Grind
GRIND
See CORN.
Fuente: American Tract Society Bible Dictionary
Grind
(, tachan’, to crush small, Exo 32:20; Deu 9:21; specially with a hand-mill, Jdg 16:21; Num 11:8; also tropically, to oppress the poor by exaction, Isa 3:15. In the expression ‘”let my wife grind for another,” Job 21:10, it is put as the picture of abject poverty and degradation, i.e. let her become his mill- wench or menial; comp. Exo 11:5; Isa 47:2). SEE GRITS.
In the earliest ages men took the pains to roast the kernels of grain (Serv. ad AEn. i, 184), and to pound them (Pliny, 18:23) in a mortar ( ) with a pestle (comp. Num 11:8), and this method of preparing it is still common (in small encampments) among the modern Arabs (Burckhardt, Wahaby, p. 36). Yet the hand-mill (, , ) is an ancient invention (see Virgil. Morel. 19), for it was early employed by the Hebrews (Num 11:8), and continued in use by them to the latest age (being often alluded to in the Talmud under the name , or ) and is still in common use (in villages) among the Orientals (Niebuhr, Beschr. p. 51; Trav. i, 150; comp. Labordei, Commentaire, p. 58). It consisted of two millstones (Plaut. Asinar. ii, 1, 16); the upper one (, the rider, Deu 24:6; 2Sa 11:21; or, fully, , the rider. piece, Jdg 9:53; in Greek, or , Lat. catillus) was movable and slightly concave, so as to fit the surface of the stationary lower one ( , Job 41:16; Gr. , Lat. meta). It was (in poor families) worked by the women (Shaw, Trav. p. 202; Jollife, Trav. p. 377 Burckhardt, Arab. p. 187; Robinson, ii, 405,650; Wellsted, Trav. i, 249; Thomson, Land and Book, ii, 295; see Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt. ii, 223; comp. Mishna, Tohor. 7:4), but in large households, where it was severe toil (Artemid. ii, 42), by slaves (Arvieux, Voy. iii, 204; Burckhardt, Arab. p. 187), as a female employment (Mat 24:41; Luk 17:35), and that of the most menial kind (Exo 11:5; Isa 47:2; Job 31:10; comp. Ecc 12:3; see Odys. 7:103 sq.; Simonid. Iamb. 85 sq.; Plaut. Merc. ii, 3, 62; Theophr. Char. 5; Aristoph. Nub. 1358; Callimach. in Del. 242), but also as a male task, especially in punishment (Jdg 16:21; Lam 5:13; compare Terent. Andr. i, 2, 29; Plant. Paen. v, 3, 33; Asinar. i, 1, 16; Epidic. i, 2, 42; Mostell. i, i, 16; Polluc. Onom. iii, 8; Cic. Quint. i, 2, 4; see Cod. Theodos. 14:3, 7), such culprits being closely fettered (Terent. Phorm. ii, 3, 19; Plaut. Pers. i, 1, 21 sq.), and even blinded (Jdg 16:21), by which means the giddiness arising from per(see Herod. 4:2, and compare the tradition that king Zedekiah was thus treated, Ewald, Isr. Gesch. iii, 445).
An allusion to the noise of these mills, as being somewhat pleasing to the domestic ear (like that of a modern coffee-mill, which conveys an intimation of home comforts), seems to be contained in Jer 25:10; Ecc 12:4; Rev 18:22; others, however, consider these passages to refer to the singing, or rather screaming, of the females employed, as a means of diversion during their toil, or to drown the grating of the millstones (Hackett, Illustra. of Script. p. 80). It was not lawful to distrain the family hand-mill for debt (Deu 24:6). In later times large mills, worked by asses, were used ( Buxtorf, Lexicon Chald. 2252), as by the-Greeks ( , Mat 18:6) and Romans (asini molarii, Varro, R. R. i, 19, 5; Colum. 7:1; Cato, R. R.x, 4; Ovid, Fast. 6:3187 Lucian. Asin. 38:42; Apulej. Metam. 7:p. 153, Bip.; Digest. 33:7, 18), and as are still found in the East (Burckhardt, Spruchv. p. 41; Robinson, i. 161; Russel, Aleppo, i, 100). (On the subject generally, see F. L. Goetze, De pistrinis vet. Cygn. 1730; also in Ugolini Thesaur. xxix; Hoheisel, De molis mannalibus vet. Gedani, 1728; also in Ugolini, lb.; Beckmann, Erfind. ii, I sq.; Mongoz, in the Memoires de l’Institut Roy-ale, class, d’hist, iii, 441 sq.). SEE MILL.
The GRINDERS (, tochanoth’, fem. ones grinding, by allusion to females so employed) of Eccles. 13:3, are evidently the teeth, whose decay is an evidence of old age (comp. tachanah’, mill “grinding,” Eccles. 13:4). SEE CAPER-PLANT.
Fuente: Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature
Grind
(Ex. 32:20; Deut. 9:21; Judg. 16:21), to crush small (Heb. tahan); to oppress the poor (Isa. 3:5). The hand-mill was early used by the Hebrews (Num. 11:8). It consisted of two stones, the upper (Deut. 24:6; 2 Sam. 11:21) being movable and slightly concave, the lower being stationary. The grinders mentioned Eccl. 12:3 are the teeth. (See MILL)
Fuente: Easton’s Bible Dictionary
Grind
signifies “to grind at the mill,” Mat 24:41; Luk 17:35. The Sept. has both the earlier form aleo, Isa 47:2, and the later one aletho, used in the Koine period, Num 11:8; Jdg 16:21; Ecc 12:3-4.
primarily of animal sounds, “to chirp, cry,” etc., is used of grinding the teeth, Mar 9:18, RV, “grindeth” (AV, “gnasheth with”). See GNASH.
Note: In Mat 21:44; Luk 20:18, likmao, “to winnow,” as of grain, by throwing it up against the wind, to scatter the chaff and straw, hence has the meaning “to scatter,” as chaff or dust, and is translated “will scatter … as dust,” RV (AV, “will grind … to powder”). In the Sept. it is used of being scattered by the wind or of sifting (cp. Amo 9:9). The use of the verb in the papyri writings suggests the meaning, “to ruin, destroy” (Deissmann).
Fuente: Vine’s Dictionary of New Testament Words
Grind
See MILL.
Fuente: Biblical and Theological Dictionary
Grind
Job 31:10 (b) This is a symbol of subserviency and recompense. Isa 3:15 (b) By this symbol is indicated the cruel hardships placed upon the poor by the powerful rich.
Mat 21:44 (a) This figure indicates the power of GOD to punish His enemies and the power of CHRIST to punish those who reject and refuse Him. (See Luk 20:18).