Tung

T’ung

Mere identity, or sameness, especially in social institutions and standards, which is inferior to harmony (ho) in which social distinctions and differences are in complete concord. (Confucianism).

Agreement, as in “agreement with the superiors” (shang t’ung).

The method of agreement, which includes identity, generic relationship, co-existence, and partial resemblance. “Identity means two substances having one name. Generic relationship means inclusion in the same whole. Both being in the same room is a case of co-existence. Partial resemblance means having some points of resemblance.” See Mo chi. (Neo-Mohism). — W.T.C.

Fuente: The Dictionary of Philosophy

Tung

(a) Activity; motion; “the constant feature of the active or male cosmic principle (yang)” of the universe, just as passivity is the constant feature of the passive or female cosmic principle (yin). According to Chou Lien-hsi 1017-1173), “the Great Ultimate (T’ai Chi) moves, becomes active, and generates the active principle (yang). When its activity reaches its limit, it becomes tranquil, engendering the passive principle (yin). When the Great Ultimate becomes completely tranquil, it begins to move again. Thus, movement and tranquillity alternate and become the occasion of each other, giving rise to the distinction of yin and yang, and the Two Primary Modes are thus established.” To the entire Neo Confucian school, activity is potential tranquillity (ching).

(b) Being moved, being awakened, in the sense that it is the nature of man to be tranquil, but when man comes into contact with external things, his nature is moved, and desires and passions follow. (Confucianism) — W.T.C.

Fuente: The Dictionary of Philosophy