AQUILA AND PRISCILLA
Aquila And Priscilla
(or Prisca)* [Note: Luke uses the from Priscilla (in Acts), St. Paul the form Prisca (in his Epistles).]
The references to this husband and wife are Acts 18, Rom 16:3, 1Co 16:19, and 2Ti 4:19. These passages suggest that Aquila and Priscilla were, in St. Pauls eyes, people of importance in the early Church, though ecclesiastical tradition has little to say about them. The careful description of Aquila as a Jew, a man of Pontus by race (Act 18:2), rather implies that Priscilla his wife was not a Jewess; because her name is usually put first, it is thought that she was of higher social standing than her husband. Evidence has been offered by de Rossi that Priscilla was a well-connected Roman lady. Discussing this evidence, Sanday and Headlam suggest that both Aquila and Priscilla were freedmen of a member of the Acilian gens (Romans5, 420). But they admit the possibility of Priscilla being a member of some distinguished Roman family. Ramsay strongly urges this theory, and it explains much in the story-their social position, their command of money, their influence in Rome, their freedom from Jewish prejudices, etc. Another explanation of why Priscillas name comes first may be that she was the more vigorous and intelligent Christian worker. Thus Harnack describes them as Prisca the missionary, with her husband Aquila (Expansion of Christianity2, i. 79).
Aquila and Priscilla came from Italy to Corinth, because Claudius had commanded all the Jews to depart from Rome (Act 18:2). Suetonius says the expulsion was caused by a series of disturbances due to the action of Chrestus (Claud. 25); i.e. Christian ferment was one cause of the edict. It is probable, therefore, that Aquila and Priscilla had been influenced in Rome by Christian teaching, though it cannot be decided whether they were already converts to Christianity. For this reason they were compelled to leave the country, though the edict was not rigidly enforced on all Jews. Priscilla accompanied her Jewish husband to Corinth, where they followed their trade as tent-makers. They seem always to have been able to maintain a fair position, for their house was a meeting-place for the Church both in Ephesus and in Rome. Probably, then, they were people of considerable means, though their expulsion from Rome limited their resources for a time. Comradeship in trade is given as the reason why St. Paul lodged with Aquila and Priscilla in Corinth; but their favourable attitude to Christianity must have been a strong inducement on both sides. Under St. Pauls influence they became not only earnest Christians, but also enthusiastic helpers of the Apostle. Writing to the Corinthian Church in after years, the Apostle says: Aquila and Priscilla greet you much in the Lord (1Co 16:19). This is a warm personal greeting, in the way not merely of friendship but of love and service to Christ-a suitable greeting from those who had helped St. Paul to found the Church.
When St. Paul went to Ephesus, Aquila and Priscilla went with him and remained there to do pioneer work whilst he visited Jerusalem. They shrank from the responsibility, and wanted the Apostle to remain (Act 18:20). But he urged them to stay, promising to return. So the initial work in Ephesus was done by Aquila and Priscilla. They tried to prepare the ground before St. Paul returned, and to sow the seed of Christian teaching as far as they were able. During this time Apollos (q.v. [Note: quod vide, which see.] ) came to Ephesus, with his imperfect apprehension of Christianity. Aquila and Priscilla admired his learning and his earnestness; and, recognizing that such a man must either be a strong supporter of the cause or an influential opponent, they did their best to instruct him more carefully (Act 18:26). Subsequent events throw doubt on the ability of this couple, who were themselves recent converts, to educate the eloquent Alexandrian in the Pauline interpretation of the gospel. Would not his presence overshadow Aquila and Priscilla, tending to make their work more difficult? The elementary and even chaotic state of things in Ephesus at this period is shown by the incident of the twelve men knowing only the baptism of John whom St. Paul found when he returned to the city (Act 19:1 ff.). As nothing is said about the baptism of Apollos, and as the twelve men had not heard whether the Holy Spirit was given, it seems unlikely that there had been any Christian baptism in Ephesus before St. Paul came to superintend the work. Nevertheless, Aquila and Priscilla seem to have fulfilled their mission with skill and courage; and, when a Church was gathered, the members met in their house (1Co 16:19). This may explain their presence in Rome when the Epistle to the Romans was written. As St. Paul left them in Ephesus to do pioneering work, so he seems to have sent them to Rome to prepare the way for his coming there. The decree of expulsion was not enforced permanently; their connexion with a leading Roman family made it more possible for them to return to Rome than for Jews with no influence; whilst their knowledge of the city, their social standing, as well as their experience in Corinth and in Ephesus, with their devotion to himself, fitted them pre-eminently for such work as St. Paul contemplated.
