Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Psalms 50:4
He shall call to the heavens from above, and to the earth, that he may judge his people.
4. He shall call to the heavens from above ] Better, in continuation of the preceding verse, Let him call to the heavens above. The object of the summons is ‘that he may judge his people.’ Heaven and earth, the whole world of nature, are summoned to be witnesses of the judgement, for they are far older than man, and have watched the whole course of Israel’s history. Cp. Deu 4:26; Deu 4:32; Deu 31:28; Deu 32:1; Isa 1:2; Mic 1:2; Mic 6:1-2. The poetical idea finds a strange equivalent in the conception of modern science that every action is recorded by a corresponding physical change, so that Nature is in truth a witness to the actions of man [25] .
[25] See Babbage, Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, ch. 9., “On the Permanent Impression of our Words and Actions on the Globe we inhabit.”
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
He shall call to the heavens from above – He will call on all the universe; he will summon all worlds. The meaning here is, not that he will gather those who are in heaven to be judged, but that he will call on the inhabitants of all worlds to be his witnesses; to bear their attestation to the justice of his sentence. See Psa 50:6. The phrase from above does not, of course, refer to the heavens as being above God, but to the heavens as they appear to human beings to be above themselves.
And to the earth – To all the dwellers upon the earth; to the whole universe. He makes this universal appeal with the confident assurance that his final sentence will be approved; that the universe will see and admit that it is just. See Rev 15:3; Rev 19:1-3. There can be no doubt that the universe, as such, will approve the ultimate sentence that will be pronounced on mankind.
That he may judge his people – That is, all these arrangements – this coming with fire and tempest, and this universal appeal – will be prepatory to the judging of his people, or in order that the judgment may be conducted with due solemnity and propriety. The idea is, that an event so momentous should be conducted in a way suited to produce an appropriate impression; so conducted, that there would be a universal conviction of the justice and impartiality of the sentence. The reference here is particularly to his professed people, that is, to determine whether they were truly his, for that is the main subject of the psalm, though the language is derived from the solemnities appropriate to the universal judgment.
Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible
Psa 50:4-6
He shall call to the heavens from above, and to the earth, that He may judge His people.
Nature, a witness against the sinner
But she seems, oftentimes, utterly insensible. The most bounteous gifts are bestowed on saint and sinner alike. No matter what outrages on all righteousness and goodness men may be guilty of, she takes no notice. No lightning-bolt leaps forth on the impious head, and the solid earth does not yawn to engulf the perpetrator of iniquity. But, nevertheless, Scripture speaks of Nature as if it were a conscious witness of the moral history of man, as here in our text (cf. also Isa 1:1; Mic 6:1; Deu 31:28). What is the import of this appeal, in which heaven and earth are called upon to bear record?
I. The material world may be thus summoned to witness, as containing the scenes of mans crimes. Nature keeps a silent record of them in the associations of the places where they were committed. Bring the sinner to the scene of his past misdeeds, and he will sometimes feel as if all the objects around were endowed with a voice of reproachful reminiscence. How great is the power of local association, whether the deeds done there have boon noble or the reverse. There are places on which we wish never to look again because of that of which they remind us. Thus the whole earth may become full of such reminders, and so may be a faithful record to the eye that can read them.
II. By its fulfilling, in contrast with man, the end of its existence. All things are judged as they answer to the ends for which they were made. How, then, does the material world witness against us.
III. As affording proof of the unerring certainty and strictness of the divine laws. Their operation is invisible and uniform; slow, oftentimes, but sure. Only the interposition of a higher law, as in the Redemption of Christ, can save the sinful man. (John Caird, D. D.)
Fuente: Biblical Illustrator Edited by Joseph S. Exell
Either to heaven and earth themselves, and so it is a figure called prosopopoeia; or to the inhabitants of them, all angels and men, whom he calls in for witnesses and judges of the equity of his present proceedings. Compare Deu 4:26; Deu 31:28; 32:1. That he may judge his people, to wit, in their presence and hearing.
Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole
4. aboveliterally, “above”(Ge 1:7).
heavens . . . earthForall creatures are witnesses (Deu 4:26;Deu 30:19; Isa 1:2).
Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
He shall call to the heavens from above, and to the earth,…. To hear what he shall say, when he will no longer keep silence; and to be witnesses of the justice of his proceedings; see Isa 1:2. The Targum interprets this of the angels above on high, and of the righteous on the earth below; and so Aben Ezra, Kimchi, and Ben Melech, explain it of the angels of heaven, and of the inhabitants of the earth;
that he may judge his people; not that they, the heavens and the earth, the inhabitants of either, may judge his people; but the Lord himself, as in Ps 50:6; and this designs not the judgment of the whole world, nor that of his own covenant people, whom he judges when he corrects them in love, that they might not be condemned with the world; when he vindicates them, and avenges them on their enemies, and when he protects and saves them; but the judgment of the Jewish nation, his professing people, the same that Peter speaks of, 1Pe 4:17.
