Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Daniel 11:22
And with the arms of a flood shall they be overflown from before him, and shall be broken; yea, also the prince of the covenant.
22. And the arms of the flood ] fig. for opposing forces. The metaphor is a mixed one: for ‘arms,’ cf. Dan 11:15; for the fig. of the flood, Dan 11:10 ; Dan 11:26 ; Dan 11:40; Isa 8:8; Isa 28:2; Isa 28:15; Jer 47:2. The reference is ambiguous: it might of course be to the forces of Ptolemy Philometor; but more probably the domestic or other enemies who opposed Antiochus’ rise to power are meant. According to Jerome there was a party in Syria which favoured the claims of Philometor.
shall be flooded (or swept) away from before him ] he will prevail against them.
be broken ] cf., of an army, 2Ch 14:12.
and also the prince of the covenant ] most probably the high-priest, Onias III., who was deposed from his office by Antiochus in 175, and whose death was at least an indirect consequence of action taken by Antiochus (see above, on Dan 9:26). The words might, however, be also rendered a confederate prince (cf. Gen 14:13; Oba 1:7; Heb.): the reference would then be to Ptolemy Philometor; but it is an objection to this view that the king of Egypt is regularly throughout the chapter called the ‘king of the south’; nor are the relations which (so far as we know) subsisted between Antiochus and Philometor such as would be described naturally as a ‘covenant’ or ‘league.’
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
22 24. General description of Antiochus’ character and dealings. The verses have often (from Jerome onwards) been referred to Antiochus’ first Egyptian campaign; but though occurrences in that campaign may be alluded to in them, they cannot, as a whole, be understood naturally as a description of it [378] . Observe also that the ‘king of the south’ is for the first time mentioned explicitly in Dan 11:25.
[378] The terms in which Jerome (p. 713) describes the campaign (though the facts, he says, are derived from Porphyry) are manifestly coloured by the phraseology of these verses of Daniel.
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
And with the arms of a flood – The refercnce here is to some mighty invasion of some country by Antiochus, which would sweep everything before him. There seems to be some confusion of metaphor in the phrase, the arms of a flood. The idea in the mind of the writer appears to have been this: He saw an invasion of some country by hosts of men under the command of Antiochus. This it was not unnatural to compare with an inundation of waters spreading over a land. See Isa 8:8. Nor was it altogether unnatural to speak of an inundation as having arms extending far and near; sweeping everything to itself, or carrying it away. Thus we speak of an arm of the sea, an arm of a river, etc. In this manner the inundation – the invasion – seemed to spread itself out like waters, sweeping all away.
Shall they be overflown, from before him – The prophet does not specify who they would be that would thus be overthrown. Some have supposed that the reference is to the Hebrews, but the more correct interpretation is what refers it to Egypt, See the notes at Dan 11:25. As a matter of fact, the forces of Heliodorus, the forces of the Hebrews, and the forces of the Egyptians, were alike broken and scattered before him. The eye of the prophet, however, seems rather here to be on the invasion of Egypt, which was one of the earliest and most prominent acts of Antiochus, and into the history of which the prophet goes most into detail.
Yea, also the prince of the covenant – He also shall be broken and overcome. There has been some diversity of opinion as to who is meant by the prince of the covenant here. Many suppose that it is the high priest of the Jews, as being the chief prince or ruler under the covenant which God made with them, or among the covenant people. But this appellation is not elsewhere given to the Jewish high priest, nor is it such as could with much propriety be applied to him. The reference is rather to the king of Egypt, with whom a covenant or compact had been made by Antiochus the Great, and who was supposed to be united, therefore, to the Syrians by a solemn treaty. See Lengerke, in loc. So Elliott, Rev. iv. 133.
Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible
Verse 22. And with the arms of a flood] The arms which were overflown before him were his competitors for the crown. They were vanquished by the forces of Eumenes and Attalus; and were dissipated by the arrival of Antiochus from Athens, whose presence disconcerted all their measures.
The prince of the covenant] This was Onias, the high priest, whom he removed, and put Jason in his place, who had given him a great sum of money; and then put wicked Menelaus in his room, who had offered him a larger sum. Thus he acted deceitfully in the league made with Jason.
