Elder
Elder
Elder preserves better than presbyter the history of the title, which goes back to the fact that tribes wore governed by the heads of their component families. Elder is probably the earliest name, after apostle, for a Christian official (Act 11:30). See Bishop and Church Government.
A. Plummer.
Fuente: Dictionary of the Apostolic Church
ELDER
An overseer, ruler, leader. Elders, or seniors, in ancient Jewish polity, were persons the most considerable for age, experience, and wisdom. Of this sort were the 7- men whom Moses associated with himself in the government: such likewise afterwards were those who held the first rank in the synagogue as presidents.
Elders, in church history, were originally those who held the first place in the assemblies of the primitive Christians. The word presbyter is often used in the New Testament in this signification; hence the first councils of Christians were called Presbyteria, or councils of elders.
Elders in the presbyterian discipline, are officers, who, in conjunction with the ministers and deacons, compose the kirk sessions, who formerly used to inspect and regulate matters of religion and discipline; but whose principal business now is to take care of the poor’s funds. They are chosen from among the people, and are received publicly with some degree of ceremony. In Scotland there is an indefinite number of elders in each parish, generally about twelve.
See PRESBYTERIANS. It has long been a matter of dispute, whether there are any such officers as lay-elders mentioned in Scripture. On the one side it is observed, that these officers are no where mentioned as being alone or single, but always as being many in every congregation. They are also mentioned separately from the brethren. Their office, more than once, is described as being distinct from that of preaching, not only in Rom 12:1-21 : where he that ruleth is expressly distinguished from him that exhorteth or teacheth, but also in that passage, 1Ti 5:17. On the other side it is said, that from the above-mentioned passages, nothing can be collected with certainty to establish this opinion; neither can it be inferred from any other passage that churches should be furnished with such officers, though perhaps prudence, in some circumstances, may make them expedient. “I incline to think, ” says Dr. Guise, on the passage 1Ti 5:17, “that the apostle intends only preaching elders, when he directs double honour to be paid to the elders that rule well, especially those who labour in the word and doctrine; and that the distinction lies not in the order of officers, but in the degree of their diligence, faithfulness, and eminence in laboriously fulfilling their ministerial work; and to the emphasis is to be laid on the word labour in the word and doctrine, which has an especially annexed to it.”
Fuente: Theological Dictionary
Elder
(properly , zaken’; , a term which is plainly the origin of our word “priest;” Saxon preoster and presfe, then priest, High and Low Dutch priester, French prestre and pretre, Ital. prete, Span. presbytero), literally, one of the older men; and because, in ancient times, older persons would naturally be selected to ‘hold public offices, out of regard to their presumed superiority in knowledge and experience, the term came to be used as the designation for the office itself, borne by an individual of whatever age. (See Gesenius, Hebrews Lex. s.v.) Such is the origin of the words (a council of elders), senatus, alderman, etc.
I. In the O.T. The term elder was one of extensive use, as an official title, among the Hebrews and the surrounding nations. It applied to various offices; Eliezer, for instance, is described as the “old man of the house,” i.e., the major-domo (Gen 24:2); the officers of Pharaoh’s household (Gen 1:1-31; Gen 7:1-24), and, at a later period, David’s head servants (2Sa 12:17) were so termed; while in Eze 27:9 the “old men of Gebal” are the master-workmen. But the term “elder” appears to be also expressive of respect and reverence in general, as signore, seigneur, seseor, etc. The word occurs in this sense in Gen 1:7, “Joseph went up to bury his father, and with him went up all the servants of Pharaoh, the elders of his house, and all the elders of the land of Egypt” (Sept. , Vulg. senes). These elders of Egypt were probably the various state officers. As betokening a political office, it applied not only to the Hebrews and Egyptians, but also to the Moabites and Midianites (Num 22:7). The elders of Israel, of whom such frequent mention is made, may have been, in early times, the lineal descendants of the patriarchs (Exo 12:21). To the elders Moses was directed to open his commission (Exo 3:16 . They accompanied Moses in his first interview with Pharaoh, as the representatives of the Hebrew nation (Exo 3:18); through them Moses issued his communications and commands to the whole people (Exo 19:7; Deu 31:9); they were his immediate attendants in all great transactions in the wilderness (Exo 17:5); seventy of their number were selected to attend Moses, Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, at the giving of the law (Exo 24:1), on which occasion they are called the nobles (, lit. deep-rooted. i.e., of high-born stock; Sept. ) of the children of Israel, who did eat and drink before God, in ratification of the covenant, as representatives of the nation (Exo 24:11). In Num 11:16-17, we meet with the appointment of seventy elders to bear the burden of the people along with Moses; these were selected by Moses out of the whole number of the elders, and are described as being already officers over the children of Israel. It is the opinion of Michaelis that this council chosen to assist Moses should not be confounded with the Sanhedrim, which, he thinks, was not instituted till after the return from the Babylonish captivity. SEE SANHEDRIM.
He observes that these seventy elders were not chosen to be judges of the people, who had already more than 60,000 judges. He also argues that the election of seventy additional judges would have done but little towards suppressing the rebellion which led Moses to adopt this proceeding; but that it seems more likely to have been his intention to form a supreme senate to take a share in the government, consisting of the most respectable persons, either for family or merit, which would materially support his power and influence among the people in general; would unite large and powerful families, and give an air of aristocracy to his government, which had hitherto been deemed too monarchical. He further infers that this council was not permanent, not being once alluded to from the death of Moses till the Babylonish captivity; that Moses did not fill up the vacancies occasioned by deaths, and that it ceased altogether in the wilderness. Wherever a patriarchal system is in force, the office of the elder will be found as the keystone of the social and political fabric; it is so at the present day among the Arabs, where the sheik (=the old man) is the highest authority in the tribe. That the title originally had reference to age is obvious; and age was naturally a concomitant of the office at all periods (Jos 24:31; 1Ki 12:6), even when the term had acquired its secondary sense. At what period the transition occurred, in other words, when the word elder acquired an official signification, it is impossible to say. The earliest notice of the elders acting in concert as a political body is at the time of the Exodus. We need not assume that the order was then called into existence, but rather that Moses availed himself of an institution already existing and recognised by his countrymen, and that, in short, “the elders of Israel” (Exo 3:16; Exo 4:29) had been the senate (Sept. ) of the people ever since they had become a people. The position which the elders held in the Mosaic constitution, and more particularly in relation to the people, is described under CONGREGATION SEE CONGREGATION.