The recognition of the social position of this devoted couple, and of their valuable pioneering work, invests them with special interest as having assisted St. Paul in his missionary labours in a unique way. Their devotion to the Apostle was signalized in some remarkable fashion, apparently when he was in danger. His description of them as my fellow-workers in Christ Jesus, who for my life laid down their own necks; unto whom not only I give thanks but also all the churches of the Gentiles (Rom 16:3-4), sets them side by side with the Apostle. They have laboured along with him in a pre-eminent manner, and have attested their worth as independent workers (cf. Weizscker, i. 394). They furnish the most beautiful example known to us in the Apostolic Age of the power for good that could be exerted by a husband and wife working in unison for the advancement of the Gospel (McGiffert, 428).
The references to Aquila and Priscilla have been used as arguments against the historicity of parts of Acts and in favour of treating Romans 16 as not part of that Epistle. But the two reasons relied on are not strong enough to carry the conclusions. It is supposed that both were Jews (so Weizscker, McGiffert; cf. Lightfoot on Phil.4, 1878, p. 16)-though Priscilla was probably a Roman; and their migratory life is fully explained if they were people of means, who became enthusiastic helpers in St. Pauls missionary labours, and whom he selected to do pioneering work in Ephesus and in Rome. In particular their return to Ephesus at a later period (2Ti 4:19) is quite comprehensible. Not only would they have trade connexions with the city, but also their presence would be specially welcome because they had been actually the founders of the Church.
Aquila and Priscilla have been selected by some scholars as likely authors of Hebrews. Harnack has argued strongly for this suggestion, and Rendel Harris favours it. M. Dods says: All that we know of Aquila seems to fit the conditions as well as any name that has been suggested (Com. on Hebrews [Expositors Greek Testament ], 234). It has to be said, however, that the suggestion implies a closer intimacy with Judaism than seems likely in their case. The influence of the Roman wife probably preponderated over the Jewish influence of the husband. They were not Christians of the Judaistic type, but cordial workers on Pauline lines among Gentiles. At the same time, the discussion of a Jews difficulties by such a vigorous mind as Priscilla possessed may have qualified Aquila to write Hebrews with his wifes help. It is a question, however, whether their authorship would harmonize with the independent use of Pauline thoughts characteristic of the Epistle (cf. Expositor, 8th ser., v. 371ff.).
Literature.-articles in Hasting’s Dictionary of the Bible (5 vols) on Aquila, Priscilla, Corinth, Corinthians; in Encyclopaedia Biblica (by Schmiedel) on Acts and Aquila; and in Schaff-Herzog [Note: chaff-Herzog The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia (Eng. tr. of PRE).] on Aquila; Sanday-Headlam, Romans 5, Edinburgh, 1902, Introd. 3, and p. xl, also pp. 418-420; W. M. Ramsay, St. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen, London, 1895, pp. 253ff., 267ff.; A. Harnack, Expansion of Christianity2, do. 1908, i. 75 and 79; C. v. Weizscker, The Apostolic Age, i. 2 [do. 1897] 307ff.; O. Pfleiderer. Primitive Christianity, i. [do. 1906] 246; A. C. McGiffert, Apostolic Age, Edinburgh, 1897, pp. 273, 427f.; Expositors Greek Testament , Hebrews, Introd. p. 228, Acts of Apostles, p. 383, Romans, pp. 560, 718f.