Fuente: Adam Clarke’s Commentary and Critical Notes on the Bible
They shall be overflown, i.e. the Egyptian force near Pelusium, where they fell by the power of Antiochus, with a great slaughter; and it was near the river Nilus, to which the Holy Ghost alludes here by the phrase,
arms of a flood.
The prince of the covenant, i.e. the high priest with his place and honour, for he put out Onias, and set up in his stead Jason his brother, ambitious of that honour. Thus he opposed the people and worship of God with the same stratagems as he did the king of Egypt.
Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole
22. shall they be overflown . . .before himAntiochus Epiphanes shall invade Egypt withoverwhelming forces.
prince of thecovenantPtolemy Philometer, the son of Cleopatra, Antiochus’sister, who was joined in covenant with him. Ptolemy’s guardians,while he was a boy, sought to recover from Epiphanes Coeliglo-Syriaand Palestine, which had been promised by Antiochus the Great asCleopatra’s dowry in marrying Ptolemy Epiphanes. Hence arose the war.Philometer’s generals were vanquished, and Pelusium, the key ofEgypt, taken by Antiochus, 171 B.C.
Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
And with the arms of a flood shall they be overflown from before him, and shall be broken,…. That is, by the help of the forces of Eumenes and Attalus, which were like an inundation of water, the party that were on the side of Heliodorus the usurper were bore down, crushed, and destroyed; and thereby Antiochus had a peaceable settlement in the kingdom: or, “the arms of a flood shall be overflowed from before him, and be broken” r; either the arms of Heliodorus, the forces he had got together; or the armies of the Egyptians, which, like an overflowing flood, had used to run over Judea, Coelesyria, Phoenicia, and other places, and carry all before them, now should be overflowed, and bore down themselves; of which see more on Da 11:25:
yea, also the prince of the covenant; which some understand of Judas Maccabaeus, as Jerome and Jacchiades; others more probably of Onias the high priest, whom Antiochus deposed in the first year of his reign, and sold the priesthood to Jason his younger brother for four hundred and forty talents of silver; and who also promised to give him one hundred and fifty more for a license to erect a place of exercise for the training up of youth, according to the fashion of the Greeks; which Antiochus greedily embraced, the public treasury being empty through the large tribute paid to the Romans the last twelve years; in the Apocrypha:
“7 But after the death of Seleucus, when Antiochus, called Epiphanes, took the kingdom, Jason the brother of Onias laboured underhand to be high priest, 8 Promising unto the king by intercession three hundred and threescore talents of silver, and of another revenue eighty talents: 9 Beside this, he promised to assign an hundred and fifty more, if he might have licence to set him up a place for exercise, and for the training up of youth in the fashions of the heathen, and to write them of Jerusalem by the name of Antiochians. 34 Wherefore Menelaus, taking Andronicus apart, prayed, him to get Onias into his hands; who being persuaded thereunto, and coming to Onias in deceit, gave him his right hand with oaths; and though he were suspected by him, yet persuaded he him to come forth of the sanctuary: whom forthwith he shut up without regard of justice. 35 For the which cause not only the Jews, but many also of other nations, took great indignation, and were much grieved for the unjust murder of the man.” (2 Maccabees 4)
Others think Seleucus Philopator his brother is meant, which is not probable, his death being before described; rather Demetrius his nephew, with whom he covenanted to hold the kingdom for him, or through whom the covenant and peace with the Romans was continued so long, he being an hostage at Rome; though others are of opinion that Trypho, a peer of the realm of Egypt, is designed, who was the principal person concerned in a covenant made between Antiochus and Ptolemy Philometor king of Egypt; though it is more likely that Ptolemy himself is the person intended.
r “et brachia inundationis inundabantur”, Cocceius, Michaelis “brachia inundantia”, Piscator.
