David P. Livingston<\/b><\/p>\n
Found at Khorsabad, this eighth century BC stone relief is identified as Gilgamesh. The best-known of ancient Mesopotamian heroes, Gilgamesh was king of Uruk in southern Mesopotamia, His story is known in the poetic Gilgamesh Epic, but there is no historical evidence for his exploits in the story. He is described as part god and part man, a great builder and warrior, and a wise man in the story. Not mentioned in the Bible, the author suggests Gilgamesh is to be identified with Biblical Nimrod (Gn 10:8\u201312).<\/b><\/p>\n
\u201cCush was the father of Nimrod, who grew to be a mighty warrior on the earth. He was a might hunter before the LORD; that is why it is said, \u201cLike Nimrod, a mighty hunter before the LORD.\u201d The centers of his kingdom were Babylon. Erech, Akkad and Calneh in Shinar. (Gn 10:8\u201310) Many consider this to be a positive, complimentary testimony about Nimrod. It is just the opposite! First, a little background study is necessary<\/i>.<\/p>\n
Cultural Connections in the Ancient Near East<\/b><\/p>\n
Besides the stories of the Creation and Flood in the Bible there ought to be similar stories on clay tablets found in the cultures near and around the true believers. These tablets may have a reaction, or twisted version, in their accounts of the Creation and Flood. In the post-Flood geneaological records of Genesis 10 we note that the sons of Ham were: Cush, Mizraim. Put and Canaan. Mizraim became the Egyptians. No one is sure where Put went to live. And it is obvious who the Canaanites were. Cush lived in the \u201cland of Shinar\u201d which most scholars consider to be Sumer. There developed the first civilization after the Flood. The sons of Shem\u2014the Semites\u2014were also mixed, to some extent, with the Sumerians.<\/p>\n
We suggest that Sumerian Kish, the first city established in Mesopotamia after the Flood, took its name from the man known in the Bible as Cush. The first kingdom established after the Flood was Kish, and the name \u201cKish\u201d appears often on clay tablets. The early post-Flood Sumerian king lists (not found in the Bible) say that \u2018\u2018kingship descended from heaven to Kish\u201d after the Flood. (The Hebrew name \u201cCush,\u201d much later, was moved to present-day Ethiopia as migrations look place from Mesopotamia to other places.)<\/p>\n
The Sumerians, very early, developed a religio-politico state which was extremely binding on all who lived in it (except for the rulers, who were a law unto themselves). This system was to influence the Ancient Near East for over 3000 years. Other cultures which followed the Sumerian system were Accad, Babylon, Assyria, and Persia, which became the basis of Greece and Rome\u2019s system of rule. Founded by Cush, the Sumerians were very important historically and Biblically.<\/p>\n
Was \u201cNimrod\u201d Godly or Evil?<\/b><\/p>\n
First, what does the name Nimrod mean? It comes from the Hebrew verb marad,<\/i> meaning \u201crebel.\u201d Adding an \u201cn\u201d before the \u201cm\u201d it becomes an infinitive construct, \u201cNimrod.\u201d (see Kautzsch 1910:137 2b, also BDB 1962:597). The meaning then is \u201cThe Rebel.\u201d Thus \u201cNimrod\u201d may not be the character\u2019s name at all. It is more likely a derisive term of a type, a representative, of a system that is epitomized in rebellion against the Creator, the one true God. Rebellion began soon after the Flood as civilizations were restored. At that time this person became very prominent.<\/p>\n
BSpade<\/i> 14:3 (Summer 2001) p. 68<\/p>\n
This face supposedly represents Huwawa who, according to the Gilgamesh\u2019s Epic, sent the Flood on the earth. According to the story, Huwawa (Humbaba in (he Assyrian version) was killed by Gilgamesh and his half man\u2014half beast friend, Enkidu. The author suggests Huwawa is the ancient pagan perspective of Yahweh (YHWH),<\/i> the God of the Bible. About 3 in (7.5 cm), this mask is dated to around the sixth century BC. Of an unknown provenance, it is now in the British Musuem.<\/b><\/p>\n