J. E. Roberts.
Fuente: Dictionary of the Apostolic Church
Aquila and Priscilla
(1st century ) Jewish tent-makers. Converted to Christianity , they entertained Saint Paul in Corinth and later at Ephesus . They are mentioned in Acts 18; Romans 16; 1 Corinthians 16; and 2 Timothy 4. Feast , 8 July .
Fuente: New Catholic Dictionary
Aquila and Priscilla
(Or Prisca.)
Jewish tentmakers, who left Rome (Aquila was a native of Pontus) in the Jewish persecution under Claudius, 49 or 50, and settled in Corinth, where they entertained St. Paul, as being of their trade, on his first visit to the town (Acts 18:1 ff.). The time of their conversion to the Faith is not known. They accompanied St. Paul to Ephesus (Acts 18:18-19), instructed the Alexandrian Apollo, entertained the Apostle Paul at Ephesus for three years, during his third missionary journey, kept a Christian church in their house (1 Corinthians 16:19), left Ephesus for Rome, probably after the riot stirred up by the silversmith Demetrius (Acts 19:24-40), kept in Rome also a church in their house (Romans 16:3-5), but soon left that city, probably on account of the persecution of Nero, and settled again at Ephesus (2 Timothy 4:l9). The Roman Martyrology commemorates them on 8 July. It is not known why Scripture several times names Priscilla before Aquila; the different opinions are given by Cornely, (Rom., 772). A number of modern difficulties based on the frequent change of residence of Aquila and Priscilla are treated by Cornely, (Romans 16:3-5).
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HAGEN, Lexicon Biblicum (Paris, 1905); LE CAMUS in VIG., Dict. de la Bible (Paris, 1895); KLOSS and KAULEN in Kirchenlex. (Freiburg, 1882).
J. MAAS Transcribed by the Cloistered Dominican Nuns of the Monastery of the Infant Jesus, Lufkin, Texas Dedicated to an increase in vocations to the religious life
The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume ICopyright © 1907 by Robert Appleton CompanyOnline Edition Copyright © 2003 by K. KnightNihil Obstat, March 1, 1907. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., CensorImprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York
Fuente: Catholic Encyclopedia
Aquila and Priscilla
Always spoken of together. Husband and wife one in Christ. She is named Prisca Rom 16:3 in the three oldest manuscripts; Priscilla is its diminutive (2Ti 4:19), the name of endearment. As she is often named first (only in Act 18:2; 1Co 16:19 Aquila has the first place; Act 18:26 in Sin., Vat., Alex. manuscripts has Priscilla first), she seems to have been the more energetic Christian. Paul found them at Corinth on his first visit there (Act 18:2). They had been driven from Rome by Claudius’ decree (mentioned also by Suetonius, Claud., c. 25, who, confounding Judaism with Christianity, writes: “he banished from Rome the Jews who were constantly making disturbances instigated by one Chrestus,” i.e. Christ).
Aquila was a Jew, born in Pontus (as was the Aquila who translated the Old Testament into Greek); the name is Latin, assumed as Jews often took a Roman name, when thrown into much intercourse with Romans. Their common work, making the Cilician hair or tent cloth, threw Paul and him together, and probably led to his and Priscilla’s conversion. A year and a half after Priscilla and Aquila accompanied Paul from Corinth to Ephesus on his way to Syria. There they remained and taught Apollos the way of the Lord more perfectly (Act 18:18-28). (See APOLLOS.) In 1Co 16:19 we find them still at Ephesus, and having “a church (assembling) in their house.” So also at Rome (Rom 16:3-5): “My helpers in Christ Jesus; who have for my life laid down their own necks: unto whom not only I give thanks, but also all the churches of the Gentiles. Greet the church that is in their house.”
Afterward we find them near Timothy, in or about Ephesus (2Ti 4:19). The use of opportunities is one great lesson from their history. Paul probably availed himself of his intercourse in their common trade to bring the gospel home to the Jew Aquila, he to his wife. She and he together, as true yokefellows in the Lord, to all within their reach; to Apollos, who became the mighty champion of Christianity, convincing the Jews from the Scriptures at Corinth; setting up “a church in their house” wherever they were: in Ephesus; then at Rome, risking their lives for Paul, and earning thanks of “all the churches of the Gentiles.”
