain trust, for<\/p>\n
The Egyptians shall help in vain, and to no purpose:<\/p>\n
Therefore have I cried concerning this,<\/p>\n
Their strength is to sit still:<\/p>\n
i.e., Egypt, when Israels ambassadors arrived there (verses 4-6), would sit still, and not help them at all. Strength is put by Metonymy for Egypt, in the strength of which Israel trusted.<\/p>\n
Jer 20:5.-Moreover I will deliver all the strength (i.e., all the riches which are procured by strength) of this city into the hand of their enemies.<\/p>\n
Jer 40:7.-And of the poverty of the Land: i.e., the poor people of the country.<\/p>\n
Eze 38:4.-And all thy power: i.e., all thine army, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
Mat 8:3.-His leprosy was cleansed: i.e., the leper. See verses 2, 3, and compare Mar 1:42.<\/p>\n
Mar 14:54.-And Peter warmed himself at the light: i.e., at the fire, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] See Joh 18:18.<\/p>\n
Act 14:15.-We preach unto you that ye should turn from these vanities (i.e., idols) unto the living God.<\/p>\n
Note that the term Living God is generally used when idols are mentioned or implied in the context (See 1Th 1:9-10, etc.).<\/p>\n
Gal 3:13.-Being made a curse for us: i.e., accursed, one under the curse of the Law.<\/p>\n
Eph 5:8.-For ye were sometimes darkness (i.e., dark and ignorant), but now are ye light (i.e., enlightened ones) in the Lord.<\/p>\n
ii. The CONTENTS, for that which contains them: and what is placed, for the place where it is located<\/p>\n
Gen 28:22.-And this stone, which I have set for a pillar, shall be Gods house: i.e., this place, of which the stone formed a part.<\/p>\n
Jos 15:19.-Give me also springs of water: i.e., land containing them as well as the south land.<\/p>\n
1Ch 9:24.-In four winds were the porters: i.e., in the four quarters, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] But see Jer 49:32 below.<\/p>\n
Psa 135:7.-Bringing the wind out of His treasures: i.e., treasuries, as the A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] here properly renders the figure.<\/p>\n
Isa 23:3.-The harvest of the river: i.e., the country through which the river flows.<\/p>\n
Jer 49:32.-I will scatter into all winds: i.e., all quarters (Heb., every wind).<\/p>\n
Eze 5:12.-I will scatter a third part into all the winds: i.e., into all quarters.<\/p>\n
Eze 26:5.-It shall be the spreading of nets: i.e., a place for the spreading of nets, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
Hos 9:6.-Thorns shall be in their tabernacles: i.e., in the places where their tents were formerly pitched.<\/p>\n
Amo 8:5.-Saying, When will the new moon be gone, that we may sell corn? and the sabbath that we may open wheat (i.e., granaries). Not set forth wheat, as in the A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] The translators have stumbled over the verb (see margin) through not seeing the Metonymy of the noun.<\/p>\n
Mat 2:11.-And when they had opened their treasures: i.e., their treasuries or caskets containing them; good and precious presents. So Psa 135:7. Mat 12:35, etc.<\/p>\n
Mat 12:35.-A good man out of the good treasure: i.e., treasury. The words of the heart go out of the Text with the Textual Critics and R.V. [Note: The Revised Version, 1881.] <\/p>\n
Mat 13:52.-Which bringeth forth out of his treasure (i.e., treasury) things new and old.<\/p>\n
Mat 24:31.-They shall gather his elect from the four winds: i.e., from the four quarters of the earth. The elect Nation of Israel is referred to.<\/p>\n
Mat 25:10.-They that were ready went in with him to the marriage: i.e., to the place where the marriage was to be celebrated.<\/p>\n
Mat 25:21; Mat 25:23.-Enter thou into the joy of the lord: i.e., into the place where the lord manifested his joy.<\/p>\n
Luk 21:4.-All these have of their abundance cast in unto the offerings of God: i.e., into the chest or receptacle which received those offerings made to God. Compare Mat 15:5; Mat 27:6.<\/p>\n
Act 16:13.-Where we supposed was prayer: i.e., a place of prayer. See verse 16. The word rendered supposed means that they looked for and expected to find a place of prayer as lawfully and legally allowed. Compare Luk 3:23.<\/p>\n
1Co 9:24.-Know ye not that they which run in a race-course (or stadium): i.e., a race which is run there.<\/p>\n
Gal 2:12.-For before that certain came from James: i.e., from Jerusalem, where James presided. See Act 12:17; Act 21:18.<\/p>\n
Heb 12:1.-Let us run the race-course (or stadium): i.e., the race which is run there. So 1Co 9:24.<\/p>\n
Rev 8:3.-And another angel came, having golden frankincense: i.e., a censer. See verse 5.<\/p>\n
