Stranger and Sojourner (in the Old Testament)
Stranger and Sojourner (in the Old Testament)
stranjer:
I.THE GER
1.Legal provisions
(1)Principles
(2)Rules
2.Relation to Sacrifice and Ritual
3.Historical Circumstances
II.THE TOSHABH
III.THE NOKHRI OR BEN NEKHAR
1.Marriage
2.Exclusion of Some Races from the Assembly
IV.THE ZAR
Four different Hebrew words must be considered separately: (1) , ger, the American Standard Revised Version sojourner or stranger; (2) , toshabh, the American Standard Revised Version sojourner; (3) , nokhr, , ben nekhar, the American Standard Revised Version foreigner; (4) , zar, the American Standard Revised Version stranger.
I. The Ger.
This word with its kindred verb is applied with slightly varying meanings to anyone who resides in a country or a town of which he is not a full native land-owning citizen; e.g., the word is used of the patriarchs in Palestine, the Israelites in Egypt, the Levites dwelling among the Israelites (Deu 18:6; Jdg 17:7, etc.), the Ephraimite in Gibeah (Jdg 19:16). It is also particularly used of free aliens residing among the Israelites, and it is with the position of such that this article deals. This position is absolutely unparalleled in early legal systems (A. H. Post, Grundriss der ethnologischen Jurisprudenz, I, 448, note 3), which are usually far from favorable to strangers.
1. Legal Provisions:
(1) Principles.
The dominant principles of the legislation are most succinctly given in two passages: He loveth the ger in giving him food and raiment (Deu 10:18); And if a ger sojourn with thee (variant you) in your land, ye shall not do him wrong. The ger that sojourneth with you shall be unto you as the home-born among you, and thou shalt love him as thyself; for ye were germ in the land of Egypt (Lev 19:33 f). This treatment of the stranger is based partly on historic recollection, partly on the duty of the Israelite to his God. Because the ger would be at a natural disadvantage through his alienage, he becomes one of the favorites of a legislation that gives special protection to the weak and helpless.
(2) Rules.
In nationality the freeman followed his father, so that the son of a ger and an Israelitess was himself a ger (Lev 24:10-22). Special care was to be taken to do him no judicial wrong (Deu 1:16; Deu 24:17; Deu 27:19). In what may roughly be called criminal law it was enacted that the same rules should apply to germ as to natives (Lev 18:26, which is due to the conception that certain abominations defile a land; Lev 20:2, where the motive is also religious; Lev 24:10-22; see SBL, 84 ff; Num 35:15). A free Israelite who became his slave was subject to redemption by a relative at any time on payment of the fair price (Lev 25:47 ff). This passage and Deu 28:43 contemplate the possibility of a stranger’s becoming wealthy, but by far the greater number of the legal provisions regard him as probably poor. Thus provision is made for him to participate in tithes (Deu 14:29; Deu 26:12), gleanings of various sorts and forgotten sheaves (Lev 19:10; Lev 23:22; Deu 24:19, Deu 24:20, Deu 24:21), and poor hired servants were not to be oppressed (Deu 24:14).
2. Relation to Sacrifice and Ritual:
Nearly all the main holy days apply to the ger. He was to rest on the Sabbath (Exo 20:10; Exo 23:12, etc.), to rejoice on Weeks and Tabernacles (Dt 16), to observe the Day of Atonement (Lev 16:29), to have no leaven on the Festival of Unleavened Bread (Exo 12:19). But he could not keep the Passover unless he underwent circumcision (Exo 12:48). He could not eat blood at any rate during the wilderness period (Lev 17:10-12), and for that period, but not thereafter, he was probihited from eating that which died of itself (Lev 17:15; Deu 14:21) under pain of being unclean until the even. He could offer sacrifices (Lev 17:8 f; Lev 22:18; Num 15:14 f), and was subject to the same rules as a native for unwitting sins (Num 15:22-31), and for purification for uncleanness by reason of contact with a dead body (Num 19:10-13).
