Set
Set
(or Sutekh), an ass-headed deity, the national god of the Shemitic Hyksos, who, on their invasion of Egypt in the interval between the thirteenth and eighteenth dynasties, forced his sole worship upon the Egyptians. Set was already one of the cosmical deities of the country, but after the expulsion of the Hyksos his worship was annulled, his statues defaced, and his name everywhere erased. He was represented as an ass-headed man, holding the usual crux ansata, or staff of life, and the cucufa, staff of divine power. The Egyptians were accustomed to regard Set as a personification of the evil principle. “The worship of this god passed through two historical phases. At one time he was held in honor, and accounted as one of the greater gods of Abydos. He appears to have had a position analogous to that of the Theban deity Mentu, in which he was the adversary of the serpent Apophis, the symbol of wickedness and darkness. Some time later on, in consequence of political changes, the worship of Set was abolished, and his statues were destroyed. It is difficult to state at what period Set was introduced into the Osirian myths as a personification of evil, and thus became identified with Typhon as the murderer of the great Egyptian god Osiris. The treatise (by Plutarch), De Iside et Osiride, makes Nephthys the companion of Set, and she is represented united with him in a group in the Museum of the Louvre, in the Hall of the Gods. The animal symbolical of Set was a carnivorous quadruped, at one time confounded with the ass-god of Josephus and Apion, having a long, curved snout and upright, square- topped ears, which characters are often exaggerated to distinguish him from the jackal of Anubis” (Pierret). After the second restoration of the old mythology, in the period of the nineteenth dynasty, Set was identified with the Hyksos Sutekh, who was properly an Asiatic deity, and whose worship was maintained even by Seti I and Rameses II. Both gods, however, were treated as impious, and their worship as heretical, and it is at the present time impossible to distinguish exactly between them, owing to the complete destruction by the Egyptians of all those parts of the monuments whereon their names occur.
Fuente: Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature
Set
SET.Set at is valued at, as 2Ki 12:4 The money that every man is set at. Set at nought means treat with contempt, as Luk 23:11 Herod with his men of war set him at nought. Set by is to value, esteem, as 1Sa 18:30 His name was much set by. Set to means to affix, as Joh 3:33 He that hath received his testimony hath set to his seal that God is true.
Fuente: Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible
Set
Few words in the English language have such a rich variety of meaning and are used in so rich a variety of idiomatic expression as the word set. A glance at any of the great dictionaries will convince anyone of the truth of this statement. The Standard Dictionary devotes three and a half columns to the word. In its primary meaning it there denotes 22 distinct things, in its secondary meaning 17 more, while 18 distinct phrases are given in which it is used, in some cases again in a variety of meanings. It is indeed a word calculated to drive a foreigner to despair. Some 70 Hebrew and about 30 Greek words in the original tongues of the Holy Scriptures have been rendered by the word set, in the King James Version and also in the Revised Version (British and American). A careful comparative study of the original and of translations in other tongues will at once indicate that a lack of discrimination is evident on the part of the English translators in the frequent use of the word set.
Thus in Son 5:14, hands are as rings of gold set with beryl, the Hebrew word is , male’, to be filled, full. Vulgate (Jerome’s Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) translates plenae, the Dutch gevuld, the German voll; Pro 8:27, when he set a circle, Hebrew , hakak, to describe, decree, Vulgate (Jerome’s Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) vallabat, Dutch beschreef; Ezr 4:10, set in the city of Samaria, Aramaic , yethibh, to cause to sit down, to cause to dwell, Vulgate (Jerome’s Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) habitare eas fecit, Dutch doen wonen; Psa 2:6, Yet have I set my king upon my holy hill, Hebrew , nasakh, to pour out, to anoint, Dutch gezalfd; Isa 19:2, the King James Version I will set the Egyptians against the Egyptians, Hebrew , sakhakh, to disturb, to confuse, Vulgate (Jerome’s Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) concurrere faciam,, Dutch verwarren, German an einander setzen; Rev 3:8, I have, set before thee a door, Greek , ddomi, to give, Vulgate (Jerome’s Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) dedi coram te, Dutch gegeven, German gegeben; Act 19:27, the King James Version Our craft is in danger to be set at nought, Greek , erchomai, to come, Vulgate (Jerome’s Latin Bible, 390-405 A.D.) periclitabitur, Dutch in verachting komen; Luk 4:18, to set at liberty them, Greek , apostello, to send away, Dutch heen te zenden in vrijheid; Act 13:9, the King James Version Saul … set his eyes on him, Greek , atenzo, to stare fixedly, Vulgate: intuens in eum, Dutch de oogen op hem houdende. These are but a few examples chosen at random where our English translators have rendered Hebrew and Greek words by set, where a more literal translation, in equally good idiomatic language, was possible. The word set is the causative of sit, and indicates primarily a power of self-support, in opposition to the idea of the word lay.