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
We may naturally conjecture that the dominions of Antiochus were not immediately at peace, because a portion of his court favored the lawful heir. As it always happens in every change of government, there were many tumults in Syria before Antiochus could remove his adversaries out of his way. For although the kingdom of Egypt was then destitute of a head, as Ptolemy, called Philometor, was then only a boy, his counselors were in favor of the son of Seleucus, and so by secret supplies afforded their aid to the faction opposed to Antiochus. He had much trouble not only with his own people, but also with the neighboring nations. All pitied the lot of his ward, and his being quite undeserving of it moved many to render him every possible help. The boy was aided by the favor of Egypt, and of other nations. Thus Antiochus was subject to many severe commotions, but the angel announces his final conquest. The arms, he says, shall be inundated This is a metaphorical expression; for whatever aid the son of Seleucus acquired, was not by his own efforts, for he could use none, but by that of his friends. The arms, then, meaning, all the auxiliaries which should assist in the restoration of the son of Seleucus, should be overwhelmed by an inundation This is another metaphor, signifying, they shall be drowned as by a deluge; and by this figure the angel hints not only at the victory of Antiochus, but at its great facility. It was like a deluge, not by its own strength, but because God wished to use the hand of this tyrant in afflicting the Israelites, as we shall afterwards see, and also in harassing both Egypt and Syria. Antiochus was in truth God’s scourge, and is thus compared to a deluge. Hence he says, out of his sight. He shews the terror of Antiochus to be so great, that at his very appearance he should dispirit and prostrate his enemies, although he was without forces, and was neither a bold nor a persevering warrior.
And they shall be broken, says he, and also the leader of the covenant; meaning, Ptolemy shall take the part of His relative in vain. For the son of Seleueus was the cousin of Ptolemy Philometor, since, as we have said, Cleopatra had married Ptolemy Philopator, whence this Philometor was sprung, and Seleueus was the brother of Cleopatra. He, then, was the leader of the covenant Ptolemy, indeed, who was but a boy, could neither undertake nor accomplish anything by his own counsel, but such was his dignity in the kingdom of Egypt, that he was deservedly called leader of the covenant, since all others followed the power of that king. The event fully proved with what ill success all who endeavored to eject Antiochus from his possessions, contended against him. It now follows, —
Fuente: Calvin’s Complete Commentary
(22) With the arms.More correctly, and the arms in a flood; that is, the overwhelming forces of invading armies are swept away by the troops of this terrible king. But besides the enemy, the prince of the covenant is to be destroyed also. This expression is most readily explained by observing that it stands in contrast with the hostile armies mentioned in the first clause. It is an expression similar to men of covenant, lords of covenant, and means those who were at peace with him, prince being used as a collective noun (see Dan. 11:18). This has been supposed to refer to the murder of Onias III. (2Ma. 4:1, &c., 2Ma. 4:33, &c.); but there is no reason for supposing that the high priest was ever called by such a title as prince of the covenant.
Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)
22. The arms of a flood It is not clear whether this phrase has reference to the suddenness and farsighted diplomacy with which Antiochus disposed of all his opponents, who were “swept away” from before him as with a deluge, or to the vast armies of Egypt which had been accustomed formerly to overflow Syria, but were now swept back by him. According to the first view this passage refers to his successful opposition to all enemies in Syria during the opening years of his reign (175-171 B.C.); according to the second, it refers to his later campaigns against Egypt. The former view seems preferable.
The prince of the covenant Or, his covenant. The reference may be to some allied prince, perhaps Ptolemy Philometer, with whom Antiochus may have had some sort of a compact, or, more likely, to the death of Onias III, the Jewish high priest a hero of unblamable life who was assassinated by him (171 or 170 B.C.); he having rebuked Menelaus, a creature of Antiochus, for stealing some of the sacred vessels of the temple (2 Macc. iv).
Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
‘And with the arms of a flood will they be swept away from before him, and will be broken. Yes, even the prince of the covenant.’
Antiochus IV swept away all opposition from before him, overflowing them with an overwhelming flood, breaking them like a broken vessel. This included the Israelite high priest, Onias III, who was opposed to him, here called “the prince (nagid) of the covenant.” Onias was in Antioch on affairs of state when Seleucus was assassinated. And it was while he was there that Antiochus deposed him by selling the high priesthood to the highest bidder, first to Jason, Onias’ brother, and then to Menelaus who outbid him. Onias was thrust aside, although still recognised as the true high priest by the faithful in Israel. ‘Negid berith’ was by now probably a technical term for the true high priest who was also political leader of his people. Outside the book of Daniel ‘nagid’ in the singular always refers to the prince of Israel in relation to the covenant. (See introduction to Dan 9:24).
