Another enigma. The four things of Pro 30:16 agreed in the common point of insatiableness; the four now mentioned agree in this, that they leave no trace behind them.

Pro 30:19

The way of a man with a maid – The act of sin leaves no outward mark upon the sinners.

Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible

The way whereof I cannot trace or find out.

Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole

18-20. Hypocrisy is illustratedby four examples of the concealment of all methods or traces ofaction, and a pertinent example of double dealing in actual vice isadded, that is, the adulterous woman.

Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible

There be three [things which] are too wonderful for me,…. Which were above his reach and comprehension; what he could not find out, nor account for, nor sufficiently admire;

yea, four things which I know not; the way of them; as follows.

Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible

The following proverb, again a numerical proverb, begins with the eagle, mentioned in the last line of the foregoing:

18 Three things lie beyond me,

And four I understand not:

19 The way of the eagle in the heavens,

The way of a serpent over a rock,

The way of a ship on the high sea,

And the way of a man with a maid.

20 Thus is the way of the adulterous woman:

She eateth and wipeth her mouth, and saith:

I have done no iniquity.

, as relative clause, like 15b (where Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion rightly: ), is joined to . On the other hand, ( , for with the Ker , conforming to 18a, , ) has to be interpreted as object. accus. The introduction of four things that are not known is in expressions like Job 42:3; cf. Psa 139:6. The turning-point lies in the fourth; to that point the other three expressions gravitate, which have not an object in themselves, but are only as folie to the fourth. The articles wanting after : they would be only the marks of the gender, and are therefore unnecessary; cf. under Pro 29:2. And while , in the heavens, and , in the sea, are the expressions used, is used for on the rock, because here “on” is not at the same time “in,” “within,” as the eagle cleaves the air and the ship the waves. For this same reason the expression, “the way of a man ,” is not to be understood of love unsought, suddenly taking possession of and captivating a man toward this or that maid, so that the principal thought of the proverb may be compared to the saying, “marriages are made in heaven;” but, as in Kidduschin 2b, with reference to this passage, is said coitus via appellatur . The refers to copula carnalis . But in what respect did his understanding not reach to this? “Wonderful,” thus Hitzig explains as the best interpreter of this opinion elsewhere (cf. Psychol. p. 115) propounded, “appeared to him the flying, and that how a large and thus heavy bird could raise itself so high in the air (Job 39:27); then how, over the smooth rock, which offers no hold, the serpent pushes itself along; finally, how the ship in the trackless waves, which present nothing to the eye as a guide, nevertheless finds its way. These three things have at the same time this in common, that they leave no trace of their pathway behind them. But of the fourth way that cannot be said; for the trace is left on the substrat , which the man , and it becomes manifest, possibly as pregnancy, keeping out of view that the may yet be . That which is wonderful is consequently only the coition itself, its mystical act and its incomprehensible consequences.” But does not this interpretation carry in itself its own refutation? To the three wonderful ways which leave no traces behind them, there cannot be compared a fourth, the consequences of which are not only not trackless, but, on the contrary, become manifest as proceeding from the act in an incomprehensible way. The point of comparison is either the wonderfulness of the event or the tracklessness of its consequences. But now “the way of a man ” is altogether inappropriate to designate the wonderful event of the origin of a human being. How altogether differently the Chokma expresses itself on this matter is seen from Job 10:8-12; Ecc 11:5 (cf. Psychol. p. 210). That “way of a man with a maid” denotes only the act of coition, which physiologically differs in nothing from that of the lower animals, and which in itself, in the externality of its accomplishment, the poet cannot possibly call something transcendent. And why did he use the word , and not rather [with a female] or [ id.]? For this reason, because he meant the act of coition, not as a physiological event, but as a historical occurrence, as it takes place particularly in youth as the goal of love, not always reached in the divinely-appointed way. The point of comparison hence is not the secret of conception, but the tracelessness of the carnal intercourse. Now it is also clear why the way of the serpent was in his eye: among grass, and still more in sand, the trace of the serpent’s path would perhaps be visible, but not on a hard stone, over which it has glided. And it is clear why it is said of the ship [in the heart of the sea]: while the ship is still in sight from the land, one knows the track it follows; but who can in the heart of the sea, i.e., on the high sea, say that here or there a ship has ploughed the water, since the water-furrows have long ago disappeared? Looking to the heavens, one cannot say that an eagle has passed there; to the rock, that a serpent has wound its way over it; to the high sea, that a ship has been steered through it; to the maid, that a man has had carnal intercourse with her. That the fact might appear on nearer investigation, although this will not always guide to a certain conclusion, is not kept in view; only the outward appearance is spoken of, the intentional concealment (Rashi) being in this case added thereto. Sins against the sixth [= seventh] commandment remain concealed from human knowledge, and are distinguished from others by this, that they shun human cognition (as the proverb says: , there is for sins of the flesh no ) – unchastity can mask itself, the marks of chastity are deceitful, here only the All-seeing Eye ( , Aboth ii. 1) perceives that which is done. Yet it is not maintained that “the way of a man with a maid” refers exclusively to external intercourse; but altogether on this side the proverb gains ethical significance. Regarding (from , pubes esse et caeundi cupidus , not from , to conceal, and not, as Schultens derives it, from , signare , to seal) as distinguished from , vid., under Isa 7:14. The mark of maidenhood belongs to not in the same way as to (cf. Gen 24:43 with 16), but only the marks of puberty and youth; the wife (viz., ) cannot as such be called . Ralbag’s gloss is incorrect, and in Arama’s explanation ( Akeda, Abschn. 9): the time is not to be determined when the sexual love of the husband to his wife flames out, ought to have been ne . One has therefore to suppose that Pro 30:20 explains what is meant by “the way of a man with a maid” by a strong example (for “the adulterous woman” can mean only an old adulteress), there not inclusive, for the tracklessness of sins of the flesh in their consequences.