(1) In its primary meaning the word set is used in our English Bible in many senses: (a) Foundation: Son 5:15, His legs are as pillars of marble set upon. (b) Direction: Eze 21:16, whithersoever thy face is set. (c) Appointed time: Act 12:21, upon a set day. (d) Fixed place: 2Ch 20:17, Set yourselves, stand ye still, and see; 2Sa 6:17; Mat 4:5. (e) Cause to sit: 1Sa 2:8, the King James Version to set them among princes; 2Ch 23:20; Psa 68:6. (f) Appointment: Ezr 7:25, the King James Version set magistrates and judges; Gen 41:41; 1Sa 12:13; Psa 2:6; Dan 1:11. (g) To lift up: Gen 31:17, set his sons and his wives upon. (h) Appointed place: Gen 1:17, God set them in the firmament. (i) Cause to stand: Gen 47:7, Joseph brought in Jacob … and set him before Pharaoh; Num 8:13; 2Ch 29:25. (j) Sitting: Mat 5:1, the King James Version when he was set; Heb 8:1 the King James Version. (k) Location: Mat 5:14, a city set on a hill. These by no means exhaust the meaning which the word, in its primary sense, has in our English Bible.
(2) In a secondary or tropical sense it is used with equal frequency, usually with various prepositions. Thus, (a) To attack: Jdg 9:33, the King James Version and set upon the city. (b) To imprint: Gen 4:15, the King James Version The Lord set a mark upon Cain. (c) To direct to: 1Ki 2:15, And that all Israel set their faces on me. (d) To place: 1Ki 20:12, Ben-hadad shouted one word to his allies: Set, i.e. set the armies in array, the battering-rams and engines of attack in their place. (e) To incline toward: Eze 40:4, Set thy heart upon all that I shall show. (f) To trust in: Psa 62:10, If riches increase, set not your heart thereon. (g) To place before: Psa 90:8, Thou hast set our iniquities before; Psa 141:3, Set a watch, O Yahweh, before my mouth. (h) To go down: of the setting of the sun (Mar 1:32; Luk 4:40). (i) To be proud: Mal 3:15, the King James Version They that work wickedness are set up. (j) To fill in: Exo 35:9, stones to be set, for the ephod. (k) To plant: Mar 12:1, set a hedge about it. (l) To mock: Luk 23:11, Herod … set him at nought. (m) To honor: 1Sa 18:30, so that his name was much set by. (n) To start: Act 21:2, We went aboard, and set sail. As may be seen the word is used in an endless variety of meanings.
Fuente: International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
Set
“to cause to stand,” is translated “to set” in Mat 4:5 (aorist tense in the best texts; some have the present, as in AV); Mat 18:2; Mat 25:33; Mar 9:36; Luk 4:9; Luk 9:47; Joh 8:3; Act 4:7; Act 5:27; Act 6:6; in Act 6:13, “set up;” Act 22:30; in Jud 1:24, RV, “to set” (AV, “to present”). See ABIDE, No. 10.
lit., “to set down” (kata, “down,” and No. 1), “to appoint, constitute,” is translated “to set” in Mat 24:45, Mat 24:47; Mat 25:21, Mat 25:23, RV (AV, “made”); so Luk 12:42, Luk 12:44; it is found in some mss. in Heb 2:7, and translated “set over” (AV), See APPOINT, No. 2.