They were the representatives of the people, so much so that elders and people are occasionally used as equivalent terms (comp. Jos 24:1 with 2, 19, 21; 1Sa 8:4 with 7, 10, 19). Their authority was undefined, and extended to all matters concerning the public weal; nor did the people question the validity of their acts, even when they disapproved of them (Jos 9:18). When the tribes became settled the elders were distinguished by different titles, according as they were acting as national representatives (“elders of Israel,” 1Sa 4:3; 1Ki 8:1; 1Ki 8:3; “of the land,” 1Ki 20:7; “of Judah,” 2Ki 23:1; Eze 8:1), as district governors over the several tribes (Deu 31:28; 2Sa 19:11), or as local magistrates in the provincial towns, appointed in conformity with Deu 16:18, whose duty it was to sit in the gate and administer justice (Deu 19:12; Deu 21:3; Deu 22:15; Rth 4:9; Rth 4:11; 1Ki 21:8; Jdg 10:6); their number and influence may be inferred from 1Sa 30:26 sq. They retained their position under all the political changes which the Jews underwent: under the judges (Jdg 2:7; Jdg 8:14; Jdg 11:5; 1Sa 4:3; 1Sa 8:4); in the time of Samuel (1Sa 16:4); under Saul (1Sa 30:26), David (1Ch 21:16), and the later kings (2Sa 17:4; 1Ki 12:6; 1Ki 20:8; 1Ki 21:11); during the captivity (Jer 29:1; Eze 8:1; Eze 14:1; Eze 20:1); subsequently to the return (Ezr 5:5; Ezr 6:7; Ezr 6:14; Ezr 10:8; Ezr 10:14); under the Maccabees, when they were described sometimes as the senate (; 1Ma 12:6; 2Ma 1:10; 2Ma 4:44; 2Ma 11:27; Josephus, Ant. 12:3, 3), sometimes by their ordinary title (1Ma 7:33; 1Ma 11:23; 1Ma 12:35); and, lastly, at the commencement of the Christian aera, when they are noticed as a distinct body from the Sanhedrim, but connected with it as one of the classes whence its members were selected, and always acting in conjunction with it and the other dominant classes. SEE COUNCIL.
Thus they are associated sometimes with the chief priests (Mat 21:23), sometimes with the chief priests and the scribes (Mat 16:21), or the council (Mat 26:59), always taking an active part in the management of public affairs. Luke describes the whole order by the collective term , i.e. eldership (Luk 22:66; Act 22:5).. Like the scribes, they obtained their seat in the Sanhedrim by election, or nomination from the executive authority. SEE AGE.
II. In the New Testament and in the Apostolical Church. In the article BISHOP SEE BISHOP (1:818 sq.), the origin and functions of the eldership in the N.T. and in the early Church are treated at some length, especially with regard to the question of the original identity of bishops and presbyters (or elders). Referring our readers to that discussion, we add here the following points.
1. Origin of the office. No specific account of the origin of the eldership in the Christian Church is given in the N.T. “The demand for it arose, no doubt, very early; as, notwithstanding the wider diffusion of gifts not restricted to office, provision was to be made plainly for the regular and fixed instruction and conduct of the rapidly multiplying churches. The historical pattern for it was presented in the Jewish synagogue, namely, in the college or bench of elders (, Luk 7:3; , Mar 5:22; Act 13:15), who conducted the functions of public worship, prayer, reading, and exposition of the Scriptures. We meet Christian presbyters for the first time (Act 11:30) at Jerusalem, on the occasion of the collection sent from the Christians of Antioch for the relief of their brethren in Judaea. From thence the institution passed over not only to all the Jewish Christian churches, but to those also which were planted among the Gentiles. From the example of the household of Stephanas at Corinth (1Co 16:15) we see that the first converts (the ) ordinarily were chosen to this office, a fact expressly confirmed also by Clemens Romanus” (1 Corinthians c. 13). Schaff, in Meth. Quart. Rev. Oct. 1851; Apostolic Church, 132. “The creation of the office of elder is nowhere recorded in the N.T., as in the case of deacons and apostles, because the latter offices were created to meet new and special emergencies, while the former was transmitted from the earliest times. In other words, the office of elder was the only permanent essential office of the Church under either dispensation” (Princeton Review, 19:61). The Jewish eldership, according to this view, was tacitly transferred from the Old Dispensation to the New, without express or formal institution, except in Gentile churches, where no such office had a previous existence (comp. Act 11:30; Act 14:23).
2. Functions of the Elders. The “elders” of the N.T. Church were plainly the “pastors” (Eph 4:11), “bishops, or overseers” (Act 20:28, etc.); “leaders” and rulers” (Heb 13:7; 1Th 5:12, etc.) of the flock. But they were not only leaders and rulers, but also the ” regular teachers of the congregation, to whom pertained officially the exposition of the Scriptures, the preaching of the Gospel, and the administration of the sacraments. That this function was closely connected with the other is apparent, even from the conjunction of ‘pastors and teachers,’ Eph 4:11, where the terms, as we have already seen, denote the same persons. The same association of ruling and teaching occurs Heb 13:7 : ‘Remember them which have the rule over you (), who have spoken unto you the word of God ( ), whose faith follow, considering the end of their conversation’ (comp. Heb 13:17). Especially decisive, however, are the instructions of the pastoral epistles, where Paul, among the requirements for the presbyterate, in addition to a blameless character and a talent for business and government, expressly mentions also ability to teach (1Ti 3:2): ‘A bishop must be blameless, the husband of one wife, vigilant, sober, of good behavior, given to hospitality, apt to teach’ (), etc.; so also Tit 1:9, where it is required of a bishop that he shall hold fast the faithful word as he hath been taught ( ), that he may be able by sound doctrine both to exhort and to convince the gainsayers'” (Schaff, 1.c.). It is not improbable (indeed, several passages in the New Testament seem clearly to favor the notion) that many persons were ordained elders in the apostolical age who were not, and could not be, separated from their temporal occupations. “At first, those who held office in the Church continued, in all probability, to exercise their former trades for a livelihood. The churches would scarcely be able (as they were mostly poor) to provide stipends at first for their pastors” (Neander). Nevertheless, men specially called and fitted for the work, and devoted to it, were entitled by the Christian law, as set forth by the apostles, to be supported by the people; but there was no distinction of rank, honor, or authority between those elders who had stipends and those who had none, unless, indeed, the latter, who, following Paul’s example, “worked with their own hands” that they might not be chargeable to the churches, were held in greater honor for the time. The principle that full ministerial title may stand apart from stipend is fully recognised in modern times in the system of local preachers (q.v.) in the Methodist Episcopal Church (see Steward, On Church Government, Lond. 1853, page 128).
“After the pattern of the synagogues, as well as of the political administration of cities, which from of old was vested in the hands of a senate or college of decuriones, every church had a number of presbyters. We meet them everywhere in the plural and as a corporation: at Jerusalem, Act 11:30; Act 15:4; Act 15:6; Act 15:23; Act 21:18; at Ephesus, 20:17, 28; at Philippi, Php 1:1; at the ordination of Timothy, 1Ti 4:14, where mention is made of the laying on of the hands of the presbytery; and in the churches to which James wrote, Jam 5:14 : ‘Is any sick among you? let him call for the presbyters of the congregation, and let them pray over him,’ etc. This is implied also by the notice (Act 14:23) that Paul and Barnabas ordained elders for every church, several of them of course; and still more clearly by the direction given to Titus (Tit 1:5) to ordain elders, that is, a presbytery of such officers, in every city of Crete. Some learned men, indeed, have imagined that the arrangement in the larger cities included several congregations, while, however, each of these had but one elder or bishop; that the principle of congregational polity thus from the beginning was neither democratic nor aristocratic, but monarchical. But this view is contradicted by the passages just quoted, in which the presbyters appear as a college, as well as by the associative tendency which entered into the very life of Christians from the beginning. The household congregations ( v), which are often mentioned and greeted (Rom 16:4-5; Rom 16:14-15; 1Co 16:19; Col 4:15; Phm 1:2), indicate merely the fact that where the Christians had become very numerous they were accustomed to meet for edification at different places, and by no means exclude the idea of their organized union as a whole, or of their being governed by a common body of presbyters. Hence, accordingly, the apostolical epistles also are never addressed to a separate part, an ecclesiola in ecclesia, a conventicle, but always to the whole body of Christians at Rome, at Corinth, at Ephesus, at Philippi, at Thessalonica, etc., treating them in such case as a moral unity (comp. 1Th 1:1; 2Th 1:1; 1Co 1:2; 1Co 5:1 sq.; 2Co 1:1; 2Co 1:23; 2Co 2:1 sq.; Col 4:16; Php 1:1, etc.). Whether a full parity reigned among these collegiate presbyters, or whether one, say the eldest, constantly presided over the rest, or whether, finally, one followed another in such presidency as primes inter pares by some certain rotation, cannot be decisively determined from the N.T. The analogy of the Jewish synagogue leads here to no entirely sure result, since it is questionable whether a particular presidency belonged to its eldership as early ‘as the time of Christ. Some sort of presidency, indeed, would seem to be almost indispensable for any well-ordered government and the regular transaction of business, and is thus beforehand probable in the case of these primitive Christian presbyteries, only the particular form of it we have no means to determine” (Schaff, 1.c.).