iii. TIME is put for the things done in it, or existing in it<\/p>\n
1. The word Time or Times<\/p>\n
1Ch 12:32 (33).-And of the children of Issachar, which were men that had understanding of the times: i.e., who understood what was going on and being done, and needful to be done.<\/p>\n
Est 1:13.-Then the king said to the wise men which knew the times: i.e., what was best to be done in connection with present and future events.<\/p>\n
Job 11:17.-And above the noonday shall be thy time: i.e., thy prosperity shall be brighter and clearer than noon.<\/p>\n
Psa 31:15 (16).-My times (i.e., my affairs, and all that I do or that can be done to me) are in thy hand. All are known to Thee, according to Psa 139:1.<\/p>\n
2Ti 3:1.-This know also that in the last days difficult times will come: i.e., difficult things will be done: which things are described in verses 2-5.<\/p>\n
2. Age (, ain), a period of time, is put for what takes place in it<\/p>\n
Mat 13:22.-The cares of this world: lit., of this age: i.e., the things of this life. So Mar 4:19.<\/p>\n
Luk 16:8.-The children of this world (i.e., of this age): those who are living for the present things of this world.<\/p>\n
Rom 12:2.-Be not conformed to this age: i.e., to the passing fashions, practices, and maxims of this world.<\/p>\n
2Co 4:4.-The god of this age: i.e., of the things done in, and of the people who live in and for, this world.<\/p>\n
Eph 2:2.-Wherein in time past ye walked according to the age of this world: i.e., according to the practices, and customs, and follies of the world.<\/p>\n
Eph 6:12.-The rulers of the darkness of this age: i.e., of all the dark things done in this world; the word age pointing to a time coming when that rule will be done away.<\/p>\n
See under Anaphora and Antimereia.<\/p>\n
2Ti 4:10.-For Demas hath forsaken me, having loved this present age: i.e., the course and life of this world.<\/p>\n
Heb 1:2.-By whom also he made (or constituted) the ages: i.e., the world, and all that pertains to it. So Heb 11:3, where the verb is (katartiz), to adjust, prepare, or restore.<\/p>\n
3. Years is put for what happens in them<\/p>\n
Pro 5:9.-Lest thou give thine honour unto others, and thy years (i.e., thy strength and labours and life) unto the cruel.<\/p>\n
4. Day, or Days, is put for what transpires in them, the context showing what it is<\/p>\n
Deu 4:32.-For ask now of the days that are past: i.e., of what has been done in them, past history.<\/p>\n
Job 18:20.-They that come after him shall be astonied at his day: i.e., at his fate.<\/p>\n
Job 24:1.-Why, seeing times are not hidden from the Almighty, do not they that know him see his days? i.e., understand His dealings with them.<\/p>\n
Psa 37:13.-The Lord shall laugh at him: for he seeth that his day (i.e., his punishment) is coming.<\/p>\n
Psa 137:7.-Remember, O Lord, the children of Edom in the day (i.e., calamities) of Jerusalem; who said, Rase it, rase it, even to the foundations thereof.<\/p>\n
Isa 13:6.-Howl ye; for the day (i.e., the judgment) of the Lord is at hand.<\/p>\n
Eze 21:29.-The wicked, whose day is come: i.e., whose calamity or judgment shall have an end. Compare verse 25.<\/p>\n
Eze 22:4.-Thou hast caused thy days (i.e., thy judgments) to draw near.<\/p>\n
Hos 1:11 (2:2).-Great shall be the day of Jezreel: i.e., great shall be the day of Israels restoration, and recovery of life from the dead.<\/p>\n
Joe 1:15.-Alas for the day! for the day (i.e., the judgment) of the Lord is at hand. So Joe 2:1; Joe 2:31 (Joe 3:4). Amo 5:20. Zep 1:14-16; Zep 1:18; Zep 2:2.<\/p>\n
Oba 1:12.-Thou shouldest not have looked on the day (i.e., the calamity) of thy brother.<\/p>\n
Mic 7:4.-The day of thy watchmen: i.e., the calamity which the watchmen will see coming.<\/p>\n
Luk 17:22; Luk 17:26.-The days of the Son of man: i.e., the day when Christ, as the second man, the Lord from heaven, shall assume universal dominion over the earth and execute the judgments necessary to secure it.<\/p>\n
Luk 19:42.-If thou hadst known, even thou, at least in this thy day: i.e., in this time of grace, and of all the wonderful blessings which have been brought to thee. See verse 44.<\/p>\n
1Co 4:3.-It is a very small thing that I should be judged of you, or of mans day:* [Note: See Four Prophetic Periods, by the same author and publisher. Price one penny.] i.e., by human judgment. For now is the time when man is judging; but the Lords day is coming, when He will judge.<\/p>\n
Eph 5:16.-Redeeming the time, because the days are evil: i.e., because of the evil deeds that are done. See Dan 2:8 (margin) and lxx. (both Versions: lxx. and Theodotian).<\/p>\n
