Orlando Bandinelli
Orlando Bandinelli
Reigned from 7 September 1159 to 30 August 1181 . Born c.1100 in Siena, Italy as Orlando Bandinelli; died Civita Castellana, Italy . He was a canonist, cardinal -priest, and papal chancellor . Elected pope almost unanimously, he was opposed with violence by the anti-pope , Cardinal Octavian, the imperial candidate, and took refuge in Anagni . He excommunicated Emperor Frederick I, who submitted after seventeen years, and in England upheld the rights for which Saint Thomas Becket suffered martyrdom , finally exacting them from King Henry II. He convoked the third Lateran Council in 1170 .