III. In the early Church (post-apostolic). Very soon after the apostolic age the episcopacy arose, first in the congregational form, afterwards in the diocesan episcopacy. SEE EPISCOPACY. Until the full development of the latter, elders or presbyters were the highest order of ministers. No trace of ruling elders, in the modern sense, is to be found in the early Church. There was a class of seniores ecclesie in the African Church, whom some writers have supposed to correspond to the ruling elder; but Bingham clearly shows the contrary. The name occurs in the writings of Augustine and Optatus. In the Diocletian persecution, when Mensurius was compelled to leave his church, he committed the ornaments and utensils to such of the elders as he could trust, fidelibus senioribus commendabit (Optatus, lib. I, page 41) In the works of Optatus there is a tract called “the Purgation of Felix and Caecilian,” where is mention of these seniores. Augustine inscribes one of his epistles, Clero, senioribus, et universae plebi: “To the clergy, the elders, and all the people” (Epist. 137). According to Bingham, some of these seniores were the civil optimates (magistrates, aldermen); the Council of Carthage (A.D. 403) speaks of magistratus vel seniores locorum. Others were called seniores ecclesiastici, and had care of the utensils, treasures, etc., of the church, and correspond to modern churchwardens or trustees (Bingham, Orig. Ecclesiastes book 2, chapter 19, 19; Hitchcock, in Amer. Presb. Review, April 1868).
IV. In the modern Church.
1. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Church of England, and the Protestant Episcopal Church, the word “priest” is generally used instead of “presbyter” or “elder” to designate the second order of ministers (the three orders being bishops, priests, and deacons). SEE PRESBYTER;SEE PRIEST.
2. In the Methodist Episcopal Church but two orders of ministers are recognised, viz. elders and deacons, the bishop being chosen as primus inter pares, or superintendent. SEE EPISCOPACY. For the election, ordination, duties, etc., of elders, see the Discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church, part 2, chapter 2, 15, and part 4, chapter 6, 2. The presiding elder is appointed by the bishop, once in four years, to superintend a district. For the nature and functions of this office, SEE PRESIDING ELDER.
3. Among Congregationalists, the only Church officers now known are elders (or ministers) and deacons. Ruling elders were recognised in the Cambridge platform (q.v.), and their duties particularly pointed out; but neither the office itself nor the reasons by which it was supported were long approved. Ruling elders never were universal in Congregationalism, and the office was soon everywhere rejected (Upham, Ratio Disciplinae, 1844, 38, 39; Dexter, On Congregationalism).
4. Among Presbyterian churches (i.e. all which adopt the Presbyterian form of government, whether designated by that name or not) there are generally two classes of elders, teaching and ruling elders. The teaching elders constitute the body of pastors; the ruling elders are laymen, who are set apart as assistants to the minister in the oversight and ruling of the flock. Together with the minister, they constitute “the Session,” the lowest judicatory in the Church. SEE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. They cannot administer the sacraments, but aid at the Lord’s Supper by distributing the elements to the communicants.
1. In Scotland, ruling elders constitute, with the ministers, the “Kirk Session.” The Form of Government annexed to the Confession of Faith asserts that ‘as there were in the Jewish Church elders of the people, joined with the priests and Levites in the government of the Church, so Christ, who hath instituted government and governors ecclesiastical in the Church, besides the ministers of the Word, with gifts for government, and with commission to execute the same when called thereunto, who are to join with the minister in the government of the Church, which officers reformed churches commonly call elders.” “These elders are chosen from among the members, and are usually persons of tried character. After their acceptance of office, the minister, in the presence of the congregation, sets them apart to their office by prayer, and sometimes by imposition of hands, and concludes the ceremony of ordination with exhorting both elders and people to discharge their respective duties. They have no right to teach or to dispense the sacraments. ‘They generally discharge the office, which originally belonged to the deacons, of attending to the interests of the poor; but their peculiar function is expressed by the name “ruling elders;” for in every question of jurisdiction they are the spiritual court of which the minister is officially moderator, and in the presbytery of which the pastors within the bounds are officially members the elders sit as the representatives of the several sessions or consistories’ (Hill’s Theolog. Instit. part 2, section 2, part 171). In the Established Church of Scotland elders are nominated by the Session, but in unestablished bodies they are freely chosen by the people” (Eadie, Eccl. Cyclop. s.v.). The United Presbyterian Church has the following rules on the subject:
“1. The right of electing elders is vested solely in the members of the congregation who are in full communion.
2. No fixed number of elders is required, but two, along with the minister, are required to constitute a Session. 3. When the Session judge it expedient that an addition should be made to their number, the first step is to call a meeting of the congregation for the purpose of electing the required number….
6. At the meeting for election a discourse is generally delivered suitable to the occasion. Full opportunity is first of all given to the members to propose candidates. The names are then read over, and, after prayer, the votes are taken, and the individuals having the greatest number of votes are declared to be duly elected.
7. After the election the call of the congregation is intimated to the elders elect, and on their acceptance the Session examines into their qualifications, and, if satisfied, orders an edict to be read in the church.
8. At the time mentioned in the edict, which must be read on two Sabbath days, the Session meets, the elders elect being present. After the Session is constituted, if no objections are brought forward, the day of ordination is fixed. If objections are made, the Session proceeds to inquire into and decide on them.
9. On the day of ordination, the moderator calls on the elders elect to stand forward, and puts to them the questions of the formula. Satisfactory answers being given, the minister proceeds to ordain or set them apart by prayer to the office of ruling elder. Immediately afterwards the right hand of fellowship is given to the persons thus ordained by the minister and by the other elders present, and the whole is followed by suitable exhortations.”
2. The Form of Government of the Presbyterian Church in the United States (book 1, chapter 5) contains the following: “Ruling elders are properly the representatives of the people, chosen by them for the purpose of exercising government and discipline, in conjunction with pastors or ministers. This office has been understood, by a great part of the Protestant reformed churches, to be designated in the holy Scriptures by the title of governments, and of those who rule well, but do not labor in the word and doctrine” (1Co 12:28). Chapter 13 gives the rules for the election and ordination of ruling elders. Each congregation elects “according to the mode most approved and in use in that congregation;” and the whole procedure is very similar to that of the U.P. Church recited above. The ordination is “by prayer” and the “right hand of fellowship,” not by imposition of hands. The office is perpetual. The elders, with the pastor, constitute the Session; one elder from each church is a member of Presbytery and Synod; and one for every twenty-four ministers in each presbytery is sent to the General Assembly.