5. Hour is put for what is done at the time<\/p>\n
Mar 14:35.-And prayed that, if it were possible, the hour might pass from him: i.e., the suffering, etc.<\/p>\n
Joh 12:27.-Now is my soul troubled; and what shall I say? Father, save me from this hour (i.e., this time of trial): but for this cause came I unto this hour (i.e., these sufferings).<\/p>\n
6. End is put for that which takes place at the end<\/p>\n
Pro 23:18.-For surely there is an end; and thine expectation shall not be cut off. Here, end is put for the reward which comes at the end. See margin, and 24:14, 20.<\/p>\n
Jer 29:11.-To give you an expected end: i.e., reward. See under Hendiadys.<\/p>\n
Jam 5:11.-Ye have heard of the patience of Job, and have seen the end (i.e., the reward) of the Lord.<\/p>\n
1Pe 1:9.-Receiving the end (i.e., reward) of your faith.<\/p>\n
7. Feast-day is put for the sacrifices offered at the Festival<\/p>\n
Exo 23:18.-Neither shall the fat of my feast remain until the morning. Here, feast is put by Metonymy for the sacrifice offered on the day. See margin.<\/p>\n
Psa 118:27.-Bind the feast (i.e., sacrifice) with cords.<\/p>\n
Isa 29:1.-Woe to Ariel, to Ariel, the city where David dwelt! add ye year to year; let them kill sacrifices. Here, the A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] translates the Metonymy sacrifices, for which in the Hebrew is put feasts; lit., kill the feasts: i.e., the sacrifices.<\/p>\n
In Mal 2:3, where it is so very clear, the A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] leaves the word feasts and does not render it, as in Isa 29:1.<\/p>\n
Mal 2:3.-Spread dung upon your faces, even the dung of your solemn feasts: i.e., of your sacrifices.<\/p>\n
8. Passover is put for the Lamb slain at the Passover<\/p>\n
Exo 12:21.-Kill the Passover: i.e., the lamb.<\/p>\n
2Ch 30:17.-Killing of the Passovers: i.e., the lambs.<\/p>\n
Mat 26:17.-To eat the Passover: i.e., the lamb.<\/p>\n
Mar 14:12.-Killed the Passover: i.e., the lamb.<\/p>\n
Mar 14:14.-Where I shall eat the Passover: i.e., the paschal lamb.<\/p>\n
Luk 22:8.-Prepare us the Passover (i.e., the lamb), that we may eat.<\/p>\n
Luk 22:1-71 II.-Where I shall eat the Passover: i.e., the lamb.<\/p>\n
Luk 22:15.-With desire I have desired to eat this Passover: i.e., this lamb.<\/p>\n
9. Summer is put for the fruits gathered in it<\/p>\n
Isa 16:9.-For the shouting for thy summer. Here, summer is put for the fruits of the summer, and is so rendered. So 2Sa 16:1. Jer 40:10, and Amo 8:1. So the word harvest in the next clause is put for the corn and fruits of the harvest.<\/p>\n
10. Harvest is put for the fruits of the harvest<\/p>\n
Deu 24:19.-When thou cuttest down thine harvest: i.e., thy corn, etc.<\/p>\n
Isa 17:5 -And it shall be as when the harvestman gathereth the harvest (i.e., the corn, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] ), and reapeth the ears with his arm.<\/p>\n
Joe 3:13 (4:13).-Put ye in the sickle, for the harvest (i.e., the corn) is ripe.<\/p>\n
11. Fast is used for the time of year at which the Fast fell<\/p>\n
Act 27:9.-Because the fast was now already past: i.e., the time appointed for fasting, viz., the tenth day of the seventh month. Lev 23:27; Lev 23:29 (about our Oct. 1, when sailing in those seas is specially dangerous).<\/p>\n
iv. The APPEARANCE of a thing, or an opinion about it, is put for the thing itself<\/p>\n
1. In NOUNS<\/p>\n
Jer 28:5; Jer 28:10.-Hananiah is probably called a prophet, because he was reputed to be one. See verse 1.<\/p>\n
Eze 21:4 (9).-Seeing then that I will cut off from the righteous and the wicked. Here it is probably Metonymy, i.e., those who were reputed as righteous, but were not so. See verse 3 (8).<\/p>\n
Mat 8:12.-The children of the kingdom shall be cast out into outer darkness: i.e., those who were considered to be such as by outward privilege and inheritance were so.<\/p>\n
Mat 9:13.-I am not come to call the righteous (i.e., righteous in their own eyes).<\/p>\n
Luk 2:48.-Behold, thy father and I have sought thee sorrowing: i.e., reputed father. See 3:23, and compare Joh 6:42.<\/p>\n
1Co 1:21.-The foolishness of preaching. The preaching of the gospel is not foolishness, but man thinks it is, and hence it is here so-called.<\/p>\n
1Co 1:25.-The foolishness of God: i.e., that which man thinks foolishness. Compare verse 18.<\/p>\n
2Co 4:4.-The god of this world. Not that the Devil is really the God, but that the world takes him for such. See above, and compare Mat 4:9. Luk 4:6-7.<\/p>\n
Gal 1:6.-Another gospel: it was not the Gospel, though it was so called.<\/p>\n