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
The judgment scene. To the heavens above ( , elsewhere a preposition, here, as in Gen 27:39; Gen 49:25, an adverb, desuper , superne ) and to the earth God calls ( , as, e.g., Gen 28:1), to both , in order to sit in judgment upon His people in their presence, and with them as witnesses of His doings. Or is it not that they are summoned to attend, but that the commission, Psa 50:5, is addressed to them (Olshausen, Hitzig)? Certainly not, for the act of gathering is not one that properly belongs to the heavens and the earth, which, however, because they exist from the beginning and will last for ever, are suited to be witnesses (Deu 4:26; Deu 32:1; Isa 1:2, 1 Macc. 2:37). The summons is addressed, as in Mat 24:31, and frequently in visions, to the celestial spirits, the servants of the God here appearing. The accused who are to be brought before the divine tribunal are mentioned by names which, without their state of mind and heart corresponding to them, express the relationship to Himself in which God has placed them (cf. Deu 32:15; Isa 42:19). They are called , as in the Asaph Psa 79:2. This contradiction between their relationship and their conduct makes an undesigned but bitter irony. In a covenant relationship, consecrated and ratified by a covenant sacrifice ( similar to Psa 92:4; Psa 10:10), has God placed Himself towards them (Ex 24); and this covenant relationship is also maintained on their part by offering sacrifices as an expression of their obedience and of their fidelity. The participle here implies the constant continuance of that primary covenant-making. Now, while the accused are gathered up, the poet hears the heavens solemnly acknowledge the righteousness of the Judge beforehand. The participial construction , which always, according to the connection, expresses the present (Nah 1:2), or the past (Jdg 4:4), or the future (Jer 25:31), is in this instance an expression of that which is near at hand ( fut. instans). has not the sense of ipse (Ew. 314, a), for it corresponds to the “I” in or ; and is not to be translated by nam (Hitzig), for the fact that God intends to judge requires no further announcement. On the contrary, because God is just now in the act of sitting in judgment, the heavens, the witnesses most prominent and nearest to Him, bear witness to His righteousness. The earthly music, as the directs, is here to join in with the celestial praise. Nothing further is now wanting to the completeness of the judgment scene; the action now begins.
Fuente: Keil & Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament
4. He shall call to the heavens from above It is plain from this verse for what purpose God, as he had already announced, would call upon the earth. This was to witness the settlement of his controversy with his own people the Jews, against whom judgment was to be pronounced, not in the ordinary manner as by his prophets, but with great solemnity before the whole world. The prophet warns the hypocritical that they must prepare to be driven from their hiding-place, that their cause would be decided in the presence of men and angels, and that they would he dragged without excuse before that dreadful assembly. It may be asked, why the prophet represents the true fearers of the Lord as cited to his bar, when it is evident that the remonstrance which follows in the psalm is addressed to the hypocritical and degenerate portion of the Jews? To this I answer, that God here speaks of the whole Church, for though a great part of the race of Abraham had declined from the piety of their ancestors, yet he has a respect to the Jewish Church, as being his own institution. He speaks of them as his meek ones, to remind them of what they ought to be in consistency with their calling, and not as if they were all without exception patterns of godliness. The form of the address conveys a rebuke to those amongst them whose real character was far from corresponding with their profession. Others have suggested a more refined interpretation, as if the meaning were, Separate the small number of my sincere worshippers from the promiscuous multitude by whom my name is profaned, lest they too should afterwards be seduced to a vain religion of outward form. I do not deny that this agrees with the scope of the prophet. But I see no reason why a church, however universally corrupted, provided it contain a few godly members, should not be denominated, in honor of this remnant, the holy people of God. Interpreters have differed upon the last clause of the verse: Those who strike a covenant with me over sacrifices, Some think over is put for besides, or beyond, and that God commends his true servants for this, that they acknowledged something more to be required in his covenant than an observance of outward ceremonies, and were not chargeable with resting in the carnal figures of the Law. (244) Others think that the spiritual and true worship of God is here directly opposed to sacrifices; as if it had been said, Those who, instead of sacrifices, keep my covenant in the right and appointed manner, by yielding to me the sincere homage of their heart. But in my opinion, the prophet is here to be viewed as pointing out with commendation the true and genuine use of the legal worship; for it was of the utmost consequence that it should be known what was the real end for which God appointed sacrifices under the Law. The prophet here declares that sacrifices were of no value whatever except as seals of God’s covenant, an interpretative handwriting of submission to it, or in general as means employed for ratifying it. There is an allusion to the custom then universally prevalent of interposing sacrifices, that covenants might be made more solemn, and be more religiously observed. (245) In like manner, the design with which sacrifices were instituted by God was to bind his people more closely to himself, and to ratify and confirm his covenant. The passage is well worthy of our particular notice, as defining those who are to be considered the true members of the Church. They are such, on the one hand, as are characterised by the spirit of meekness, practising righteousness in their intercourse with the world; and such, on the other, as close in the exercise of a genuine faith with the covenant of adoption which God has proposed to them. This forms the true worship of God, as he has himself delivered it to us from heaven; and those who decline from it, whatever pretensions they may make to be considered a church of God, are excommunicated from it by the Holy Spirit. As to sacrifices or other ceremonies, they are of no value, except in so far as they seal to us the pure truth of God. All such rites, consequently, as have no foundation in the word of God, are unauthorised, and that worship which has not a distinct reference to the word is but a corruption of things sacred.