In the Reformed Church the elders are chosen for two years only, by the congregation or by the Consistory (Constitution of the Ref. Dutch Church, chapter 1, art. 3). They are entitled to membership in Classis and Synod as delegates (Constitution, chapter 2, art. 3). There is a form given in the book for their ordination, without imposition of hands. So also in the new liturgy prepared for the German Reformed Church.
3. Ruling Elders. The distinction between teaching and ruling elders originated with Calvin, and has diffused itself very widely among the churches which adopt the Presbyterian form of government; and the authority of the N.T. is claimed for it (see above, 2) in the Presbyterian “Form of Government” (book 1, chapter 5); in the Reformed Church Form of Ordination (Constit. page 118); in the Lutheran Church Formula of Government (chapter 3, 6). The Congregationalists of New England admitted this distinction for a while (see above), but soon abandoned it.
Calvin (Institutes, book 4, chapter 3, 8) seeks a scriptural basis for lay eldership as follows: “Governors (1Co 12:2) I apprehend to have been persons of advanced years, selected from the people to unite with the bishops in giving admonition, and exercising discipline. No other interpretation can be given of ‘He that ruleth, let him do it with diligence’ (Rom 12:8)… . Now that this was not the regulation of a single age experience itself demonstrates.” This passage, however, occurs first in the 3d edition of the Institutes, 1543; it is not found in the editions of 1536 or 1539. The office of lay elders had existed before among the Unitas Fratrum, who were supposed to have borrowed it from the Waldenses; but these lay elders were only trustees or churchwardens. Calvin himself organized a lay eldership in Geneva, to be elected yearly, and seems afterwards to have sought a scriptural warrant for it. In so doing he formed a novel theory, viz. that of a two-fold eldership. “This cardinal assumption of a dual presbyterate was controverted by Blondel, himself a Presbyterian, in 1648, and again in 1696 by Vitringa, who, as Rothe says in his Anfange, ‘routed from the field this phantom of apostolic lay elders.’ Even the Westminster Assembly, when, in 1643, it debated the question of Church government, as it did for nearly four weeks, was careful not to commit itself to Calvin’s theory of lay presbyters, refused to call them ruling elders, and in its final report in 1644 spoke of them as ‘other Church governors,’ ‘which reformed churches commonly call elders.’ Calvin’s theory has also been controverted by James P. Wilson in his Primitive Government of Christian Churches (1833), and by Thomas Smyth in his Name, Nature, and Functions of Ruling Elders (1845). The drift of critical opinion is now decidedly in this direction. It is beginning to be conceded, even among Presbyterians of the staunchest sort, that Calvin was mistaken in his interpretation of 1Ti 5:17; that two orders of presbyters are not there brought to view, but only one order, the difference referred to being simply that of service, and not of rank. And if this famous passage fails to justify the dual presbyterate, much less may we rely upon the , , ‘he that ruleth with diligence,’ of Rom 12:8, or the , ‘governments,’ of 1Co 12:28.
In short, the jure divino theory of the lay eldership is steadily losing ground. A better support is sought for it in the New-Testament recognition throughout of the right and propriety of lay participation in Church government; in the general right of the Church, as set forth by Hooker in his Ecclesiastical Polity, to govern itself by whatsoever forms it pleases, provided the great end of government be answered; and in the proved fitness and efficiency of our present Presbyterian polity, as compared either with prelacy on the one side, or Congregationalism on the other” (Hitchcock, in Am. Presb. Rev. 1868, page 255). Dr. Thornwell (Southern Presb. Review, 1859; Spirit of the XIXth Century, December 1843; reprinted in Southern Presb. Rev. July, 1867) sets forth a peculiar theory of the divine right of the ruling eldership, viz. that the ruling elder is the presbyter of the N.T., whose only function was to rule, while the preachers were generally selected from the class of elders. This view is also maintained by Breckinridge (Knowledge of God, subjectively considered, page 629); and is refuted by Dr. Smyth, Princeton Review, volume 33 (see also Princeton Review, 15:313 sq.). Principal Campbell (Theory of Ruling Elderships, Edinb. and Lond. 1866) aims to show that “elder” in the N.T. always means pastor, and never means the modern “ruling elder” (see Brit. and For. Elvan. Review, January 1868, page 222). He shows that the Westminster Assembly, after a long discussion, refused to sanction Calvin’s view; but he seeks to find lay elders, under another name, in Rom 12:8; 1Co 12:28, etc., and also in early Church History. For a criticism of his view, and a luminous statement of the whole subject of lay eldership, with a conclusive proof that there is no trace of it in the N.T., see Dr. Hitchcock’s article in the Amer. Presb. Review, April 1868, page 253 sq. See also an able critical and historical discussion of the subject in Dexter, Congregationalism (Boston, 1865), page 120 sq. The scriptural right of lay elders is maintained in The divine Right of Church Government, with Dr. Owen’s Argument in favor of Ruling Elders (New York, 1844, 12mo); in Miller, On Ruling Elders (Presb. Board, 18mo). See also King, Eldership in the Christian Church (N.Y. 1851); Muhlenberg, On the Office of Ruling Elders; M’Kerrow, Office of Ruling Elders (London, 1846); Engles, Duties of Ruling Elders (Presb. Board); Smyth, Name, Nature, and Functions of Ruling Elders (N.Y. 1845, 12mo); Bingham, Orig. Ecclesiastes book 2, chapter 20, 19; Gieseler, Church History, volume 1, 29; Neander, Planting and Training, book 1, chapter 2; Davidson, Eccl. Polity of N.T.; Watson, Theol. Institutes, part. 4, chapter 1; Schaff, Apostolic Church, 132, 113; Rothe, Anfange d. christlichen Kirche, 28, 29; Bilson, Perpetual Government of Christ’s Church; Owen, Works (Edinb. 1851), 15:504.
Fuente: Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature
Elder
a name frequently used in the Old Testament as denoting a person clothed with authority, and entitled to respect and reverence (Gen. 50:7). It also denoted a political office (Num. 22:7). The “elders of Israel” held a rank among the people indicative of authority. Moses opened his commission to them (Ex. 3:16). They attended Moses on all important occasions. Seventy of them attended on him at the giving of the law (Ex. 24:1). Seventy also were selected from the whole number to bear with Moses the burden of the people (Num. 11:16, 17). The “elder” is the keystone of the social and political fabric wherever the patriarchal system exists. At the present day this is the case among the Arabs, where the sheik (i.e., “the old man”) is the highest authority in the tribe. The body of the “elders” of Israel were the representatives of the people from the very first, and were recognized as such by Moses. All down through the history of the Jews we find mention made of the elders as exercising authority among the people. They appear as governors (Deut. 31:28), as local magistrates (16:18), administering justice (19:12). They were men of extensive influence (1 Sam. 30:26-31). In New Testament times they also appear taking an active part in public affairs (Matt. 16:21; 21:23; 26:59).
The Jewish eldership was transferred from the old dispensation to the new. “The creation of the office of elder is nowhere recorded in the New Testament, as in the case of deacons and apostles, because the latter offices were created to meet new and special emergencies, while the former was transmitted from the earlies times. In other words, the office of elder was the only permanent essential office of the church under either dispensation.”