Tit 1:12.-A prophet of their own. Epiminedes was not a prophet except in the opinion of the Cretans. See under Gnome.<\/p>\n
Jam 2:14; Jam 2:17; Jam 2:20; Jam 2:24; Jam 2:26.-The faith here is not real faith, but that which passed for such; being only the external profession.<\/p>\n
2. Verbs<\/p>\n
Mat 14:9.-And the king was sorry (or appeared to be sorry).<\/p>\n
Mar 6:48.-And would have passed by them, at least, so they thought.<\/p>\n
3. CONNECTED WORDS or sentences<\/p>\n
2Sa 22:8.-The foundations of heaven moved and shook: i.e., the mountains on which the heavens appear to rest. So also<\/p>\n
Job 26:11.-The pillars of heaven tremble.<\/p>\n
Psa 72:9.-His enemies shall lick the dust: i.e., shall be so humbled and prostrate as though they were licking the dust.<\/p>\n
Isa 13:5.-From the end of heaven: i.e., from where the earth seems to touch the heaven. So Deu 4:32; Deu 30:4. Neh 1:9. Mat 24:31.<\/p>\n
v. The ACTION or AFFECTION relating to an object is put for the object itself<\/p>\n
1. The Senses are put for the object of them, or for the things which are perceived by the senses<\/p>\n
Lev 13:55.-And if the plague have not changed his eye: i.e., his colour.<\/p>\n
Num 11:7.-And the eye of it as the eye of bdellium. (See A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin).<\/p>\n
Here eye is put for colour, because it is the eye which sees and distinguishes colour.<\/p>\n
Psa 112:7.-He will not be afraid of evil hearing: i.e., of what he may hear; rumour, common talk, or, as A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] , evil tidings.<\/p>\n
Pro 23:31.-When it giveth his eye (i.e., colour) in the cup.<\/p>\n
Isa 28:9.-Whom shall he make to understand the hearing? i.e., as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] , the doctrine. (See A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin).<\/p>\n
Isa 28:19.-And it shall be a vexation only to understand the hearing: i.e., the rumour.<\/p>\n
Isa 53:1.-Who hath believed our hearing: i.e., what they have heard: i.e., our report, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] So Joh 12:38. Rom 10:16. Gal 3:2; Gal 3:5.<\/p>\n
Eze 1:4.-As the eye (i.e., colour) of amber. So Eze 8:2; Eze 10:9.<\/p>\n
Eze 7:26.-Here, the Metonymy is boldly translated rumour upon rumour. Lit., hearing upon hearing.<\/p>\n
Hab 3:2.-O Lord, I have heard thy hearing: i.e., thy words, what thou hast said for me to hear. A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] : speech (but see margin). See under Polyptoton.<\/p>\n
Oba 1:1.-We have heard a hearing from the Lord: i.e., a rumour, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
Mat 4:24.-And his hearing went throughout all Syria: i.e., his fame; what was heard; as A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] So Mat 14:1. Mar 1:28.<\/p>\n
Mat 24:6.-And hearing (i.e., rumours) of wars. So Mar 13:7.<\/p>\n
Joh 12:38.-See Isa 53:1.<\/p>\n
2. Faith is put for the thing believed<\/p>\n
Act 6:7.-And a great company of the Priests were obedient to the faith: i.e., to the doctrine believed.<\/p>\n
Gal 1:23.-He now preacheth the faith which once be destroyed: i.e., the doctrine which he had now believed.<\/p>\n
Gal 3:23.-Before faith came: i.e., before the true doctrine of the Gospel was revealed.<\/p>\n
Gal 5:5.-We through the Spirit wait for the hope of righteousness by faith: i.e., life eternal, which is promised to the righteous by faith: The just shall live (i.e., have eternal life) by faith.<\/p>\n
Eph 4:5.-One Lord, one faith (i.e., doctrine), one baptism.<\/p>\n
1Ti 4:1.-Some shall depart from the faith: i.e., from the doctrine of Christ. See under Tapeinosis and Synathrsmus.<\/p>\n
Tit 1:13.-That they may be sound in the faith: i.e., the doctrine of the Gospel.<\/p>\n
Jud 1:3.-Earnestly contend for the faith: i.e., the true doctrine of Christ.<\/p>\n
Rev 2:13.-And hast not denied my faith: i.e., the doctrine believed concerning me.<\/p>\n
3. Hope is put for God, or for the object on which it is set<\/p>\n
Psa 71:5.-Thou art my hope: i.e., the One in whom I hope.<\/p>\n
Isa 20:5.-They shall be afraid and ashamed of Ethiopia their expectation (i.e., the help they expected from the Ethiopians) and of Egypt their glory (i.e., the Egyptians in whom they gloried). See verse 6.<\/p>\n
Pro 13:12.-Hope deferred maketh the heart sick. Here, it is not hope that is deferred, but the object hoped for.<\/p>\n
Jer 14:8.-O the hope of Israel, the saviour thereof in time of trouble: i.e., the God in Whom Israel hopes.<\/p>\n
Jer 17:7.-Whose hope the Lord is.<\/p>\n
Jer 17:13.-The hope of Israel: the God in Whom Israel hoped.<\/p>\n