This 20th verse does not appear to have been an original part of the numerical proverb, but is an appendix thereto (Hitzig). If we assume that points forwards: thus as follows is it with the… (Fleischer), then we should hold this verse as an independent cognate proverb; but where is there a proverb (except Pro 11:19) that begins with ? , which may mean eodem modo (for one does not say ) as well as eo modo , here points backwards in the former sense. Instead of (not ; for the attraction of that which follows, brought about by the retrogression of the tone of the first word, requires dageshing, Thorath Emeth, p. 30) the lxx has merely , i.e., as Immanuel explains: , abstergens semet ipsam , with Grotius, who to tergens os suum adds the remark: ( honesta elocutio ). But eating is just a figure, like the “secret bread,” Pro 9:17, and the wiping of the mouth belongs to this figure. This appendix, with its , confirms it, that the intention of the four ways refers to the tracklessness of the consequences.

Fuente: Keil & Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament

      18 There be three things which are too wonderful for me, yea, four which I know not:   19 The way of an eagle in the air; the way of a serpent upon a rock; the way of a ship in the midst of the sea; and the way of a man with a maid.   20 Such is the way of an adulterous woman; she eateth, and wipeth her mouth, and saith, I have done no wickedness.   21 For three things the earth is disquieted, and for four which it cannot bear:   22 For a servant when he reigneth; and a fool when he is filled with meat;   23 For an odious woman when she is married; and an handmaid that is heir to her mistress.

      Here is, I. An account of four things that are unsearchable, too wonderful to be fully known. And here,

      1. The first three are natural things, and are only designed as comparisons for the illustration of the last. We cannot trace, (1.) An eagle in the air. Which way she has flown cannot be discovered either by the footstep or by the scent, as the way of a beast may upon ground; nor can we account for the wonderful swiftness of her flight, how soon she has gone beyond our ken. (2.) A serpent upon a rock. The way of a serpent in the sand we may find by the track, but not of a serpent upon the hard rock; nor can we describe how a serpent will, without feet, in a little time creep to the top of a rock. (3.) A ship in the midst of the sea. The leviathan indeed makes a path to shine after him, one would think the deep to be hoary (Job xli. 32), but a ship leaves no mark behind it, and sometimes it is so tossed upon the waves that one would wonder how it lives at sea and gains its point. The kingdom of nature is full of wonders, marvellous things which the God of nature does, past finding out.