3. Historical Circumstances:
The historical circumstances were such as to render the position of the resident alien important from the first. A mixed multitude went up with the Israelites from Egypt, and after the conquest we find Israelites and the races of Palestine living side by side throughout the country. We repeatedly read of resident aliens in the historical books, e.g. Uriah the Hittite. According to 2Ch 2:17 f (Hebrew 16 f) there was a very large number of such in the days of Solomon, but the figure may be excessive. These seem to have been the remnant of the conquered tribes (1Ki 9:20 f). Ezekiel in his vision assigned to germ landed inheritance among the Israelites (Eze 47:22 f). Hospitality to the ger was of course a religious duty and the host would go to any lengths to protect his guest (Gen 19; Jdg 19:24).
II. The Toshabh.
Of the toshabh we know very little. It is possible that the word is practically synonymous with ger, but perhaps it is used of less permanent sojourning. Thus in Lev 22:10 it appears to cover anybody residing with a priest. A toshabh could not eat the Passover or the holy things of a priest (Exo 12:45; Lev 22:10). His children could be purchased as perpetual slaves, and the law of the Jubilee did not apply to them as to Israelites (Lev 25:45). He is expressly mentioned in the law of homicide (Num 35:15), but otherwise we have no information as to his legal position. Probably it was similar to that of the ger.
III. The Nokhri Ben Nekhar.
The nokhr or ben nekhar was a foreigner. The word is far wider than those considered above. It covers everything of alien or foreign character regardless of the place of residence. By circumcision a foreign slave could enter into the covenant with Abraham. Foreigners were of course excluded from the Passover (Exo 12:43), but could offer sacrifices to Israel’s God at the religious capital (Lev 22:25). The Israelite could exact interest of them (Deu 23:20) and the payment of debts in cases where an Israelite debtor was protected by the release of Deu 15:3. Moses forbade the appointment of a foreigner as a ruler (Deu 17:15, in a law which according to Massoretic Text relates to a king, but in the preferable text of Septuagint to a ruler generally). Later the worship of God by foreigners from a distance was contemplated and encouraged (1Ki 8:41-43; Isa 2:2 f; Isa 56:3, Isa 56:6 f; etc.), while the case of Naaman shows that a foreigner might worship Him abroad (2Ki 5:17). A resident foreigner was of course a ger. The distinction between these three words is perhaps best seen in Exo 12:43, Exo 12:45, Exo 12:48 f. in the first of these verses we have ben nekhar, used to cover alien generally; in the last the ger is contemplated as likely to undergo a complete naturalization; while in Exo 12:45 the toshabh is regarded as certain to be outside the religious society.
1. Marriage:
In the earlier period marriages with foreigners are common, though disliked (e.g. Gen 24:3; Gen 27:46 ff; Num 12:1; Jdg 14:3, etc.). The Law provides for some unions of this kind (Deu 21:10 ff; compare Num 31:18), but later Judaism became more stringent. Moses required the high priest to marry a virgin of his own people (Lev 21:14); Ezekiel limited all descendants of Zadok to wives of the house of Israel (Eze 44:22); Ezra and Nehemiah carried on a vigorous polemic against the intermarriage of any Jew with foreign women (Ezr 10; Neh 13:23-31).
2. Exclusion of Some Races from Assembly:
Deuteronomy further takes up a hostile attitude to Ammonites and Moabites, excluding them from the assembly of the Lord even to the tenth generation, while the children of the third generation of Edomites and Egyptians could enter it (Deu 23:3-8 (Hebrew 4-9)). From 1Ki 9:20, 1Ki 9:21, 1Ki 9:24; 1Ch 22:2 we learn of the existence of foreign quarters in Israel.
IV. The Zar.
The remaining word zar means stranger and takes its coloring from the context. It may mean stranger in blood, e.g. non-Aaronite (Num 16:40 (Hebrew 17:5)), or non-Levite (e.g. Num 1:51), or a non-member of some other defined family (Deu 25:5). In opposition to priest it means lay (Lev 22:10-13), and when the contrast is with holy, it denotes profane (Exo 30:9). See FOREIGNER; GENTILE; PROSELYTE; CHERETHITES; PELETHITES; MARRIAGE; COMMERCE.