Fuente: Fausset’s Bible Dictionary
Aquila And Priscilla
AQUILA AND PRISCILLA.The names of a married couple first mentioned by St. Paul in 1Co 16:19, and by St. Luke in Act 18:2. Only in these passages do the names occur in this order; in later references the order is always Priscilla and Aquila (Act 18:18; Act 18:26, Rom 16:3, 2Ti 4:19). A natural inference from this fact is that Priscilla was a more active worker in the Christian Church than her husband. In favour of this view is the statement of Chrysostom (i. 306 D [Note: Deuteronomist.] , 177 A, iii. 176 B, C) that it was Priscillas careful expositions of the way of God (Act 18:26) that proved so helpful to Apollos. On this testimony Harnack bases his ingenious but doubtful theory that Priscilla was the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews. From the prominence given in Roman inscriptions and legends to the name Prisca (St. Paul) or its dimioutive Priscilla (St. Luke), Hort concludes that she belonged to a distinguished Roman family (Rom. and Eph. p. 12 ff.). Aquila was a Jew of Eastern origina man of Pontus by race (Act 18:2).
From Rome, Aquila and Priscilla were driven by the edict of Claudius (a.d. 52). As the unrest among the Jews, which led to their expulsion, arose through the instigation of Chrestus, it is not improbable that Aquila and Priscilla were at least sympathizers with Christianity before they met St. Paul. On this supposition their ready welcome of the Apostle to their home at Corinth is most easily explained. Their hospitality had a rich reward; both in private and in public they were privileged to listen to St. Pauls persuasive reasonings (Act 18:4). Nor was the advantage all on one side; from these fellow-workers in Christ Jesus (Rom 16:3) it is probable, as Ramsay suggests (Hastings DB [Note: Dictionary of the Bible.] I. p. 482), that the Apostle of the Gentiles learnt the central importance of Rome in the development of the Church. We may fairly associate with this friendship the maturing of St. Pauls plan for evangelizing Rome and the West, which we find already fully arranged a little later (Act 19:21, Rom 15:24).
At the close of St. Pauls eighteen months residence in Corinth, Aquila and Priscilla accompanied him to Ephesus. At their house Christians assembled for worship, and, according to an early gloss (DG al) on 1Co 16:19, the Apostle again lodged with them. At Ephesus they remained whilst St. Paul visited Jerusalem; there Apollos, the eloquent Alexandrian, profited greatly from their ripe Christian experience, and learnt, from one or both of them, the secret of power in ministering the gospel of grace (Act 18:26 ff.); there also it is probable that they made the churches of the Gentiles their debtors by risking their lives in defence of St. Paul. The allusion to this courageous deed is in Rom 16:3, and from this passage we learn that Aquila and Priscilla sojourned for a while in Rome, where once more their hospitable home became a rendezvous for Christians. This statement affords no ground for disputing the integrity of the Epistle. Their former connexion with Rome, their Interest in the Church of Christ in the imperial city, and their migratory habits, rather furnish presumptive evidence in favour of such a visit. From these trusted friends St. Paul may have received the encouraging tidings which made him long to see his fellow-believers in Rome (Rom 1:11). The last NT reference to this devoted pair shows that they returned to Ephesus (2Ti 4:19); their fellowship with Timothy would, doubtless, tend to his strengthening in the grace that is in Christ Jesus (21).
J. G. Tasker.
Fuente: Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible
Aquila and Priscilla
Christians at Corinth
Act 18:1-3; Act 18:18-19; Act 18:26
Friendship of, for Paul
Rom 16:3-4
Paul sends salutations to
2Ti 4:19
Fuente: Nave’s Topical Bible
AQUILA AND PRISCILLA
banished from Rome, labour with Paul
Act 18:2; Act 18:26; Rom 16:3; 2Ti 4:19