“to put, to place,” is translated “to set” in Act 1:7, of times and seasons (AV, “put”); Act 13:47; Rev 10:2; “setteth on” (of wine) in Joh 2:10, RV (AV, “doth set forth”); in the AV of Mar 4:21 (2nd part) and in Luk 8:16 it is rendered “set” (RV, “put”), of a lamp (some texts have No. 6 in both). In Mar 4:30 it is used of “setting” forth by parable the teaching concerning the kingdom of God, RV, “shall we set (it) forth” (AV, “compare”). See APPOINT, No. 3.
“to place beside” (para, “beside,” and No. 3), “to set forth,” of a parable, Mat 13:24, RV (AV, “put forth”); “to set before,” of food, Mar 6:41; Mar 8:6 (twice), Mar 8:7; Luk 9:16; Luk 10:8; Luk 11:6; Act 16:34; 1Co 10:27. See ALLEGE, No. 1, PUT, No. 3.
“to place or put around” (peri, “around,” and No. 3), is translated “to set about” (of a hedge) in Mar 12:1. See BESTOW, No. 5, PUT.
“to put, set or lay upon,” is used of the placing over the head of Christ on the cross “His accusation,” Mat 27:37, “set up;” of attacking a person, Act 18:10, “shall set on.” See ADD. No. 1.
“to set before” (pro, “before,” and No. 3), is used in the Middle Voice, translated “set forth,” of Christ, in Rom 3:25 (RV marg., “purposed”). See PURPOSE, B, No. 3.
“to give,” is translated “I have set before” in Rev 3:8 (RV marg., “given”). See GIVE.
used transitively, signifies “to cause to sit down, set, appoint,” translated “to set” in Act 2:30, RV (AV, incorrectly, “to set”); in 1Co 6:4, of appointing, i.e., obtaining the services of, judges in lawcourts; in Eph 1:20, RV, “made (Him) to sit” (AV, “set”).
Note: In Heb 8:1, kathizo is used intransitively, RV, “sat down” (AV, “is set”); so in Heb 12:2, RV, “hath sat down” (AV, “is set down”); Rev 3:21, RV, “I … sat down” (AV, “am set down”). So epikathizo in Mat 21:7 (last part), RV, “He sat” [some mss. have the plural in a transitive sense, AV, “they set (Him)]” See SIT, No. 8.
“to arrange, assign, order,” is translated “set (under authority)” in Luk 7:8. In 1Co 16:15, RV, “have set (themselves),” AV, “addicted.” See APPOINT, No. 5.
“to arrange in order, draw up in order” (ana, “up,” and the Middle Voice of No. 10), occurs in Luk 1:1, AV, “to set forth in order,” RV, “to draw up.” See DRAW, No. 9.
“to sink into,” is used of the “setting” of the sun, Mar 1:32, “did set;” Luk 4:40, “was setting.” The sun, moon and stars were conceived of as sinking into the sea when they set.
236), “to reconcile” (sun, “together,” allasso, “to change or exchange”), is translated “he … would have set (them at one, lit., ‘into peace’) again” in Act 7:26 (the imperfect tense being conative, expressing an attempt); some mss. have sunelauno, “to drive together, force together.”
“to declare, proclaim,” is translated “set forth” in Act 16:21, RV (AV, “teach”); “set I forth” in Act 17:23, RV (AV, “declare I”). See DECLARE, No. 4.
“to hold in,” has a secondary significance of “setting oneself against a person,” “being urgent against,” Mar 6:19; Luk 11:53 (RV, marg.). See ENTANGLE, No. 3, QUARREL, URGE.
lit., “to send forward” (pro, “forward,” pempo, “to send”), is translated “set forward” in Tit 3:13, RV (AV, “bring”) and in 3Jo 1:6, RV (AV, “bring forward”), of practical assistance to servants of God in their journeys. See ACCOMPANY, No. 4.