Another view suggested is that Ptolemy VI was “the prince of the covenant” since Antiochus later made a treaty with him. But the term ‘covenant’ in Daniel regularly means the holy covenant (Dan 11:28; Dan 11:30; Dan 11:32; Dan 9:4), and other alliances are described differently (Dan 11:6; Dan 11:17; Dan 11:23). Nor is the king of the south likely suddenly to be called a nagid. Whereas we can quite understand that the writer wants us to be aware of Antiochus’ treachery against Israel right from the start.
Fuente: Commentary Series on the Bible by Peter Pett
Dan 11:22-24. And with the arms of a flood, &c. Or rather, more agreeably to the Hebrew, And the arms of the overflower shall be, &c. The arms which were overflown before him, were those of his competitors for the crown. They were vanquished by the forces of Eumenes and Attalus, and were dissipated by the arrival of Antiochus, whose presence disconcerted all their measures. The prince also of the covenant, that is, the high-priest of the Jews, was broken. As soon as Antiochus was seated on the throne, he removed Onias from the priesthood, and preferred Jason the brother of Onias for the great sums of money offered by him. But though Antiochus had made a league with Jason, yet he did not faithfully adhere to it, but acted deceitfully, and substituted his brother Menelaus in his room by means of an armed force; because he offered him a greater sum than that which he had received from Jason. As what follows in Dan 11:23 does not assign a reason for any thing that preceded, it might have been translated, And he shall come up, &c. Antiochus Epiphanes had been many years a hostage at Rome; and coming thence with few attendants, he appeared little in Syria at first; but soon received a great increase, and became strong with a small people. By the friendship of Eumenes and Attalus, he entered peaceably upon the upper provinces: he likewise entered peaceably upon the provinces of Coelo-Syria and Palestine; and wherever he came he outdid his father, and his father’s father in liberality and profusion. He scattered among them the prey, and spoil, and riches. The prey of his enemies, the spoil of temples, and the riches of his friends, as well as his own revenues, were expended in public shows, and bestowed in largesses among the people. We are told, 1Ma 3:30 that in the liberal giving of gifts, he abounded above all the kings that were before him. He enriched with presents people whom he had never seen before; and sometimes, standing in the streets, would throw about his money, and cry aloud, “Let him take it, to whom fortune shall give it.” His generosity was the more requisite to fix the provinces of Coelo-Syria and Palestine in his interest, because they were claimed as belonging to the king of Egypt. Ptolemy Epiphanes and his queen Cleopatra were now dead. Eulaeus and Lenaeus, who were administrators of the kingdom for the young prince Ptolemy Philometor, demanded restitution of these provinces. Antiochus rejected their claim; and, foreseeing that these demands would prove the grounds of a new war between the two crowns, came to Joppa, to take a view of the frontiers, and put them in a proper state of defence. In his progress he came to Jerusalem, and was ushered into the city by torch-light with great rejoicing. Thence he went into Phoenicia, to fortify his own strong-holds, and to forecast his devices against those of the enemy. The LXX and Arabic read, To forecast his devices against Egypt. This he did even for a time, and employed some years in his hostile preparations. See Newton.
Fuente: Commentary on the Holy Bible by Thomas Coke
Dan 11:22 And with the arms of a flood shall they be overflown from before him, and shall be broken; yea, also the prince of the covenant.
Ver. 22. And with the arms of a flood shall they be overflown. ] The Egyptians shall, by the forces of Antiochus Epiphanes, who, in the minority of his sister Cleopatra’s son, Ptolemy Philometor, invaded Egypt, and overthrew his two captains, Euleus and Leneus, as with a storm or flood.
Yea, also the prince of the covenant.
Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
be overflown from = sweep all.
broken = broken in pieces.
yea, also, &c.: i.e. a prince with whom he had made a covenant or league (Dan 11:23), and who had hitherto aided him.
Fuente: Companion Bible Notes, Appendices and Graphics
Dan 11:22
Dan 11:22 And with the armsH2220 of a floodH7858 shall they be overflownH7857 from beforeH4480 H6440 him, and shall be broken;H7665 yea, alsoH1571 the princeH5057 of the covenant.H1285
Dan 11:22
And with the arms of a flood shall they be overflown from before him, and shall be broken; yea, also the prince of the covenant.