Jer 50:7.-The hope of their fathers: i.e., the God in Whom their fathers hoped.<\/p>\n
Act 28:20.-For the hope of Israel I am bound with this chain: i.e., for the Messiahs sake, Whom Israel hoped for. See 26:6-8.<\/p>\n
Rom 8:24.-Hope (i.e., the object hoped for) that is seen is not hope. See Epanadiplosis.<\/p>\n
1Ti 1:1.-The Lord Jesus Christ, our hope: i.e., Who is the object of our hope.<\/p>\n
Tit 2:13.-Looking for that blessed hope: i.e., that blessed object of hope, the coming of Christ.<\/p>\n
4. Love is put for the person or object loved<\/p>\n
Jer 2:33.-Why trimmest thou thy way to seek love? i.e., an object to love.<\/p>\n
Jer 12:7.-I have given the love of my soul into the hand of her enemies: i.e., the dearly beloved, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] See margin.<\/p>\n
Hos 9:10.-Their abominations were according to their love: i.e., to their idols, which were the objects of their love. Not as they loved, as in the A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] <\/p>\n
5. Desire is put for the person or thing desired<\/p>\n
Gen 27:15.-And Rebekah took desirable of her eldest son Esau: i.e., the coveted raiment which perhaps Jacob had desired.<\/p>\n
Isa 32:12.-They shall lament for the teats, for the fields of desire: i.e., which they desired. The A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] has treated it as Enallage, and rendered it pleasant fields. See margin.<\/p>\n
Isa 44:9.-Their delectable things shall not profit: i.e., their things which they have desired.<\/p>\n
Jer 3:19.-How shall I give thee a land of desire: i.e., a land to be desired. See A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin.<\/p>\n
Lam 1:7.-Jerusalem remembered all her things of desire: i.e., all the things she had desired. The A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] renders it by Enallage, pleasant, and, in margin, desirable. So verse 10.<\/p>\n
Lam 2:4.-He stood with his right hand as an adversary, and slew all the desires of the eye: i.e., all the objects that the eye desired.<\/p>\n
Eze 24:16.-The desire of thine eyes: i.e., thy wife, who is the object of thy desire. See under Periphrasis, and compare verses 18, 21 and 25.<\/p>\n
Dan 9:23.-Thou art a man of desires: i.e., a man greatly to be desired. Or, as A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] , greatly beloved. See 10:11, 19.<\/p>\n
Hos 9:16.-Yet will I slay the desires of their womb: i.e., that which the womb had desired and brought forth.<\/p>\n
Amo 5:11.-Ye have planted vineyards of desire: i.e., vineyards which ye had desired. See A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin.<\/p>\n
Hag 2:7.-The desire of all nations shall come: i.e., Christ, who shall be the object desired by all nations.<\/p>\n
1Jn 2:16.-The lust of the eyes: i.e., that which the eyes desire.<\/p>\n
6. Fear is put for God who is feared, or for any object of fear<\/p>\n
Gen 31:42.-The fear of Isaac: i.e., the God whom Isaac feared. So verse 53.<\/p>\n
Psa 53:5 (6).-There were they in great fear. Heb.: There they feared a fear: i.e., there was something that they were greatly afraid of. See under Polyptoton.<\/p>\n
Isa 8:13.-Sanctify the Lord of hosts himself; and let him be your fear: i.e., the God Whom ye shall fear.<\/p>\n
Pro 1:26.-I will mock when your fear cometh: i.e., when that which you fear shall come. So verse 27.<\/p>\n
Pro 3:25.-Be not afraid of sudden fear: i.e., of a sudden thing to be feared. See under Antimereia.<\/p>\n
2Co 5:11.-Knowing, then, the fear of the Lord: i.e., knowing, therefore, the Lord as one who is to be feared.<\/p>\n
7. Other actions are put for the object connected with, or related to them; which object is shown by the context<\/p>\n
Gen 43:11.-Take of the praise of the earth: i.e., the fruits which adorn and beautify the earth. The Chaldee has which is praised in the earth; and the Heb.: (zahmor) means to adorn. See the first occurrence in Jdg 5:3 (in Piel), where it is used in connection with a song in praise of God. But does not mean primarily to praise, but to embellish or adorn or trim the song.<\/p>\n
Exo 15:2.-The Lord is my strength and song: i.e., He whom I praise in my song. So Psa 118:14, and compare verses 15, 16.<\/p>\n
Here, strength is the Metonymy of effect: i.e., producing strength in me. So that the whole verse means: Jah maketh me strong, and is the subject of my song.<\/p>\n
Deu 28:8.-And in every sending forth of thy hand: i.e., all things which thy hand accomplishes. So Deu 12:7.<\/p>\n
1Sa 1:27.-And the Lord hath given me my petition (i.e., Samuel) which I asked Him for: i.e., the object of my prayer. See under Paronomasia.<\/p>\n