“to show forth, declare,” is translated “set forth” in 1Co 4:9, here, a technical term, used for exhibiting gladiators in an arena, “last of all” referring to the grand finale, to make the most thrilling sport for the spectators (cp. 1Co 15:32); prophets and others had preceded the apostles in the spectacle; in 2Th 2:4 it is used of the man of sin, who will “set (himself) forth (as God),” AV, “showing.” Elsewhere Act 2:22; Act 25:7. See APPROVE, PROVE. The word is frequently used in the papyri of the proclamation of the accession of a king or the appointment of an official. Cp. apodeixis, “demonstration,” 1Co 2:4.
“to place upon,” is used of causing persons to mount animals for riding, Luk 10:34; Luk 19:35; Act 23:24.
“to fix, establish,” is rendered “He steadfastly set (His face)” in Luk 9:51. See ESTABLISH, No. 1.
“to set straight, set up” (ana, “up,” orthos, “straight”), is used in Act 15:16 in God’s promise to “set” up the fallen tabernacle (skene, “tent”) of David. The word is used in the papyri of rearing buildings again. See LIFT, No. 6, STRAIGHT.
“to lie, to be laid” (used as the Passive Voice of tithemi, No. 3), is translated “to be set,” e.g., in Mat 5:14 (of a city); Luk 2:34 (of Christ); Joh 2:6 (of waterpots); Joh 19:29 (of vessel of vinegar); Phi 1:16, RV (Phi 1:17, AV) (of the Apostle Paul); Rev 4:2 (of the throne in heaven). See APPOINT, LAY, LIE.
“to be laid up” (ana “up”), “to recline at a meal,” is so used in Joh 6:11, “(to them) that were set down.” See LEAN, LIE, Note (1) SIT, No. 3.
signifies (a) “to be set before” (pro, “before,” and No. 21), and is so rendered in Heb 6:18 of the hope of the believer; Heb 12:1, of the Christian race; Heb 12:2, of the joy “set” before Christ in the days of His flesh and at His death; (b) “to be set forth,” said of Sodom and Gomorrah, in Jud 1:7. It is used elsewhere in 2Co 8:12, for which see FIRST, D, Note (2).
“to write before,” is translated “were set forth (unto this condemnation)” in Jud 1:4, RV (AV, “ordained”); the evil teachers were “designated of old for this judgment” (cp. 2Pe 2:3). For the meaning of this verb in Gal 3:1, RV, “openly set forth,” see OPENLY, No. 2, Note. See WRITE.
an adjective (from tasso, A, No. 10), “ordered, fixed, set,” is said of an appointed day, in Act 12:21. In the Sept., Job 12:5.
Notes: (1) For “to set at liberty” (apoluo and apostello), see LIBERTY. (2) In Act 21:2, AV, anago, “to set sail” (RV), is translated “set forth;” see LAUNCH. (3) In Luk 22:55, AV, sunkathizo, “to sit down together” (RV), is translated “were set down together.” See SIT, No. 10. (4) For Act 7:5, “to set his foot on,” see FOOT, A, No. 1, Note. (5) In Act 13:9, AV, atenizo, “to look fixedly, gaze,” is rendered “set his eyes on” (RV, “fastened his eyes on”). See FASTEN, No. 1. (6) In Mat 27:19, AV, kathemai, “to sit,” is rendered “he was set down” (RV, “he was sitting”). See SIT, No. 1. (7) In Joh 13:12, (AV, anapipto, “to recline at table,” is translated “was set down” (RV, “sat down;” marg., “reclined”). See RECLINE. (8) In Mat 27:66 there is no word in the Greek representing the AV “setting;” the RV has “the guard being with them,” lit., “with (meta) the guard.” (9) The verb is combined with other words, e.g., AFFECTION, FIRE, MIND, NOUGHT, ORDER, SEAL, UPROAR, VARIANCE.