      2. The fourth is a mystery of iniquity, more unaccountable than any of these; it belongs to the depths of Satan, that deceitfulness and that desperate wickedness of the heart which none can know, Jer. xvii. 9. It is twofold:– (1.) The cursed arts which a vile adulterer has to debauch a maid, and to persuade her to yield to his wicked and abominable lust. This is what a wanton poet wrote a whole book of, long since, De arte amandi–On the art of love. By what pretensions and protestations of love, and all its powerful charms, promises of marriage, assurances of secresy and reward, is many an unwary virgin brought to sell her virtue, and honour, and peace, and soul, and all to a base traitor; for so all sinful lust is in the kingdom of love. The more artfully the temptation is managed the more watchful and resolute ought every pure heart to be against it. (2.) The cursed arts which a vile adulteress has to conceal her wickedness, especially from her husband, from whom she treacherously departs; so close are her intrigues with her lewd companions, and so craftily disguised, that it is as impossible to discover her as to track an eagle in the air. She eats the forbidden fruit, after the similitude of Adam’s transgression, and then wipes her mouth, that it may not betray itself, and with a bold and impudent face says, I have done no wickedness. [1.] To the world she denies the fact, and is ready to swear it that she is as chaste and modest as any woman, and never did the wickedness she is suspected of. Those are the works of darkness which are industriously kept from coming to the light. [2.] To her own conscience (if she have any left) she denies the fault, and will not own that that great wickedness is any wickedness at all, but an innocent entertainment. See Hos 12:7; Hos 12:8. Thus multitudes ruin their souls by calling evil good and out-facing their convictions with a self-justification.

      II. An account of four things that are intolerable, that is, four sorts of persons that are very troublesome to the places where they live and the relations and companies they are in; the earth is disquieted for them, and groans under them as a burden it cannot bear, and they are all much alike:– 1. A servant when he is advanced, and entrusted with power, who is, of all others, most insolent and imperious; witness Tobiah the servant, the Ammonite, Neh. ii. 10. 2. A fool, a silly, rude, boisterous, vicious man, who when he has grown rich, and is partaking of the pleasures of the table, will disturb all the company with his extravagant talk and the affronts he will put upon those about him. 3. An ill-natured, cross-grained, woman, when she gets a husband, one who, having made herself odious by her pride and sourness, so that one would not have thought any body would ever love her, yet, if at last she be married, that honourable estate makes her more intolerably scornful and spiteful than ever. It is a pity that that which should sweeten the disposition should have a contrary effect. A gracious woman, when she is married, will be yet more obliging. 4. An old maid-servant that has prevailed with her mistress, by humouring her, and, as we say, getting the length of her foot, to leave her what she has, or is as dear to her as if she was to be her heir, such a one likewise will be intolerably proud and malicious, and think all too little that her mistress gives her, and herself wronged if any thing be left from her. Let those therefore whom Providence has advanced to honour from mean beginnings carefully watch against that sin which will most easily beset them, pride and haughtiness, which will in them, of all others, be most insufferable and inexcusable; and let them humble themselves with the remembrance of the rock out of which they were hewn.

Fuente: Matthew Henry’s Whole Bible Commentary

Four Things Inexplicable

Verses 18-19 cite four things too wonderful for Agur to understand:

1) The ability of the eagle to soar high in the air for long periods without apparent effort.

2) The skill of the serpent to glide over a rock surface with speed and grace though it has no legs or arms.

3) The power of a sailing ship to travel across the sea to a certain destination without a marked course and with no apparent motive force but the changeable wind.

4) the mysterious direction that causes a certain man and a certain woman to choose each other.

The lesson here seems to be that things inexplicable to men are known to God and may be mastered by men who seek and submit to His will, Pro 16:7; Pro 20:24; Deu 32:11-12; 2Ki 3:11; Psa 25:5; Psa 37:23; Psa 139:9-10.