Job 6:8.-Oh that I might have my request; and that God would grant me my expectation: i.e., the object of my prayer and desire. See A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin.<\/p>\n
Isa 60:1.-Arise, shine; for thy light (i.e., He who is thy light) is come.<\/p>\n
Luk 16:15.-That which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God: i.e., a thing abominated by God.<\/p>\n
Act 1:4.-They should not depart from Jerusalem, but wait for the promise of the Father: i.e., that which the Father had promised.<\/p>\n
Gal 3:2; Gal 3:5.-The hearing of faith: i.e., the report which faith believed.<\/p>\n
2Th 1:11.-We pray that our God would count you worthy of this calling: i.e., of that for which He has called you: viz., to deliver you out of the tribulation; so that He may be glorified in His saints before He comes forth in flaming fire, etc. (verses 8 and 9). For that coming forth in judgment will not take place until He shall have come. (, elthee), thus to be glorified: is the 2nd Aor. Subj. Compare its use in Mat 21:40. Luk 17:10. Mar 8:38. Joh 4:25; Joh 16:13. Act 23:35. Rom 11:27. 1Co 16:3. 2Co 3:16, etc.<\/p>\n
Heb 11:13.-These all died in faith, not having received the promises: i.e., the things which had been promised. The promises were what they had received, but not the things promised.<\/p>\n
vi. The SIGN is put for the thing signified<\/p>\n
1. Nouns<\/p>\n
Gen 49:10.-The sceptre shall not depart from Judah until Shiloh come. Here the sceptre (i.e., the Rod of tribal supremacy) is put for Him who is entitled to hold it. So Isa 14:5. Zec 10:11, etc.<\/p>\n
Exo 18:10.-Blessed be the Lord, who hath delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of Pharaoh, who hath delivered the people out of the hand of the Egyptians. Here, the hand is put for power, of which it is the sign; and it is repeated three times in order to emphasize the greatness of the power and the wonderful deliverance from it.<\/p>\n
Num 18:8.-By reason of the anointing. Here, the anointing is put for the Priesthood, of which it was the sign.<\/p>\n
2Sa 12:10.-The sword shall never depart from thy house: i.e., manifested hostility.<\/p>\n
1Ki 19:10.-Thrown down thy altars: i.e., given up thy worship (of which the altars were the sign and symbol).<\/p>\n
Job 5:21.-Thou shalt be hid from the scourge (i.e., power) of the tongue.<\/p>\n
Psa 23:4.-Thy rod and thy staff they comfort me: i.e., Thy care and Thy defence, of which these were the signs. The Shepherd carried two implements: viz., the rod, to help the sheep, and the club, to destroy the sheeps enemies.<\/p>\n
Psa 89:4 (5).-Thy seed will I establish for ever, and build up thy throne to all generations: i.e., will raise up those (esp. One) who shall sit upon it.<\/p>\n
Psa 89:39 (40).-Thou hast profound his crown by casting it to the ground: i.e., thou hast removed him from his kingly position.<\/p>\n
Psa 44:6 (7).-I will not trust in my bow, neither shah my sword save me: i.e., military science, of which the bow and sword were the signs.<\/p>\n
Isa 2:4.-Here, swords and plowshares, etc., are used for war and peace, of which they were the signs and symbols. See also under Polysyndeton and Syllogismus.<\/p>\n
Jer 47:5.-Baldness is come upon Gaza: i.e., grief, from the practice of shaving the head in grief.<\/p>\n
Lam 5:9.-We gat our bread with our lives (i.e., with peril of our lives, as in A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] ), because of the sword (i.e., the fightings) of the wilderness. So Eze 21:3-4 (8, 9).<\/p>\n
Eze 7:15.-The sword (i.e., war, or destruction) is without.<\/p>\n
Eze 21:26.-Remove the diadem, and take off the crown. Here the diadem and crown are put for the symbols of royalty of him who wears them.<\/p>\n
Mat 23:2 -The Scribes and Pharisees sit in Moses seat.<\/p>\n
Here sit is put for public teaching (Mat 26:55. Luk 4:20. Joh 8:2. Act 22:3), or for judgment (Exo 18:13. Jdg 5:10. Mat 27:19. Psa 29:10; Psa 110:1).<\/p>\n
Moses is put for the Law and precepts and authority of Moses.<\/p>\n
Seat is put for right, authority or rule.<\/p>\n
Rom 13:4.-He weareth not the sword in vain: i.e., he does not wear merely the sign, but he has the power which it signifies.<\/p>\n
Luk 11:52.-Ye have taken away the key of knowledge: i.e., the means or power of entering into, or the right of attaining knowledge.<\/p>\n
Act 15:10.-Now therefore why tempt ye God, to put a yoke (i.e., a burden) on the neck of the disciples.<\/p>\n
Rev 3:7.-The key of David. The key is put for governmental authority, of which it is the sign.<\/p>\n
2. Verbs<\/p>\n