The “elders” of the New Testament church were the “pastors” (Eph. 4:11), “bishops or overSee rs” (Acts 20:28), “leaders” and “rulers” (Heb. 13:7; 1 Thess. 5:12) of the flock. Everywhere in the New Testament bishop and presbyter are titles given to one and the same officer of the Christian church. He who is called presbyter or elder on account of his age or gravity is also called bishop or overSee r with reference to the duty that lay upon him (Titus 1:5-7; Acts 20:17-28; Phil. 1:1).
Fuente: Easton’s Bible Dictionary
Elder
The elder is always Zakn (), literally an old man, and is represented in the LXX by , Presbyter. The word is frequently used in each language to express old age, for which in the LXX is also used; but gradually it was restricted to an official sense. The first intimation of such a sense is in Gen 50:7, where we read that ‘Joseph went up to bury his father, and with him went up all the servants of Pharaoh, the elders of his house, and all the elders of the l and of Egypt.’ The office was in those days a natural, social, and civil one in Exo 17:5 the elders are again referred to as lay-representatives of the people. So again in Exo 18:12; Exo 19:7; Exo 24:1; Exo 24:9.
In Num 11:16 the Lord says to Moses, ‘Gather unto me seventy men of the elders of Israel, whom thou knowest to be the elders of the people, and officers over them, and bring them unto the tabernacle of the congregation, that they may stand there with me.’ These men represented the various tribes of Israel, and were quite distinct from the Levites and priests (Jos 24:1; 1Ki 8:13). They acted on behalf of Israel on great occasions, whether civil or religious, and in the first instance their appointment was sanctioned by an outpouring of the Spirit up on them, as we read in Num 11:25, ‘ and the Lord came down in a cloud, and spake unto Moses, and took of the spirit that was up on him, and gave it unto the seventy elders: and it came to pass, that, when the spirit rested up on them, they prophesied, and did not cease.’ It was on the occasion now referred to that there remained two of the men in the camp, Eldad and Medad; ‘ and the spirit rested up on them; and they were of them that were written, but went not out unto the tabernacle: and they prophesied in the camp.’ When Joshua, in his eagerness, wished Moses to forbid them, the lawgiver gave that noble and remarkable answer, ‘Enviest thou (i.e. art thou jealous) for my sake? Would God that all the Lord’s people were prophets, and that the Lord would put his spirit up on them.’ this passage implies that the outpouring of the Spirit on the presbyters caused them to become prophets, constituting them a spiritual, though not a sacerdotal, order.
The word is rendered ‘ancients’ in Isa 3:14; Isa 24:23. The latter passage is one of peculiar interest. We here read that ‘the Lord shall reign in Mount Zion, and in Jerusalem, and before his ancients gloriously,’ or (as it is in the margin) ‘there shall be glory before his ancients.’ Are not these ‘ancients’ or ‘elders’ the same as those whom St. John saw in vision (Rev 4:4) before the throne of God, giving glory to God and to the Lamb? May they not be taken as the representatives of all God’s people.
The Office of Elder in the N T
The importance of a right judgment of the position and functions of these elders cannot well be overrated when we come to discuss the nature of the analogous office of presbyter in the N.T. on the one hand, the elder was neither a priest nor a Levite, but a representative of the people; on the other hand, he had special duties and responsibilities in consequence of this position, and he also had special grace conferred on him (in the first instance, at least) to enable him to perform those duties aright.
The word presbytery, , is used three times in the N.T.: twice of the Sanhedrim (Luk 22:66; Act 22:5), and once of the gathering of Christian elders who laid their hands on Timothy (1Ti 4:14). [Paul himself laid hands also on Timothy (2Ti 1:6), but perhaps at a different time and with a different object. It may be observed that the great Apostle of the Gentiles was formally appointed to his missionary work, not by apostolic ordination, but by the laying on of the hands of the ministers at Antioch (Act 13:3), although he had previously received a mission, accompanied by the special gifts of the Holy Spirit, by the laying on of hands on Ananias.]
Christian presbyters or elders are first named in Act 11:30, where reference is made to the elders in Judaea or Jerusalem. St. Paul appointed elders, apparently by the laying on of hands, and after nomination by the people, in every Church which he founded (Act 14:23). We find these elders in conclave with the apostles in Act 15:1-41.; and we have a most instructive address, illustrating their office and work, in Act 20:17, &c.
Elders are not mentioned in the Epistles until we reach the First Epistle to Timothy, though they are probably the persons referred to in 1Th 5:12 : [Compare the here with the ., in 1Ti 5:17.] It seems strange that they are not in the list of gifted persons mentioned in Eph 4:11; but this may be accounted for by the fact that the work of an elder, as such, did not call for extraordinary gifts, and was to be carried on long after those gifts had ceased. They may, however, have been included under the name Prophets. From the First Epistle to Timothy we learn the character and position of the elder; whilst from Tit 1:5 it would appear that the system of appointing elders in every city where there was a Church, was still sustained. Both Peter and John describe themselves by this title (2Jn 1:1; 3Jn 1:1; 1Pe 5:1).
The advice to the elders given by St. Peter falls in exactly with the exhortations given by St. Paul to those of Ephesus. St. James also doubtless refers to those who held the rank of elder in the Church, in the remarkable passage (Jam 5:14) in which he speaks of healing the sick by the medical use of oil, in connection with the pardon of sin.
According to the analogy of the O.T., the elders would be spiritual but non-sacerdotal representatives and leaders of the various local communities which are feeders to the one Church (see chap. xix.). They would exercise their spiritual and ministerial functions in the name of the congregation, being counsellors and helpers, guides and feeders of the flock over which the Holy Ghost had appointed them. Many of them at first were no doubt possessed of the gifts of prophecy and tongues, and were selected for the responsible position which they held, either because of their age, wisdom, and piety, or because of the special gifts they possessed. But they no more held the peculiar position of the Cohen or priest than did the elders under the O.T. dispensation. Although they would naturally take the chief part in the administration of the Lord’s Supper, this was not a sacerdotal act. Just as the Passover Supper was administered in every family by the head of the household, so the Lord’s Supper is administered by the presbyter as leader of a community, but not as a sacerdos, and at a table, not at an altar. See chap. xvi. 7.
Fuente: Synonyms of the Old Testament
Elder
Age is the standard of dignity in a patriarchal system. Hence, the office of elder was the basis of government; as in our “alderman,” the Arab sheikh = “old man” (Jos 24:31; 1Ki 12:6). The institution existed when Moses first opened his divine commission to Israel. Even in their Egyptian bondage they retained their national organization and government by elders, who represented the people (Exo 3:16; Exo 4:29; Jos 24:1-2). After the settlement in Canaan they were named “elders of Israel” or “of the land” (1Sa 4:3; 1Ki 20:7) or “of the tribes” (Deu 31:28) or “of the city,” (Deu 19:12, compare Deu 16:18; Rth 4:9; Rth 4:11).
They retained their position under the judges (Jdg 2:7), the kings (2Sa 17:4), in the captivity (Jer 29:1), and on the return (Ezr 5:5); and in New Testament times as one of the classes from which the Sanhedrin members were chosen, and are associated with the chief priests and scribes (Mat 16:21; Mat 21:23; Mat 26:59; Luk 22:66), “the presbytery of the people” (Greek). Ecclesiastical elders or presbyters (from whence “priest” is contracted) of the Christian church were a class of church governors borrowed naturally from the synagogue; especially as cases occurred of whole synagogues and their officers embracing Christianity. (See SYNAGOGUE; BISHOP; DEACON; CHURCH.)