Fuente: Garner-Howes Baptist Commentary

MAIN HOMILETICS OF THE PARAGRAPH.Pro. 30:18-20

DEPTHS OF WICKEDNESS

I. There are deeds of iniquity which leave no outward immediate trace. The path which the eagle opens by her wings when she soars aloft cannot be traced by the human eye. The air closes behind her as she moves, and she leaves nothing to show that she has passed that way. The vessel ploughs its way through the deep, and leaves a wake behind her for a short time. But the sea, like the air, soon resumes its former condition, and the keel leaves no lasting indication upon the water whereby the course of the mariner can be seen. So the serpent glides over the rock, and for a moment its shining scales are reflected in the sun, and then it is hidden from sight and the rock bears no footprint upon its surface. No human skill could, in any of these instances, find any evidence by which to establish the fact that either the thing without life or the living creatures had been there. So the sin to which all these comparisons are linked is one which may be concealed from the eyes of all except those concerned in it, not only at the time of its committal, but also in the immediate future. Those who come in contact with the guilty parties may see no more trace of the sin than they would do of an eagles course, or, to use the other metaphor, of bread that had been eaten by one who has wiped his mouth after the meal.

II. Sin is so in opposition to the voice of the human conscience that even those who love it most seek to hide it. The adulteress has sunk as low in the moral scale as it is possible for a human creature to sink, and yet she seeks to hide her shame. Men of evil deeds love darkness rather than light, and so give evidence that there is that within them that condemns their unholy deeds. The very denial of the crime is a condemnation of it. There are many crimes which are not amenable to human law which men, notwithstanding, try to hide from human eyes, and their efforts to do this are witnesses against them and in favour of the law which they have broken.

Fuente: The Preacher’s Complete Homiletical Commentary Edited by Joseph S. Exell

(18) Too wonderful for me.The wonder in Agurs eyes seems to be that none of the four leave any trace behind them. (Comp. Wis. 5:10 sqq.) For a spiritual interpretation of these and other passages in this chapter, comp. Bishop Wordsworths Commentary.

Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)

18, 19. Too wonderful As we have in the preceding verses several illustrations of the insatiable, so we have in these examples of the mysterious. The mystery of these things (as commonly supposed) is not so much in themselves as in the discovery of them afterward “the impossibility of tracing the way gone over.” Stuart. There is a various reading in the last of the four particulars the correctness of which is maintained by very respectable critics. Instead of , ( ‘ halmah,) a maid, a marriageable virgin, some manuscripts and versions read , ( ‘ halu-mayv,) his youth, “the way of a man in his youth.” So the Septuagint, Vulgate, Arabic, etc. Some illustrate this passage thus: In countries where young women are kept secluded there is little opportunity of personal acquaintance, and of what we call courtship. There are few chances by which a young man can personally engage the affections of a young woman. She is not at her own disposal, and can but acquiesce in the choice of her parents and friends. “I have often been surprised,” says a certain writer, “to see with what little regret a lover, proposed to a virgin, has been abandoned by her for another, perhaps not at all better. She transfers her connexion and person with so little difficulty to the latter’s proposal, that however she might have encouraged the first, and even have adopted him as her husband elect, he appears to have left no more trace on her mind than the eagle leaves in the air.” TAYLOR’S Calmet, under Al-mah. All this may be so, but it seems to be the way of a maid with a man, rather than, as the text demands, the way of a man with a maid.

Conant’s note on “difficult things” is worthy of consideration. “It matters not that these things can be philosophically explained, and that we now understand how the eagle is sustained in the air by its reacting force, and moves upward or onward by the difference of forces. So can the ‘balancings of the clouds’ (Job 37:16) be now understood. The discovery that the air has weight, and is heavier than the pellicles of vapour, has explained the mystery. But there was a time when these were wonders, and to men as wise at least as we are in matters of greater concern than the truths of physical science. We all can remember when to us, too, they were wonders; and no illustrations of truth take stronger hold of the imagination and the heart than those drawn from our earliest impressions of nature. The Bible abounds in them, and in this is one secret of its hold on the human heart.”

Not less incomprehensible is the mysterious law of reproduction in the divinely appointed relation of the sexes. In purposed contrast with what follows, we have here the case of the bridegroom and bride, and their chaste intercourse, as a type of the sanctity and purity of that relation, for by “maid” is meant a young woman of marriageable age.

Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Deducing Truths from Common Experience

v. 18. There be three things which are too wonderful for me, beyond the explanation of an ordinary mind, yea, four which I know not, cannot understand, which are incomprehensible:

v. 19. the way of an eagle in the air, both its manner and the fact that the air shows no trace of his having passed through; the way of a serpent upon a rock, which also leaves no marks; the way of a ship In the midst of the sea, whose wake is swiftly obliterated by the waves; and the way of a man with a maid, for such intercourse also leaves no traces which are immediately and directly apparent. Even so can hypocrisy conceal the real condition of the heart and mind, at least for a while.

v. 20. Such is the way of an adulterous woman, who eagerly makes use of such concealment; she eateth, enjoying the sinful act, and wipeth her mouth, boldly professing innocence, and saith, I have done no wickedness, feeling sure that she is safe against detection.

v. 21. For three things the earth is disquieted, trembling as under an unbearable burden, and for four which it cannot bear:

v. 22. for a servant, a man of the lowest condition and status in life, when he reigneth, when lie suddenly finds himself elevated to the position of ruler and then follows his caprice; and a fool when he is filled with meat, since lie, being surfeited, becomes insolent;

v. 23. for an odious woman when she is married, for an old maid, disagreeable in disposition, is apt to repay the contempt which she suffered from others in the same coin, and with full interest; and an handmaid, a house slave or nurse, that is heir to her mistress, such a piece of good fortune tending to make her insolent and presumptuous in her behavior.

v. 24. There be four things which are little upon the earth, inconspicuous and therefore ordinarily overlooked, but they are exceeding wise:

v. 25. The ants are a people not strong, not powerful in size, yet they prepare their meat in the summer, their diligence and thrift laying up a store for the time of need;

v. 26. the conies, the cliff-badgers of Palestine, are but a feeble folk, also lacking in strength, yet make they their houses in the rocks, thus exhibiting a shrewdness which is worthy of imitation;

v. 27. the locusts have no king, yet go they forth all of them by bands, their swarms migrating in perfect harmony and order;

v. 28. the spider, rather, the gecko, a poisonous spotted lizard, taketh hold with her hands, being able to cling to, and even move forward upon, the flat surfaces, and is in kings’ palaces, able to adapt herself to every situation. These virtues, as taught by the animals mentioned, are to be applied by men in their domestic, social, and political life.

v. 29. There be three things which go well, creatures that move with a stately bearing, yea, four are comely in going, showing dignity and power in every stride:

v. 30. a lion, which is strongest among beasts, commonly acknowledged as the king of wild beasts, and turneth not away for any, being a stranger to fear;

v. 31. a greyhound, slender in his loins and possessed of great and graceful speed; an he-goat also, known for strength and courage; and a king against whom there is no rising up, who exercises the authority of calling his men to battle and with becoming dignity marches at their head.

v. 32. If thou hast done foolishly in lifting up thyself, self-exaltation being evidence of unusual denseness, or if thou hast thought evil, in wicked plotting against a neighbor, lay thine hand upon thy mouth, refraining from further speech and thus from further sinning.

v. 33. Surely the churning of milk, the Oriental method being that of squeezing and wringing in a skin or bottle of leather, bringeth forth butter, and the wringing of the nose, if it is pressed too hard, bringeth forth blood; so the forcing of wrath, when one or both parties to a quarrel are highly irritated, bringeth forth strife, the proper course for a Christian therefore being that of refraining from anger and provocation and of living peaceably with all men, Rom 12:18.

Fuente: The Popular Commentary on the Bible by Kretzmann

Pro 30:18 There be three [things which] are too wonderful for me, yea, four which I know not:

Ver. 18. There be three things which are too wonderful. ] The wisest man that is cannot give a reason for all things; such as the ebbing and flowing of the sea, of the colours in the rainbow, of the strength of the nether chap, and of the heat in the stomach, which consumeth all other things, and yet not the parts about it. Agur here confesseth himself gravelled in four things at least, and benighted.

Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)

Pro 30:18-20

Pro 30:18-20

“There are three things which are too wonderful for me,

Yea, four which I know not:

The way of an eagle in the air;

The way of a serpent on a rock;

The way of a ship in the midst of the sea;

And the way of a man with a maiden.

So is the way of an adulterous woman;

She eateth, and wipeth her mouth,

And saith, I have done no wickedness.”

In the preceding tetrad, the concurrence of the four things was in their insatiable nature; here the quadruple likeness is that, “They leave no trace behind them. Fritsch wrote that the reference in the fourth instance here was, “To sexual union, or possibly defloration”; but his support of that opinion was weak.