Gen 21:6.-And Sarah said, God hath made me to laugh (i.e., to rejoice), so that all that hear will laugh (i.e., rejoice) with me.<\/p>\n
Gen 31:49.-The Lord protect us when we are hidden (i.e., absent) from one another. The Metonymy is used so as to imply that though hidden from one another, they were not hidden from God.<\/p>\n
Gen 41:40.-Thou (Joseph) shalt be over my house, and according unto thy word shall all my people kiss: i.e., be ruled or in subjection. See Psa 2:12 below, and A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin.<\/p>\n
Deu 10:8.-To stand (i.e., to minister) before the Lord.<\/p>\n
Deu 22:1.-Thou shalt not see thy brothers ox or his sheep go astray, and hide thyself from them: i.e., go away and leave them.<\/p>\n
1Ki 19:18.-Yet I have left me seven thousand in Israel, all the knees which have not bowed unto Baal, and every mouth which hath not kissed him: i.e., have not obeyed or worshipped him.<\/p>\n
Job 5:22.-At destruction and famine thou shalt laugh: i.e., thou shalt be secure against them.<\/p>\n
Job 8:21.-Till he fill thy mouth with laughing (i.e., rejoicing), and thy lips with shouting for joy. See A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] margin.<\/p>\n
Job 31:27.-And my heart hath been secretly enticed, or my mouth hath kissed my hand: i.e., I have made the outward sign of worship or homage.<\/p>\n
Psa 2:12.-Kiss the Son: i.e., submit to the Son, be ruled by Him. See Gen 41:40 above; and see under Ellipsis and Epiphonema.<\/p>\n
Psa 3:5 (6).-I laid me down and slept: i.e., was secure.<\/p>\n
Psa 4:8 (9).-I will both lay me down in peace, and sleep (i.e., be perfectly secure): for thou, Lord, only makest me dwell in safety.<\/p>\n
Psa 10:5.-As for all his enemies he bloweth upon them: i.e., he despiseth them. A.V. [Note: The Authorized Version, or current Text of our English Bible, 1611.] : puffeth at them.<\/p>\n
Psa 12:5 (6).-For the oppression of the poor, for the sighing of the needy, now will I arise, saith Jehovah; I will set him (i.e., each one) in safety: he bloweth upon (i.e., he despiseth) it (i.e., the oppression). The poor and needy being set in safety by Jehovah, despise the oppression of the enemy. Such have the sure words of Jehovah, and can despise the vain words of man.<\/p>\n
Psa 27:5.-In the time of trouble he shall hide (i.e., protect) me in his pavilion: in the secret of his tabernacle shall he hide (i.e., protect) me.<\/p>\n
Psa 31:20 (21).-Thou shalt hide them (i.e., protect them) in the secret of thy presence from the pride of man.<\/p>\n
Psa 64:2 (3).-Hide (i.e., protect) me from the secret counsel of the wicked.<\/p>\n
Psa 126:2.-Then was our mouth filled with laughter (i.e., with rejoicing), and our tongue with singing.<\/p>\n
Eze 8:11.-And there stood (i.e., ministered) before them seventy men, etc.<\/p>\n
Zec 3:1.-And he showed me Joshua the high priest standing (i.e., ministering) before the angel of the Lord.<\/p>\n
Mat 5:47.-If ye embrace (i.e., salute or welcome) your brethren only, what do ye more than others? Compare Heb 11:13.<\/p>\n
Luk 6:21.-For ye shall laugh: i.e., rejoice; and verse 25: Ye that laugh (i.e., rejoice) now.<\/p>\n
Heb 11:13.-And embraced them: i.e., welcomed, believed, and hoped for them: i.e., the promises.<\/p>\n
3. Connected WORDS and PHRASES<\/p>\n
To bind and loose put for exercising of authority. Mat 16:19; Mat 18:18.<\/p>\n
To open and shut is put for power of administration. Job 12:14 : Isa 22:22. Rev 3:7.<\/p>\n
To be stiff-necked is put for pride and obstinacy. Psa 75:5 (6). Here it is a question whether the letter Aleph () was not wrongly inserted in the text. If so, it alters the whole sense, and the verse should read: Lift not up your horn on high, nor speak arrogantly of the Rock: where the Rock is put by Metonymy of adjunct for God. See also 2Ch 30:8.<\/p>\n
Cleanness of teeth put for famine. Amo 4:6.<\/p>\n
To lift up the eyes is put for implore or pray. Psa 121:1; Psa 123:1. Eze 18:6; Eze 18:15.<\/p>\n
To lift up the head is put for lifting up the soul, or taking courage, or rejoicing. Jdg 8:28. Psa 83:2. Luk 21:28.<\/p>\n
To lift up the face is put for boldness and courage. Deu 28:50 (margin). Num 6:26. Ecc 8:1. Dan 8:23.<\/p>\n
To strengthen the face is put for boldness or impudence. Pro 7:13.<\/p>\n
To cover the face or head is put for self condemnation, or condemnation. 2Sa 15:30; 2Sa 19:4. Job 9:24. Est 7:8. Jer 14:4.<\/p>\n
The face to wax pale is put for being afraid. Isa 29:22.<\/p>\n
To have a whores forehead is put for impudence. Jer 3:3.<\/p>\n
To bow the knee is put for compulsory submission. Isa 45:23. Rom 14:11. Php 2:10.<\/p>\n