Paul ordained them on his first missionary journey (compare Act 14:23). The four and twenty elders (Revelation 4) represent the combined heads of the Old and New Testament congregations, the twelve patriarchs and twelve apostles; answering to the typical 24 courses of priests, “governors of the sanctuary and governors of God” (1Ch 24:5; 1Ch 25:31).
Fuente: Fausset’s Bible Dictionary
ELDER
Within the community of Gods people, God marks out certain people for responsibilities of care and leadership. The Bible refers to these people by a number of words, one of them elders. This is the word that the Old Testament uses for those in Israel who exercised leadership in the community (Exo 24:1; Deu 21:1-6; Rth 4:2-11; 1Sa 8:4; see RULER), and that the New Testament uses for Jewish officials who administered Jewish affairs through the synagogue councils and the Sanhedrin (Mar 15:1; Luk 7:3; Act 4:5; see SANHEDRIN; SYNAGOGUE). It is also the word that the New Testament uses for leaders in Gods new community, the church (Act 14:23; Act 15:4).
Developments in church leadership
The first Christian church was in Jerusalem, and in its early days its leadership came from the group of apostles whom Jesus had earlier appointed (Act 4:37; Act 6:2; Act 11:1). God did not provide these apostles with a master plan of detailed procedures upon which they were to structure the church, whether in Jerusalem or elsewhere. Instead he left them to respond to the churchs needs as his Spirit directed them. As the church grew, they introduced whatever organizational arrangements they considered necessary (e.g. Act 6:1-6).
As the church expanded into neighbouring regions and countries, the apostles had increasing responsibilities outside Jerusalem. Soon the church in Jerusalem had its own group of governing elders, and these were distinct from the apostles (Act 11:30; Act 15:6). The practice of appointing elders was later copied in other churches (Act 14:23), though there is not enough information to indicate whether the form of church government was the same in all the churches.
The New Testament speaks consistently of leaders in the churches, though it does not always give them an official title (1Co 16:16; Gal 2:9; 1Th 5:12; Heb 13:7; Heb 13:17). Even where the Bible recognizes a title, the emphasis is usually more on the work the elders do than on the office they hold (Act 20:17; Act 20:28; 1Th 5:13; 1Ti 3:1; 1Pe 5:1-3).
English versions of the Bible use various words for church leaders elders, overseers, guardians, bishops. These names are translations of only two words in the Greek of the original New Testament, presbuteroi and episkopoi, and both words seem to apply to the same office and person. For example (quoting the RSV), in Act 20:17 Paul sends for the elders (presbuteroi) of the Ephesian church, but when they arrive (v. 28) he calls them guardians (episkopoi). Likewise in Tit 1:5 he tells Titus to appoint elders (presbuteroi), and then in the same sentence (v. 7) he calls them bishops (episkopoi). In reference to any specific local church, the Bible always speaks of a plurality of elders (Act 14:23; Act 20:17; Php 1:1; 1Th 5:12).
Responsibilities of elders
Elders are likened to shepherds over a flock. They are the leaders of the church, whom God has placed over the church to guide it and care for it (Act 20:28; 1Ti 3:5; 1Ti 5:17; Heb 13:17; 1Pe 5:1-3; see PASTOR; SHEPHERD). Others in the church can help the elders by taking responsibility for many of the practical ministries of the church. In this way they give the elders more time for the important pastoral ministries God has entrusted to them (Act 6:2-4; Jam 5:14; see DEACON).
All elders should have some ability at teaching (1Ti 3:2), though some will be more gifted than others, and therefore more occupied than others, in public preaching (1Ti 5:17). Through their own ministry and that of teachers from elsewhere, elders should provide the church with teaching that is upbuilding and protect it from what is harmful (Act 20:28-30; Tit 1:9). Elders must therefore be people of discernment (1Ti 1:3-7; 1Ti 6:3-5; 2Ti 2:14-16; 2Jn 1:7-11).
In addition to having qualifications in relation to gift and ability, each elder must fulfil certain minimum requirements in relation to his character and behaviour. As a leader he is in a position of example to others, and therefore his family life and public reputation must be of the highest order (1Ti 3:1-7; Tit 1:5-9). Any accusation of wrongdoing against an elder must be supported by witnesses. If the elder is proved guilty, he should be publicly rebuked, again because of the high standards required of those in positions of leadership (1Ti 5:19-20).
Appointment of elders
The Bible gives no specific instructions concerning how elders are chosen or appointed. In the case of the churches that Paul and Barnabas established in Galatia, the first elders were appointed by those who planted the churches (Act 14:23). Normally, people should not be appointed elders too soon after their conversion, because time is needed for Christian character and spiritual gift to develop (1Ti 3:6; 1Ti 5:22). If a church is left without elders, it is liable to lose direction (Tit 1:5; Tit 1:10-11).
Those who have the responsibility to appoint elders must realize that only the Holy Spirit can really make a person an elder (Act 20:28; 1Co 12:11; 1Co 12:28). They should also make sure, through prayer and consultation with the church as a whole, that those whom they appoint are those whom the church recognizes as elders. Church members must have confidence in their leaders if they are to respect them and heed their instruction (1Th 5:12-13; Heb 13:17). They should also give the elders suitable payment for the work they do and the time they spend in the service of the church (1Ti 5:17-18; cf. Gal 6:6).
With the passing of years and the growth of the church, additional elders will be needed. Certain believers may recognize the direction in which their spiritual gifts are developing and desire to be elders (1Ti 3:1; see GIFTS OF THE SPIRIT). People in the church will recognize his gift; in fact, elders have a responsibility to train those who appear to have leadership ability (2Ti 2:2; cf. Act 13:5; Act 16:1-3). The example of the apostles in the early church suggests that the existing elders are the ones who make the appointment (Act 1:21-26; cf. 1Ti 4:14; 1Ti 5:22), but before doing so they find out the mind of the church (Act 6:3; cf. Act 15:22).
Some may be tempted to avoid eldership because of the difficulties and tensions that come with it (1Pe 5:2 a). Others may be tempted in the opposite direction, and try to use the position of elder to further their personal ambitions (1Pe 5:2 b,3). Elders can learn how to be true shepherds of the flock by following the example of the Chief Shepherd, Jesus Christ, who gave himself for it (1Pe 5:4; cf. Joh 10:11; Eph 5:25).
Fuente: Bridgeway Bible Dictionary
Elder
ELDER.In the Gospels the term elder () does not occur in the later Christian sense, denoting an officer of the Church (as in Act 14:23; Act 20:17, Tit 1:5, Jam 5:14; 1Pe 5:1). In the Gospel of St. John the word occurs only once, and that in the doubtful passage concerning the adulteress (Joh 8:9), where it has not any official sense, but simply means older in years. In the Synoptics there is more frequent use, mostly in the official sense. The few cases of unofficial meaning of the term are: Luk 15:25, where it describes the elder brother in the parable of the Prodigal; and Mat 15:2, Mar 7:3; Mar 7:5, where it means the elders of a former age, the men of old from whom customs and maxims are handed down. In all the other passages (Mat 16:21; Mat 21:28; Mat 26:3; Mat 26:47; Mat 26:57; Mat 26:59; Mat 27:1; Mat 27:3; Mat 27:12; Mat 27:20; Mat 27:41, Mar 8:31; Mar 11:27; Mar 14:43; Mar 14:53, Luk 9:22; Luk 20:1; Luk 22:52) the term eldersinvariably pluralbears the official meaning current among the Jews of our Lords time. What is that meaning?