Of course, the adulteress that eats and wipes her mouth is a metaphor describing her casual immorality and has nothing to do with eating.

Pro 30:18. Agur begins another series-this time four things he can but wonder at but not comprehend. Job 42:3 speaks of Things too wonderful for me, which I knew not.

Pro 30:19. What are these four things that excited Agurs wonderment? (1) The way of an eagle in the air-how marvelous his flight! (2) The way of a serpent on a rock-how man likes to conceal himself and study such! (3) The way of a ship in the midst of the sea-to see a large vessel take to the deep waters and to go with no land in sight was another marvel. (4) The way of a man with a maiden-it remains a marvel the way that love develops between two people and grows into the ultimate relation of husband and wife. We personally think the Paraphrase gets to the correct idea better than the commentaries. The Paraphrase reads: There are three things too wonderful for me to understand-no four! How an eagle glides through the sky. How a serpent crawls upon a rock. How a ship finds its way across the heaving ocean. The growth of love between a man and a girl.

Pro 30:20. And here is another thing to marvel at: how an adulterous woman can sin, knowing she has sinned, and say, I have done no wickedness. She would fit the Generation spoken in Pro 30:12 (pure in their own eyes, and yet are not washed from their filthiness).

Fuente: Old and New Testaments Restoration Commentary

Lessons from Common Things

Pro 30:18-33

We have four more quatrains.

1. There are the four wonders that baffle Agurs understanding. How superficial is our knowledge! How does the eagle mount the air, or the serpent find a hold on the slippery rock, or a ship plow her way across the deep, or a man and woman fall in love by a secret interchange of heart which no one else perceives? And further how can a sinner continue to sin without experiencing remorse?

2. There are four intolerable conditions: a slave in authority, a pampered fool, an ill-assorted marriage, and a slave-girl, like Hagar, preferred to her mistress.

3. There are four kinds of animals which prove that it is possible to be insignificant and yet be wise: the ant, the cony, the locust, and the lizard, r.v.

4. There are four things which give the idea of stateliness in motion: a lion, a greyhound, a he-goat, and a king against whom there is no rising up. This remarkable collection ends with an exhortation to the repression of anger. Sometimes to refuse to express ones passion is the surest way of killing it. Treat it like a room on fire. Shut door and window, that it may die for want of air. Ask Gods holy sunlight to replace the unholy heat of your soul.

Fuente: F.B. Meyer’s Through the Bible Commentary

too: Job 42:3, Psa 139:6

Reciprocal: Pro 6:16 – six Mic 5:5 – seven

Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

Pro 30:18-19. There be three things too wonderful for me The way whereof I cannot trace; the way of an eagle in the air Either, 1st, The manner of her flight, which is exceedingly high, swift, and strong: or, rather, 2d, The way, or part of the air through which she passes, without leaving any print or sign in it. The way of a serpent upon a rock Where it leaves no impression, nor slime, nor token which way it went. The way of a ship in the sea In which, though at present it make a furrow, yet it is speedily closed again; and the way of a man with a maid The various methods and artifices which young men sometimes use to slide into the hearts of young virgins, and win their love, that they may persuade them either to honourable marriage or to unlawful lust. I would just observe upon this last clause, says Dr. Dodd, that some have understood it as a reference to the incarnation of the Word in the Virgin Mary. The word , rendered maid, signifies a virgin, strictly speaking; and , rendered a man, may signify the man, or great one, by way of eminence. But for more on this text the reader is referred to Schultenss very accurate discussion of it. Houbigant thinks that the sacred writer here refers to the human conception; which is indeed truly miraculous and incomprehensible.

Fuente: Joseph Bensons Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

These four "ways" (Heb. derek) have several things in common that make each of them remarkable. All are mysterious (inexplicable), non-traceable, effective in their element, and aggressive. "The way of a man with a maid" refers to the process by which a woman comes to love a man. The point of these four snapshots seems to be, that in view of remarkable phenomena such as these, arrogance is absurd and humility only reasonable (cf. Job 38-41).

Fuente: Expository Notes of Dr. Constable (Old and New Testaments)