In Genesis 10:8\u201311 we learn that \u201cNimrod\u201d established a kingdom. Therefore, one would expect to find also, in the literature of the ancient Near East, a person who was a type, or example, for other people to follow. And there was. It is a well-known tale, common in Sumerian literature, of a man who fits the description. In addition to the Sumerians, the Babylonians wrote about this person; the Assyrians likewise; and the Hittites. Even in Palestine, tablets have been found with this man\u2019s name on them. He was obviously the most popular hero in the Ancient Near East.<\/p>\n
The Gilgamesh Epic<\/b><\/p>\n
The person we are referring to found in extra-Biblical literature was Gilgamesh. The first clay tablets naming him were found among the ruins of the temple library of the god Nabu (Biblical Nebo) and the palace library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh. Many others have been found since in a number of excavations. The author of the best treatise on the Gilgamesh Epic says,<\/p>\n
The Babylonian Flood Story is told on the 11th tablet of the Gilgamesh Epic, almost 200 lines of poetry on 12 clay tablets inscribed in cuneiform script. A number of different versions of the Gilgamesh Epic have been found around the ancient Near East, most dating to the seventh century BC. The most complete version came from the library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh. Commentators agree that the story comes from a much earlier period, not too long after the Flood as described in the story.<\/b><\/p>\n
The date of the composition of the Gilgamesh Epic can therefore be fixed at about 2000 BC. But the material contained on these tablets is undoubtedly much older, as we can infer from the mere fact that the epic consists of numerous originally independent episodes, which, of course, did not spring into existence at the time of the composition of our poem but must have been current long before they were compiled and woven together to form our epic (Heidel 1963:15).<\/p>\n
Yet his arrogance, ruthlessness and depravity were a subject of grave concern for the citizens of Uruk (his kingdom). They complained to the great god Anu and Ann instructed the goddess Aruru to create another wild ox, a double of Gilgamesh, who would challenge him and distract his mind from the warrior\u2019s daughter and the noblemen\u2019s spouse, whom it appears he would not leave in peace (Roux 1966:114).<\/p>\n
The Epic of Gilgamesh has some very indecent sections. Alexander Heidel, first translater of the epic, had the decency to translate the vilest parts into Latin. Spieser, however, gave it to us \u201cstraight\u201d (Pritchard 1955:72). With this kind of literature in the palace, who needs pornography? Gilgamesh was a vile, filthy, man. Yet the myth says of him that he was \u201c2\/3 god and 1\/3 man.\u201d<\/p>\n
Gilgamesh is Nimrod<\/b><\/p>\n
How does Gilgamesh compare with \u201cNimrod?\u201d Josephus says of Nimrod,<\/p>\n
Now it was Nimrod who excited them to such an affront and contempt of God. He was the grandson of Ham, the son of Noah\u2014a bold man, and of great strength of hand. He persuaded them not to ascribe it to God, as if it were through his means they were happy, but to believe that it was their own courage which procured that happiness. He also gradually changed the government into tyranny\u2014seeing no other way of turning men from the fear of God, but to bring them into a constant dependence upon his own power. He also said he would be revenged on God, if he should have a mind to drown the world again; for that he would build a tower too high for the waters to be able to reach! and that he would avenge himself on God for destroying their forefathers! (Ant.<\/i> I: iv: 2)<\/p>\n
What Josephus says here is precisely what is found in the Gilgamesh epics. Gilgamesh set up tyranny, he opposed YHWH<\/i> and did his utmost to get people to forsake Him.<\/p>\n