In the OT and Apocr. [Note: Apocrypha, Apocryphal.] there is frequent mention of elders in the official sense (see, e.g., Gen 50:7, Exo 3:18; Exo 3:18, Lev 4:15, Num 11:25, Deu 31:28, Jos 20:4, Jdg 8:18, 1Sa 16:4, 2Sa 5:3, 1Ki 20:7, Ezr 5:5, Eze 8:1, Jdt 6:21, 1Ma 7:33; 1Ma 11:23, Sus 8, 18 etc.). From a study of these and similar passages it appears that in all the history of Israel, from the Egyptian bondage down to the time of Christ, elders appear as an official class; but the descriptions and statements are not explicit enough to give a definite idea of how they were appointed to office, or of their exact functions. It is not improbable that they were chosen as representatives of the people; and the duties of the office appear to have been threefoldadvisory, executive, judicial. Further, there is a distinction between local elders (those of a city) and the elders of Israel, elders of the congregation, elders of the people, as they are variously called. We are now to inquire how far this OT use of the word is illustrated in that of the Gospels.
One passage only (Luk 7:3) seems to indicate the local eldersthose of Capernaum, the scene of the event described; and even here the turn of the expression, elders of the Jews, might possibly point to national elders present or resident at Capernaum. But on the whole it seems more natural to take the term here in its local sense. In all the remaining passages cited above, the reference is to the national elders. From Vitringa (de Synag. Vet. iii. i. 1) downwards, NT scholars have held with apparent unanimity that the term designates the members of the Sanhedrin (wh. see). This view is sustained by the connexion and association of the term,usually with scribes and chief priests,and by Luk 22:66, where the Sanhedrin is called the presbytery, or assembly of elders (, cf. Act 22:5). There are various forms of expression: sometimes elders simply, and sometimes elders of the people, commonly associated with chief priests and scribes. This is held by some to indicate that there were three orders or grades in the Sanhedrin, the elders being the lay element, or representatives of the people. This may be the case, but is at best only an inference, neither contradicted nor supported.
Literature.Hasting’s Dictionary of the Bible , art. Elder, and the lit. there mentioned; Jewish Encyc. and lit.; Grimm-Thayer, Lexicon of the NT; Cremer, Biblico-Theol. Lex.; Vitringa, de Syn. Vet.; Schurer, HJP [Note: JP History of the Jewish People.] ; Morrison, The Jews under Roman Rule; Weiss, Life of Christ; Edersheim, Life and Times.
E. C. Dargan.
Fuente: A Dictionary Of Christ And The Gospels
Elder
ELDER (in OT).The rudimentary form of government which prevailed amongst the Hebrews in primitive times grew out of family life. As the father is head of the household, so the chiefs of the principal families ruled the clan and the tribe, their authority being ill-defined, and, like that of an Arab sheik, depending on the consent of the governed. In our earliest documents the elders of Israel are the men of position and influence, who represent the community in both religious and civil affairs (Exo 3:16; Exo 3:18; Exo 12:11; Exo 17:5 f., Exo 18:12; Exo 19:7, Num 11:16, Deu 5:23; Deu 27:1; Deu 31:28): the elders of Exo 24:1 are the nobles of Exo 24:11. Josephus sums up correctly when he makes Moses declare: Aristocracy is the best constitution (Ant. VI. viii. 17). The system existed in other Semitic races (Num 22:4, Jos 9:11, Eze 27:9, Psa 105:22). After the settlement in Canaan the elders still possessed much weight (1Sa 4:3; 1Sa 8:4; 1Sa 15:30, 2Sa 3:17; 2Sa 5:3; 2Sa 17:14 f., 1Ki 8:1). And now we find elders of the city the governing body of the town (Rth 4:2; Rth 4:9, 1Sa 11:3, 1Ki 21:8; 1Ki 21:11, 2Ki 10:1; 2Ki 10:5); the little town of Succoth boasted no fewer than seventy-seven (Jdg 8:14). Deuteronomy brings into prominence their judicial functions (Deu 16:18; Deu 19:12; Deu 21:2 ff; Deu 22:15 ff; Deu 25:7 ff.), which were doubtless infringed upon by the position of the king as supreme judge (1Sa 8:20, 2Sa 15:4, 1Ki 3:9, 2Ki 15:5, Isa 11:5, Amo 2:3), but could not be abolished (1Ki 20:7 ff., 2Ki 10:1 ff; 2Ki 23:1). During the Exile the elders are the centre of the peoples life (Jer 29:1, Eze 8:1; Eze 14:1; Eze 20:1, Ezr 5:9 ff; Ezr 6:7 ff.; cf. Sus 5), and after the Return they continue active (Ezr 10:8; Ezr 10:14, Psa 107:32, Pro 31:23, Joe 1:14; Joe 2:16). It is not improbable that the later Sanhedrin is a development of this institution.
J. Taylor.
ELDER (in NT).See Bishop; Church Government, 6 (2).
Fuente: Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible
Elder
Elder, literally, one of the older men, and because, in ancient times, older persons would naturally be selected to hold public offices, out of regard to their presumed superiority in knowledge and experience, the term came to be used as the designation for the office itself, borne by an individual, of whatever age. But the term ‘elder’ appears to be also expressive of respect and reverence in general. The word occurs in this sense in Gen 50:7, ‘Joseph went up to bury his father, and with him went up all the servants of Pharaoh, the elders of his house, and all the elders of the land of Egypt.’ These elders of Egypt were, probably, the various state-officers. The elders of Israel, of whom such frequent mention is made, may have been, in early times, the lineal descendants of the patriarchs (Exo 12:21). To the elders Moses was directed to open his commission (Exo 3:16). They accompanied Moses in his first interview with Pharaoh, as the representatives of the Hebrew nation (Exo 3:18); through them Moses issued his communications and commands to the whole people (Exo 19:7; Deu 31:9); they were his immediate attendants in all the great transactions in the wilderness (Exo 17:5); seventy of their number were selected to attend Moses, Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, at the giving of the law (Exo 24:1), on which occasion they are called the nobles of the children of Israel, who did eat and drink before God, in ratification of the covenant, as representatives of the nation. In Num 11:16-17, we meet with the appointment of seventy elders to bear the burden of the people along with Moses; these were selected by Moses out of the whole number of the elders, and are described as being, already, officers over the children of Israel. It is the opinion of Michaelis, that this council, chosen to assist Moses, should not be confounded with the Sanhedrim, which, he thinks, was not instituted till after the return from the Babylonish captivity [SANHEDRIM]. After the settlement in Canaan the elders seem to have been the administrators of the laws in all the cities (Deu 19:12; Deu 21:3; Deu 21:6; Deu 21:19; Deu 22:15; Deu 22:25). The continuance of the office may be traced during the time of the judges (Jdg 2:7); during that of Samuel (1Sa 16:4); under Saul (1Sa 30:26); and David (1Ch 21:16). The elders of Israel are mentioned during the captivity (Ezr 10:14), consisting either of those who had sustained that office in their own land, or were permitted by the Babylonians to exercise it still among their countrymen. We meet with them again at the restoration (Ezr 5:5), and by them the temple was rebuilt (Ezr 6:14). After the restoration and during the time of the Maccabees, the Sanhedrim, according to Michaelis, was instituted, being first mentioned under Hyrcanus II; but elders are still referred to in 1Ma 7:33. Among the members of the Sanhedrim were the ‘elders.’ Like the scribes, they obtained their seat in the Sanhedrim by election, or nomination from the executive authority. The word elder, with many other Jewish terms, was introduced into the Christian church. In the latter it is the title of inferior ministers, who were appointed overseers among not over the flock (Act 20:17; Act 20:28; Tit 1:5; Tit 1:7; 1Pe 5:1-5). The term is applied even to the apostles (2Jn 1:1; 3Jn 1:1). So also ‘the Presbytery’ certainly includes even St. Paul himself (comp. 1Ti 4:14 and 2Ti 1:6). Still the apostles are distinguished from the elders elsewhere (Act 15:6). The elder was constituted by an apostle or someone invested with apostolic authority (Act 14:23; see also the epistles to Timothy and John). The elders preached, confuted gainsayers (Tit 1:9), and visited the sick (Jam 5:14). The word elders is sometimes used in the sense of ancients, ancestors, predecessors (Mat 5:21; Heb 11:2).