Antiochus IV was now on the throne and in power. The Seleucid – Syrian empire was a mere shadow of its former power but was still a formidable force. Antiochus IV had ambitions to restore the Syrian Empire to its full power and retake all the lands that had been taken from it. During all the uproar between Syria and Rome, Ptolemy V died and was succeeded by Ptolemy VI just five years earlier in 180 BC. Ptolemy VI was the son of Ptolemy V and Cleopatra who was the daughter of Antiochus III. Ptolemy VI was only about six years old when Ptolemy V died and his mother, Cleopatra, ruled as regent for a few years until she died in 176 BC., only four years after Ptolemy VI took the throne making him about ten years old. As things develop, we need to keep in mind that Antiochus IV and Cleopatra were brother and sister and that her son was Antiochus’ nephew. This young king who would be the king of Egypt was a direct descendant of not only the Ptolemaic Dynasty, but also the Seleucid Dynasty.
Antiochus IV had ambitions of restoring Syria to its’ former glory but he lacked one thing; resources with which to wage war. Antiochus IV, with no concern whatsoever for the covenant established between Ptolemy V and his father Antiochus III, he invaded Egypt with overwhelming force. Ptolemy VI, “the prince of the covenant”, was just a young boy and his guardians sought to recover from Antiochus IV, Coelo-Syria and Palestine, which had been promised by Antiochus III as Cleopatra’s dowry in marrying Ptolemy V. Hence arose the war. Ptolemy VI’s generals were vanquished, and Pelusium, the key of Egypt was taken by Antiochus in 171 B.C. This was the first of three open invasions by Antiochus IV into Egypt. The vision re-visits this first invasion of Antiochus IV in verse 25.
Fuente: Old and New Testaments Restoration Commentary
with: Dan 11:10, Dan 9:26, Isa 8:7, Isa 8:8, Amo 8:8, Amo 9:5, Nah 1:8, Rev 12:15, Rev 12:16
also: Dan 8:10, Dan 8:11, Dan 8:25
Reciprocal: Isa 28:15 – when Isa 28:17 – and the waters Jer 46:6 – stumble Jer 46:7 – as a flood Jer 47:2 – waters Dan 11:26 – overflow Dan 11:28 – the holy Dan 11:40 – overflow
Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
Dan 11:22. This is still making predictions about Epiphanes; in fact, this wicked character will figure in most of the affairs throughout the rest of this chapter. Arms of a flood refers to the military forces that Epiphanes brought against the Egyptian king. The pronoun him, refers to Epiphanes, and the prince is Heliodorus who had seized the throne. The fulfillment of this verse will be seen in the following history.
“Heliodorus, the murderer of Se leueus, and his adherents, as also those of the Egyptian king, who had formed designs against Syria, were defeated by the forces of Attains and Eumenes, dispersed by the arrival of Epiphanes, whose presence disconcerted all their projects. By (he prince of the covenant,’ we may suppose to be meant, either Heliodorus, the chief of the conspirators, who had killed Seleucus; or rather Ptolemy Epiphanes king of Egypt, who lost his life by a conspiracy of his own subjects, when he was mediating a war against Syria. Thus Providence removed this powerful adversary, to make way for Antiochus Epiphanes, and raised him to the throne. – Roilins Ancient History, Volume 4, page 236.
On the death of Seleucus, the throne was seized by Heliodorus; but it was not long before Antiochus Epiphanes, the brother of the late king, with the help of Pergamene monarch, Eumenes, recovered it. This prince, who is known in history as Antiochus IV, or (more commonly) as Antiochus Epiphanes, was a man of courage and energy. – Rawlinson’s Ancient History, page 255.