Two of the premiere commentators on the Bible in Hebrew has this to say about Genesis 10:9, <\/p>\n
Nimrod was mighty in hunting, and that in opposition to YHWH; not \u2018before YHWH\u2019 in the sense of according to the will and purpose of YHWH, still less,…in a simply superlative sense…The name itself, \u2018Nimrod\u2019 from marad,<\/i> \u2018We will revolt,\u2019 points to some violent resistance to God…Nimrod as a mighty hunter founded a powerful kingdom; and the founding of this kingdom is shown by the verb with consecutive to have been the consequence or result of his strength in hunting, so that hunting was intimately connected with the establishing of the kingdom. Hence, if the expression \u2018a mighty hunter\u2019 relates primarily to hunting in the literal sense, we must add to the literal meaning the figurative signification of a \u2018hunter of men\u2019 (a trapper of men by stratagem and force); Nimrod the hunter became a tyrant, a powerful hunter of men (Keil and Delitzsch 1975:165).<\/p>\n
BSpade<\/i> 14:3 (Summer 2001) p. 69<\/p>\n
Nimrod started his kingdom at Babylon (Gn 10:10). Babylon later reached its zenith under Nebuchadnezzar (sixth century BC). Pictured are mudbrick ruins of Nebuchadnezzar\u2019s city along with ancient wall lines and canals.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u201cin the face of YHWH\u201d<\/i> can only mean \u2018in defiance of YHWH<\/i>\u2019 as Josephus and the Targums understand it (op. cit.: 166).<\/p>\n
And the proverb must have arisen when other daring and rebellious men followed in Nimrod\u2019s footsteps and must have originated with those who saw in such conduct an act of rebellion against the God of salvation, in other words, with the possessors of the divine promise of grace (loc. cit.).<\/p>\n
After the Flood there was, at some point, a break-away from YHWH<\/i>. Only eight people descended from the Ark. Those people worshipped YHWH<\/i>. But at some point an influential person became opposed to YHWH<\/i> and gathered others to his side. I suggest that Nimrod is the one who did it. Cain had done similarly before the Flood, founding a new city and religious system.<\/p>\n
Our English translation of the Hebrew of Genesis 10:8\u201310 is weak. The author of this passage of Scripture will not call Gilgamesh by his name and honor him, but is going to call him by a derisive name, what he really is\u2014a rebel. Therefore we should translate Genesis 10:8\u201310 to read,<\/p>\n
Cush begat Nimrod; he began to be a tyrant in the earth. He was a tyrannical hunter in opposition to the Lord. Thus it is said. \u2018Nimrod the tyrannical opponent of YHWH<\/i>.\u2019<\/p>\n
Likewise, Gilgamesh was a man who took control by his own strength. In Genesis 10 Nimrod is presented as a type of him. Nimrod\u2019s descendents were the ones who began building the tower in Babel where the tongues were changed. Gilgamesh is a type of early city founders. (Page numbers are from Heidel 1963)<\/p>\n
He is a \u201cshepherd\u201d<\/p>\n
page 18<\/p>\n
From Uruk<\/p>\n
page 17 (Kramer 1959:31 calls Uruk Erech.)<\/p>\n
A giant<\/p>\n
page 17 (11 cubits)<\/p>\n
Builds cities<\/p>\n
page 17<\/p>\n
Vile man \u201ctakes women\u201d<\/p>\n
page 18<\/p>\n
Mighty hunter<\/p>\n
page 18<\/p>\n
Gilgamesh Confronts YHWH!<\/b><\/p>\n
The name of YHWH<\/i> rarely appears in extra-Biblical literature in the Ancient Near East. Therefore we would not expect to find it in the Gilgamesh epic. But why should the God of the Jews rarely be mentioned? The Hebrew Bible is replete with the names of other gods.<\/p>\n
On the other hand, the nations surely knew of Him even though they had no respect for Him. If so, how might His Name appear in their literature, if at all? The name of YHWH,<\/i> in a culture which is in rebellion against His rule, would most likely be in a derisive form, not in its true form. Likewise, the writers of Scripture would deride the rebels.<\/p>\n
BSpade<\/i> 14:3 (Summer 2001) p. 70<\/p>\n