Fuente: Popular Cyclopedia Biblical Literature
Elder
In the Mosaic System
– Equivalent to the title senator, in present use. Elders, with delegated powers, were authorized to act for their constituency
Deu 1:13; Deu 1:15 Government, Mosaic
In the Christian church
– General references
Act 11:29-30; Act 14:23; Act 15:1-35; Act 16:4-5; Act 20:17; Act 20:28-32; Act 21:18; 1Ti 4:14; 1Ti 5:17-19; Tit 1:5-9; Heb 11:2; Jas 5:14-15; 1Pe 5:1-5; 2Jn 1:1; 3Jn 1:1
– Apocalyptic vision of
Rev 4:4; Rev 4:10; Rev 5:5; Rev 5:6; Rev 5:8; Rev 5:11; Rev 5:14; Rev 7:11; Rev 7:13; Rev 11:16; Rev 14:3; Rev 19:4 Deacon; Church, The Collective Body of Believers, Government of, Mosaic and Christian
Fuente: Nave’s Topical Bible
Elder
Elder. We find the “eldest servant” of Abraham’s house “ruling over all that he had,” Gen 24:2; we have also mention of “the elders of Joseph’s house,” and the “elders of the land of Egypt,” Gen 50:7, obviously indicating the chiefs of Joseph’s establishment, and high Egyptian officers. Moses was desired to convey the divine message to “the elders of Israel,” Exo 3:16; and they were both to accompany him when he demanded freedom from Pharaoh, and also to be the means of communication between Moses and the mass of the people. Exo 3:18; Exo 4:29; Exo 12:21. We are not told who these elders were, probably the leading persons in each tribe. We find them after the departure from Egypt, Exo 17:6; Exo 19:7; and from these, 70 were selected for special worship with Moses, Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu. Exo 24:1-2; Exo 24:9-11. Moses had, at the suggestion of Jethro, appointed officers to administer justice, Exo 18:26, but he seems to have required, further, a body of (if they may be so called) political advisers. Accordingly 70 out of the general class of elders were chosen, approved men; and on these the divine Spirit was especially poured. Num 11:10-30. Possibly it was from this example that the Sanhedrin was afterwards constituted. There were “elders” of neighboring nations, synonymous with “princes,” as of Moab and Midian, Num 22:7; Num 22:13, and of the Hivites. Jos 9:11. And we find the institution remaining in Israel through the whole history, under every change of government, and a certain authority exercised by them to which the people submitted. Sometimes they are mentioned as local magistrates, presiding over separate tribes or districts, and sometimes as the superior class, it is likely, acting generally for the nation. Deu 19:12; Deu 21:2-3; Deu 21:6; Deu 31:28; Jos 9:15; Jos 9:18-21; Jos 24:1; Jdg 2:7; Jdg 8:14; Jdg 11:5; 1Sa 4:3; 1Sa 8:4; 1Sa 16:4; 1Sa 30:26; 2Sa 17:4; 2Sa 19:11; 1Ki 12:6; 1Ki 20:8; 1Ki 21:11; 2Ki 10:1; 2Ki 10:5; 1Ch 21:16; Ezr 5:5; Ezr 6:7; Ezr 6:14; Ezr 10:8; Ezr 10:14; Jer 29:1; Eze 8:1; Eze 8:12. Those who locally administered justice are said to have been termed “elders of the gate,” Pro 31:23; Lam 5:14; because that was the place where a court was often held. Rth 4:2; Rth 4:4; Rth 4:9; Rth 4:11. Elders are mentioned in Maccabean times, apparently distinct from the Sanhedrin, 1Ma 7:33; 1Ma 12:6. In the New Testament history they are associated with the chief priests and scribes, but yet not to be confounded with them. Mat 16:21; Mat 21:23; Mat 26:59; Mat 27:41. And an analogous class yet subsists among Arab tribes, viz., their sheikhs, a word implying “old men.” Officers of the Christian church are designated by elders, Act 14:23; Act 20:17; and regulations are given in regard to them, 1Ti 5:1; 1Ti 5:17; 1Ti 5:19; the Greek word for elder being presbuteros. In every congregation of believers, as gathered by the apostles, a number of elders were ordained. Act 14:23; Act 20:17; Tit 1:5. Their duty was to feed, oversee and look after the flock. They were called elders, overseers, or bishops, Act 20:28; 1Ti 3:5; 1Pe 5:1; 1Pe 5:3; Heb 13:17, showing that their duties were similar. Tit 1:5; Tit 1:7; Act 20:28; Php 1:1. The injunction, “Let the elders that rule well be counted worthy of double honor, especially they who labor in the word and doctrine,” shows, that the office, as ruler and teacher, is united. 1Ti 3:2; 1Ti 5:17, Rom 12:8; 1Th 5:12-13; 1Pe 5:2; Tit 1:9. They were local officers of congregations, sometimes called bishops or overseers. See Act 20:17; Act 20:28; Tit 1:5 ff.; 1Pe 5:1. The distinction in Scripture between the teaching and the ruling elder is not very clear, unless it can be found in 1Ti 5:17.
Fuente: People’s Dictionary of the Bible
Elder
Elder. The term elder, or old man as the Hebrew literally imports, was one of extensive use, as an official title, among the Hebrews and the surrounding nations, because the heads of tribes and the leading people who had acquired influence were naturally the older people of the nation. It had reference to various offices. Gen 24:2; Gen 50:7; 2Sa 12:17; Eze 27:9. As betokening a political office, it applied not only to the Hebrews, but also to the Egyptians, Gen 50:7, the Moabites and the Midianites. Num 22:7.
The earliest notice of the elders acting in concert as a political body is at the time of the Exodus. They were the representatives of the people, so much so that elders and people are occasionally used as equivalent terms; Compare Jos 24:1 with Jos 24:2; Jos 24:19; Jos 24:21 and 1Sa 8:4 with 1Sa 8:7; 1Sa 8:10; 1Sa 8:19.
Their authority was undefined, and extended to all matters concerning the public weal. Their number and influence may be inferred from 1Sa 30:26 ff. They retained their position under all the political changes which the Jews underwent. The seventy elders mentioned in Exodus and Numbers were a sort of governing body, a parliament, and the origin of the tribunal of seventy elders called the Sanhedrin or Council. In the New Testament Church, the elders or presbyters were the same as the bishops. It was an office derived from the Jewish usage of elders or rulers of the synagogues. See Bishop.