To give the hand is put for voluntary submission. 1Ch 29:24. 2Ch 30:8. Also put for fellowship or confederacy. Lam 5:6. Jer 50:15. Eze 17:18. Gal 2:9.<\/p>\n
To place the hand on is put for association. Lev 6:2.<\/p>\n
To lift up the hand, or hands is put for swearing an oath, or making a promise. Gen 14:22. Exo 6:8. Psa 106:26. Isa 3:7 (marg. [Note: arg. Margin.] ). Put also for praying. Psa 28:2; Psa 68:31 (32). 1Ti 2:8.<\/p>\n
To strike hands is put for making a promise, or bargain. Job 17:3.<\/p>\n
To put hands on the head is put for grief. Jer 2:37. 2Sa 13:19.<\/p>\n
To put the hand or hands on the mouth is put for silence, or for having no answer, Jdg 18:19. Job 21:5; Job 29:9; Job 40:4. Mic 7:16.<\/p>\n
To pour water on the hands is put for serving. 2Ki 3:11.<\/p>\n
To fill the hand or hands is put for consecrating anyone to a sacred office, because the person so appointed received the sign or symbol of the office in his hands. Exo 28:41; Exo 29:9; Exo 29:33; Exo 29:35; Exo 32:29 (marg. [Note: arg. Margin.] ). Lev 8:33; Lev 16:32. Num 3:3. Jdg 17:5; Jdg 17:12, etc.<\/p>\n
To cover the feet is put for performing a duty of nature, because when stooping the garments fell over the feet. This is a beautiful example of Euphemy (q.v. [Note: Which see.] ). Jdg 3:24. 1Sa 24:3.<\/p>\n
Eating and drinking is put for living or being alive. Exo 24:11. Similarly looking is used in Gen 16:13, because Hagar had seen God and yet lived. Compare Gen 32:30 and Jdg 13:22.<\/p>\n
The breaking of bonds (of various kinds) is put for liberating from servitude. Psa 2:3.<\/p>\n
The clothing in sackcloth put for sorrowing. Job 16:15. Psa 35:13; Psa 69:11 (12); Lam 2:10. Joe 1:13. Amo 8:10, etc.<\/p>\n
Making bald is put for grieving. Mic 1:16.<\/p>\n
Licking the dust is put for defeat and submission. Isa 49:23. Psa 72:9.<\/p>\n
Smiting the thigh is put for grief. Jer 31:19. So also is<\/p>\n
Sitting on the ground. Lam 2:10.<\/p>\n
Not discerning the right hand from the left is put for extreme youth. Jon 4:11.<\/p>\n
(a). The whole utterance, which may consist of admonition, instruction, etc., sometimes consists of sign or symbol, and the signs are thus put for the things signified<\/p>\n
2Ki 4:29.-The instructions given by Elisha to Gehazi.<\/p>\n
Jer 9:17-18.-Jehovah to Jeremiah.<\/p>\n
Jer 10:18. And compare verses 9, 19, 20,<\/p>\n
See also Jer 46:19, Eze 39:9-10. Isa 2:4. Amo 5:16. Mat 24:20. Luk 22:36; Luk 22:38. 2Co 7:3.<\/p>\n
vii. The NAME of a person for the person himself; or the name of a thing for the thing itself<\/p>\n
(1) The person, when that person is Divine. Deu 28:58. Psa 20:1 (2); 115:1. Pro 18:10. Isa 30:27. Jer 10:25. Mic 5:4 (3). Joh 1:12; Joh 3:18; Joh 17:6; Joh 20:31. Act 3:16; Act 4:12; Act 5:41; Act 10:43. 1Jn 2:12, etc.<\/p>\n
(2) When the person is human. Act 1:15. Rev 3:4; Rev 11:13 (margin), etc.<\/p>\n
(3) The name of a man for his posterity. Deu 25:17. Exo 5:2. Num 23:21; Num 24:5; Num 24:17. Deu 33:28. 1Ki 18:17-18. Psa 14:7. Amo 7:9; Amo 7:16. Gen 9:27. Mal 1:2-3. Rom 9:13.<\/p>\n
(4) The name of a thing for the thing itself. Eph 1:21 : Dignities. Php 2:9.<\/p>\n
Metonymy; or, Change of Noun The Change of one Noun for another Related Noun Me-ton-y-my. Sometimes pronounced Met-o-nym-y. Greek, , from (meta), indicating change, and (onoma), a name; or, in grammar, a noun. Metonymy is a figure by which one name or noun is used instead of another, to which it stands in a certain … Continue reading “Metonymy; or, Change of Noun”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-67053","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-encyclopedic-dictionary"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/dictionaries\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67053","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/dictionaries\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/dictionaries\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/dictionaries\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/dictionaries\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=67053"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/dictionaries\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67053\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/dictionaries\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=67053"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/dictionaries\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=67053"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.biblia.work\/dictionaries\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=67053"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}