Originally established by Nimrod (Gn 10:11), and today known as Nimrud, Calah became an important city in Iraq. This is an artist\u2019s reconstruction of the interior of Tiglath-pileser Ill\u2019s palace (late seventh century BC).<\/b><\/p>\n
Putting the Bible and the Gilgamesh Epic Together<\/b><\/p>\n
The Gilgamesh Epic describes the first \u201cGod is dead\u201d movement. In the Epic, the hero is a vile, filthy, perverted person, yet he is presented as the greatest, strongest, hero that ever lived (Heidel 1963:18). So that the one who sent the Flood wilt not trouble them anymore, Gilgamesh sets out to kill the perpetrator. He takes with him a friend who is a monstrous half-man, half-animal\u2014Enkidu. Together they go on a long journey to the Cedar Mountain to find and destroy the monster who sent the Flood. Gilgamesh finds him and finally succeeds in cutting off the head of this creature whose name is \u201cHuwawa\u201d (\u201cHumbaba\u201d in the Assyrian version; see Heidel 1963:34ff).<\/p>\n
Is there a connection with the Gilgamesh epic and Genesis 10? Note what Gilgamesh says to Enkidu the half man, half beast, who accompanied him on his journey, found in Tablet III, lines 147\u2013150.<\/p>\n
\u201cIf I fall,\u201d Gilgamesh says, \u201cI will establish a name for myself. Gilgamesh is fallen, they will say, in combat with terrible Huwawa.\u201d<\/p>\n
But the next five lines are missing from all tablets found so far! Can we speculate on what they say? Let\u2019s try… We suggest that those five lines include,<\/p>\n
Part of Nimrod\u2019s kingdom (Gn 10:11), Nineveh along the Tigris River continued to be a major city in ancient Assyria. Today adjacent to modern Mosul, the ruins of ancient Nineveh are centered on two mounds, the acropolis at Kuyunjik and Nebi Yunis (Arabic \u201cProphet Jonah\u201d). Pictured is Sennacherib\u2019s \u201cpalace without rival\u201d on Kuyunjik, constructed at the end of the seventh century BC and excavated by Henry Layard in the early 20th century.<\/b><\/p>\n
BSpade<\/i> 14:3 (Summer 2001) p. 71<\/p>\n
Often attributed to Nimrod, the Tower of Babel (Gn 11:1\u20139) was not a Jack and the Beanstalk-type of construction, where people were trying to build a structure to get into heaven. Instead it is best understood as an ancient ziggurat (Assyrian \u201cmountaintop\u201d), as the one pictured at ancient Ur of the Chaldees, Abraham\u2019s hometown (Gn 11:31). A ziggurat was a man-made structure with a temple at its top, built to worship the host of heaven.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u201cBut if I win,…they will say, Gilgamesh, the mighty vanquisher of Huwawa!\u201d<\/p>\n
Why do we say that? Because Genesis 10:9 gives us the portion missing from the Gilgamesh tablets. Those lines include… \u201cit is said, Nimrod (or Gilgamesh) the mighty vanquisher of YHWH<\/i>\u201d This has to be what is missing from all the clay tablets of the Gilgamesh story. The Gilgamesh Epic calls him Huwawa; the Bible calls Him YHWH<\/i>.<\/p>\n
Heidel, speaking of the incident as it is found on Tablet V says.<\/p>\n
All we can conclude from them [the lost lines] is that Gilgamesh and Enkidu cut off the head of Humbaba (or Huwawa) and that the expedition had a successful issue [ending] (1963:47).<\/p>\n
The missing lines from the Epic are right there in the Bible!<\/p>\n
Because of the parallels between Gilgamesh and Nimrod, many scholars agree that Gilgamesh is Nimrod. Continuing with Gilgamesh\u2019s fable, he did win, he did vanquish Huwawa and took his head. Therefore he could come back to Uruk and other cities and tell the people not to worry about YHWH<\/i> anymore, he is dead. \u2018\u201cI killed him over in the Lebanon mountains. So just live however you like, I will be your king and take care of you.\u201d<\/p>\n
