Yu 1
Being, existence, the mother of all things, which comes from Non-Being (wu). Both Being and Non-Being are aspects of Tao. — W.T.C.
Fuente: The Dictionary of Philosophy
Yu 2
Space, or “what extends to different places” and “covers the four directions.” (Neo-Mohism) — W.T.C.
Fuente: The Dictionary of Philosophy
Yu 3
Desire, which the Taoists regard as detrimental to a good life and the understanding of Tao, but which the Confucians accept as natural and reasonable if under control. “The nature of man is tranquil, but when it is affected by the external world, it begins to have desires . . . When the likes and dislikes are not properly controlled and our conscious minds are distracted by the material world, we love our true selves and the principle of reason in Nature is destroyed . . . The people are therefore controlled through the rituals and music instituted by the ancient kings.” As Tai Tung-yuan (1723-1777) puts it, “Man and creatuies all have desires, and desires are the functionings of their nature . . . If functionings and operations do not err, they are in harmony with the characteristics of Heaven and Earth . . . Goodness is nothing but the transformation of Heaven and Earth and the functionings and capabilities of nature . . . We should not be without desires, but we should minimize them. — W.T.C.
Fuente: The Dictionary of Philosophy
Yu 4
“Eternal being” refers to the function of the metaphysical principle Tao. It is no mere zero or nothingness, having as fiist principle brought all things into being. (Lao Tzu, Taoists). — H.H.