(244) In Luther’s German translation of the Bible this verse is rendered,
“
Gather me mine holy ones, That regard the covenant more than offering.”
(245) The manner in which covenants were anciently ratified by sacrifices was this: The victim was cut into two parts, and each half was placed upon an altar. The contracting parties then passed between the pieces, which was a kind of imprecation upon the party who should violate the covenant, being as much as to say, May he or they be cut asunder like that dissected victim. In this manner, the covenant which God made with Abraham and his family was ratified, Gen 15:9. This awful ceremony was also observed by God’s ancient people at the renovation of the covenant, as appears from Jer 34:18. See also a covenant between God and his people with sacrifices in Exo 24:4. This explains the phrase here used, which is literally, “Those who have cut a covenant with me by sacrifice,” the verb being from כרת, carath, he cut The same mode of ratifying covenants prevailed among some of the heathen nations, as appears from the allusions made to it by Homer and Virgil, Iliad, lib. 19, 50, 260; Æneid, lib. 12, 50, 292.
Fuente: Calvin’s Complete Commentary
(4) He shall call.Better, He calls. The poet actually hears the summons go forth calling heaven and earth as witnesses, or assessors (comp. Mic. 6:2), of the judgment scene. (Comp. Deu. 4:26; Deu. 32:1; Isa. 1:2; Mic. 1:2; 1Ma. 2:37.)
Israel, politically so insignificant, must have been profoundly conscious of the tremendous issues involved in its religious character to demand a theatre so vast, an audience so august.
Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)
4. The heavens the earth These are summoned as witnesses, as Deu 4:26; Deu 30:19
Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
Psa 50:4-6. He shall call to the heavens Mr. Mudge reads the 5th verse in a parenthesis, and renders the 4th verse thus; He calleth to the heavens above, and to the earth, in order for the trial of his people.
Fuente: Commentary on the Holy Bible by Thomas Coke
Psa 50:4 He shall call to the heavens from above, and to the earth, that he may judge his people.
Ver. 4. He shall call to the heavens from above, and to the earth ] That these dumb creatures may be as so many speaking evidences against an unworthy people, and witnesses of God’s righteous dealings against them. See Deu 32:1 Isa 1:2 Mic 6:2 . The Chaldee thus paraphraseth, He will call the high angels from above; and the just of the earth from beneath.
Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
call: Psa 50:6, Deu 4:36, Deu 30:19, Deu 31:28, Deu 32:1, Isa 1:2, Mic 6:1, Mic 6:2
judge: Psa 96:13, Psa 98:9, Isa 11:3, Isa 11:4, Joh 5:22, Joh 5:23
Reciprocal: Deu 32:36 – For the Job 14:15 – shalt call Job 40:6 – out Psa 51:4 – that thou Psa 135:14 – the Lord Ecc 11:9 – know Isa 5:3 – judge Isa 51:5 – mine Jer 6:18 – hear Act 24:25 – judgment Heb 10:30 – The Lord shall
Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
50:4 He shall call to the heavens from above, and to {e} the earth, that he may judge his people.
(e) As witnessing against the hypocrites.
Fuente: Geneva Bible Notes
Asaph described God summoning those living in heaven, the angels, and on earth, mortals, to serve as witnesses in the trial. Israel is the defendant. The covenant in view is the Mosaic Covenant, under which the nation had obligations to God. The writer called on the angels to declare the Judge righteous, a way of affirming that He is just.