There are still other parallels between the Bible and the Gilgamesh epic: \u201cYaHWeH\u201d<\/i> has a somewhat similar sound to \u201cHuwawa.\u201d Gilgamesh did just as the \u201csons of god\u201d in Genesis 6 did. The \u201csons of god\u201d forcibly took men\u2019s wives. The Epic says that is precisely what Gilgamesh did. The Bible calls Nimrod a tyrant, and Gilgamesh was a tyrant. There was a flood in the Bible, there is a flood in the Epic. Cush is mentioned in the Bible, Kish in the Epic. Erech is mentioned in Scripture, Uruk was Gilgamesh\u2019s city. Gilgamesh made a trip to see the survivor of the Flood. This was more likely Ham than Noah, since \u201cNimrod\u201d was Ham\u2019s grandson! Historically. Gilgamesh was of the first dynasty of Uruk. As Jacobsen points out (1939:157), kings before Gilgamesh may be fictional, but not likely. The fact that the Gilgamesh epic also contains the Deluge story would indicate a close link with events immediately following the Flood, S.N. Kramer says,<\/p>\n
BSpade<\/i> 14:3 (Summer 2001) p. 72<\/p>\n
A few years ago one would have strongly doubted his (historical) existence.. we now have the certitude that the time of Gilgamesh corresponds to the earliest period of Mesopotamian history. (Kramer 1959:117)<\/p>\n
What a contrast Psalm 2 is compared with the Gilgamesh Epic!<\/p>\n
Why do the nations conspire and the peoples plot in vain? The kings of the earth take their stand and the rulers gather together against the LORD and against his Anointed One. \u201cLet us bread their chains.\u201d they say, \u201cand throw off their fetters.\u201d The One enthroned in heaven laughs, the Lord scoffs at them. Then he rebukes them in his anger and terrifies them in his wrath, saying, \u201cI have installed my King on Zion, my holy hill.\u201d I will proclaim the decree of the LORD: He said to me, \u201cyou are my Son, today I have become your Father, Ask of me, and I will make the nations your inheritance, the ends of the earth your possession. You will rule them with an iron scepter; you will dash them to pieces like pottery.\u201d Therefore, you kings, be wise; he warned, you rulers of the earth. Serve the LORD with fear and rejoice with trembling. Kiss the Son, lest he be angry and you be destroyed in your way, for his wrath can flare up in a moment. Blessed are all who take refuge in him.<\/p>\n
Bibliography<\/b><\/p>\n
Brown, F., Driver, S.R., and Briggs, C.A. (abbreviated to BDB)<\/b><\/p>\n
1962 A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament<\/i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.<\/p>\n
Cassuto, U.<\/b><\/p>\n
1964 A Commentary on the Book of Genesis<\/i>. 2 vols., Jerusalem: Magnes.<\/p>\n
Frankfort, H.<\/b><\/p>\n
1<\/b>948 Kingship and the Gods.<\/i> Chicago: University Press.<\/p>\n
Heidel, A.<\/b><\/p>\n
1963 The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels,<\/i> Chicago: University Press.<\/p>\n
Jacobsen., T.<\/b><\/p>\n
1939 The Sumerian Kinglist.<\/i> Chicago: University Press.<\/p>\n
Josephus<\/b><\/p>\n
1998 Jewish Antiquities.<\/i> Books I-III, Loeb Classics, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n
Kautzsch, E., ed.<\/b><\/p>\n
1910 Genesius \u2018Hebrew Grammar.<\/i> Oxford: Clarendon.<\/p>\n
Kramer, S. N., ed.<\/b><\/p>\n
1959 History Begins at Sumer<\/i>. Garden City NY: Doubleday.<\/p>\n
Keil, C. F., and Delitzsch, P.<\/b><\/p>\n
1975 Commentary on the Old Testament,<\/i> vol. 1, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.<\/p>\n
Pritchard, J.<\/b><\/p>\n
1969 Ancient Near Eastern Texts and the Old Testament<\/i>. 3rd ed., Princeton: University Press.<\/p>\n
Roux, G.<\/b><\/p>\n
1992 Ancient Iraq,<\/i> 3rd ed.. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK: Penguin.<\/p>\n
Thomas, D.W.<\/b><\/p>\n
1958 Documents From Old Testament Times.<\/i> New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
David P. Livingston Found at Khorsabad, this eighth century BC stone relief is identified as Gilgamesh. The best-known of ancient Mesopotamian heroes, Gilgamesh was king of Uruk in southern Mesopotamia, His story is known in the poetic Gilgamesh Epic, but there is no historical evidence for his exploits in the story. He is described as … Continue reading “WHO
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