Fuente: Combined Bible Commentary
Dan 11:22-24. And with the arms of a flood, &c. By arms here is signified force, or strength, and by an inundation, or flood, a great army. By which is here to be understood the forces of Attalus and Eumenes, who favoured Antiochus: by these they should be overflown, and broken, who were his competitors for the crown, namely, Heliodorus, the murderer of Seleucus, and his partisans, as well as those of the king of Egypt, Ptolemy Philometor, who had formed some designs upon Syria. Yea, also the prince of the covenant That is, the high-priest of the Jews was broken. Thus Theodoret: He speaks of the pious high-priest, Onias, the brother of Jason, and foretels that even he should be turned out of his office. As soon as Antiochus was seated in his throne, he removed Onias from the high-priesthood, and preferred Jason, Oniass brother, to that dignity, not for any crime committed against him by the former, but for the great sums of money which were offered to him by the latter. For Jason offered to give no less than three hundred and sixty talents of silver for the high- priesthood, besides eighty more upon another account: and good Onias was not only displaced to make way for a wicked usurper, but after a few years, living at Antioch, he was, with as great treachery as cruelty, murdered by the kings deputy. But though Antiochus had made a league with Jason the new high-priest, yet he did not faithfully adhere to it, but acted deceitfully; and substituted his brother Menelaus in his room, by means of an armed force, because he offered him three hundred talents more than that which he had received from Jason. For Or rather, And he shall come up, (for the words do not assign a reason for any thing that precedes,) and shall become strong with a small people Antiochus had been many years a hostage at Rome; and, coming from thence with only a few attendants, he appeared in Syria little at first, but soon received a great increase. He shall enter peaceably into the fattest places of the province By the friendship of Eumenes and Attalus he entered peaceably upon the upper provinces, and likewise upon the provinces of Closyria and Palestine. And wherever he came he outdid his fathers, and his fathers fathers, in liberality and profusion. He scattered among them the prey, and spoil, and riches The prey of his enemies, the spoil of temples, and the riches of his friends, as well as his own revenues, were expended in public shows, and bestowed in largesses among the people. In the first book of Maccabees, chap. Dan 3:30, it is affirmed, that in the liberal giving of gifts he abounded above the kings that were before him. Polybius relates, that sometimes, meeting accidentally with people whom he had never seen before, he would enrich them with unexpected presents; and sometimes, standing in the public streets, he would throw about his money, and cry aloud, Let him take it to whom fortune shall give it. His generosity was the more requisite, to fix the provinces of Closyria and Palestine in his interest, because they were claimed as of right belonging to the king of Egypt. Antiochus rejected this claim, and foreseeing that these demands would prove the occasion of a new war between the two crowns, came to Joppa to take a view of the frontiers, and to put them into a proper posture of defence. In his progress he came to Jerusalem, and, as it was evening, he was ushered into the city by torch-light with great rejoicing. From thence he went to Phenicia to fortify his own strong holds, and to forecast his devices against those of the enemy; the LXX. and Arabic read, against Egypt. Thus he acted even for a time, and employed some years in his hostile preparations.
Fuente: Joseph Bensons Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
Dan 11:22. The attack of Antiochus upon Palestine.prince of the covenant: the high priest, Onias III, who is called the anointed one in Dan 9:26.
Fuente: Peake’s Commentary on the Bible
11:22 And with the {t} arms of a flood shall they be overflown from before him, and shall be broken; yea, also the prince of the {u} covenant.
(t) He shows that great foreign powers will come to help the young son of Seleucus against his uncle Antiochus, and yet will be overthrown.
(u) Meaning Ptolemais Philopater’s son, who was this child’s cousin, and is here called the prince of the covenant, because he was the chief, and all others followed his conduct.
Fuente: Geneva Bible Notes
Antiochus IV was successful in battle against the Egyptians initially, which this verse describes as "flooding away" the overwhelming forces opposed to him. The Egyptian king was now Ptolemy VI, whom Antiochus deceived and then defeated.
"It was Epiphanes’ policy to throw his intended victims off guard by offering them his friendship and alliance. Then he would maneuver for an advantageous position till he could catch them by surprise." [Note: Archer, "Daniel," p. 136.]
Note the parallel strategy of Antichrist (Dan 9:27). Antiochus also swept away the Jewish high priest, Onias III, here called "the prince of the covenant," about 172 B.C. Another view is that Ptolemy VI was "the prince of the covenant" since Antiochus later made a treaty with him. However, the term "covenant" in this chapter seems to refer to the Jewish state (cf. Dan 11:28; Dan 11:32).