Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Hosea 5:13
When Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah [saw] his wound, then went Ephraim to the Assyrian, and sent to king Jareb: yet could he not heal you, nor cure you of your wound.
13. Both states are conscious of the destroying cancer, but neither of them adopts the only possible means of arresting its progress.
his sickness his wound ] The ordinary figure for corruption of the body politic; comp. Isa 1:5-6; Jer 30:12-13.
and sent to king Jareb ] Some have thought that as Ephraim and Judah are both mentioned in the first line, the subject of the second verb in this second line must be Judah. As the text stands, however, this is impossible, and if ‘Judah’ once stood in the text as the subject of ‘sent’, it is not easy to conjecture how it dropped out. None of the ancient versions contains the word. But who is ‘king Jareb’, or rather the fighting king (a nickname for the king of Assyria), to whom Ephraim sent? Sennacherib has been thought of, as if there were a playful interpretation of a shortened form of this name, but the short for Sennacherib (on the analogy of Baladan for Merodach-Baladan, Sharezer for Nergal-Sharezer) would be akhirib, not irib. Schrader thinks that the king meant is Asurdan, who in 755 and 754 made expeditions against Khatarik (the Hadrach of Zec 9:1) and Arpadda (Arpad); Nowack prefers Tiglath-Pileser II., to whom the epithet ‘fighter’ would accurately apply. In the uncertainty of the Israelitish chronology of this period, a decision is difficult. Indeed, it is becoming more and more evident that the intercourse between Assyria and Israel was more frequent than the fragmentary Bible notices had led us to suppose.
yet could he not ] Rather, though be will not he able to heal you, nor shall ye be relieved (or, with other points, shall he relieve you) of your wound. Delitzsch fully explains the passage in his note on Pro 17:22. The word rendered ‘wound’ means both bandage and ulcer, and the verb is used in Syriac for ‘to be delivered, or, removed.’ How completely the politicians of Israel miscalculated, appears from Hos 10:6.
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
When Ephraim saw his sickness – Literally, And Ephraim saw, i. e., perceived it. God proceeds to tell them, how they acted when they felt those lighter afflictions, the decline and wasting of their power. The sickness may further mean the gradual inward decay; the wound, blows received from without.
And sent to king Jareb – Or, as in the English margin a king who should plead, or, an avenging king. The hostile king is, probably, the same Assyrian Monarch, whom both Israel and Judah courted, who was the destruction of Israel and who weakened Judah. Ahaz king of Judah did send to Tiglath-Pileser king of Assyria to come and save him, when the Lord brought Judah low; and Tiglath-Pileser king of Assyria came unto him and distressed him, but strengthened him not 2Ch 28:19-20. He who held his throne from God sent to a pagan king, I am thy servant and thy son; come up and save me out of the hand of the king of Syria, and out of the hand of the king of Israel, which rise up against me 2Ki 16:7-8. He emptied his own treasures, and pillaged the house of God, in order to buy the help of the Assyrian, and he taught him an evil lesson against himself, of his wealth and his weakness. God had said that, if they were faithful, five shall chase an hundred, and an hundred put ten thousand to flight Lev 26:8. He had pronounced him cursed, who trusted in man, and made flesh his arm, and whose heart departed from the Lord Jer 17:5. But Judah sought mans help, not only apart from God, but against God. God was bringing them down, and they, by mans aid, would lift themselves up. The king became an avenger, for , whoso, when God is angry, striveth to gain man as his helper, findeth him Gods avenger, who leadeth into captivity Gods deserters, as though he were sworn to avenge God.
Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible
Hos 5:13
When Ephraim saw his sickness . . . then went Ephraim to the Assyrian.
The folly of creature-confidence
Men continually provoke God to chastise them, but rarely make a due improvement of His chastisements. Instead of turning to God, they dishonour Him more by applying to the creature under their distress rather than to Him.
I. Men, in times of trouble, are prone to look to the creature for help rather than to God.
1. In troubles of a temporal nature. Sickness of body Distress of mind. Straitened circumstances. God is invariably our last refuge.
2. In spiritual troubles. Under conviction of sin. In seasons of temptation or desertion. Though foiled ten thousand times, we cannot bring ourselves to lie as clay in the potters hands.
II. The creature cannot afford us any effectual succour. There are circumstances wherein friends may be instrumental to our relief; but they can do–
1. Nothing effectual; and
2. Nothing of themselves.
Apply
(1) Let us guard against this sinful propensity, both in our national and personal concerns.
(2) Let us especially rely on Christ as the healer of our souls. To Him then look with humble, uniform, unshaken affiance. (Sketches of Sermons.)
Wrong methods of relief
Under a grievous sense of their disease and weakness, instead of applying to Jehovah, Ephraim and Judah went to the Assyrian, and sent to King Jareb. The Assyrian king was ever ready for his own aggrandisement to mix himself up with the affairs of neighbouring states.
I. Men are often made conscious of their spiritual malady. Depravity is a disease of the heart. It impairs the energies, mars the enjoyments of the soul, and incapacitates it for the right discharge of the duties of life. A great point is gained when a man becomes conscious of his disease, and the sinner of his sin.
II. Men frequently resort to wrong means of relief. The Assyrians had neither the power nor the disposition to effect the restoration of Ephraim to political health. Sometimes men go–
1. To scenes of carnal amusement; or
2. To sceptical philosophisings; or
3. To false religions. These are all miserable comforters, broken cisterns.
III. Resorting to wrong methods of relief will prove utterly ineffective. What can worldly amusements, sceptical reasonings, and false religions do towards healing a sin-sick soul? Like anodyne, they may deaden the pain for a minute only, that the anguish may return with intenser acuteness. There is but one Physician of souls. (Homilist.)
Christ as physician of the spiritually sick
Wherever we look, or wherever we go, we are met by one or another of Gods loving mercies. In the extremity of their distress, Ephraim and Judah chose the most unholy and unlawful means for their deliverance. They had no bright confidence in the fountain of living waters.
I. The entire Israel of God suffers more or less from heart and soul sickness. There is not a prophet under the old dispensation, nor an apostle under the new, but speaks without one qualifying term of the sinfulness of man. Does not Gods Word, however, seem to contradict the saying that the spiritual sickness of a guilty soul is universal? Is not this inferred–that some souls are nut in this lapsed condition–when Jesus said, They which be whole need not a physician? Those words were directly addressed to the Pharisees, and were meant as a rebuke to that proud, self-righteous seed, whose thoughts were always running upon their own moral excellency. No sinner, with the taint and defilement of sin upon him, can possibly be whole in the scriptural acceptation of the word.
II. We are often driven in our distress to unavailable sources for our relief. Assyria was, at that time, a mighty nation, and apparently held in her large grasp the destinies of the house of Israel: nevertheless, when that distressed people came to her king for succour, his hands were tied and his instruments were powerless. Yet they took the best wisdom of the children of this world. The heart of man is a very insufficient, I had nearly said the worst of all imaginable counsellors. And men have no knowledge of their true Physician, or no taste for His medicines; they have no life to seek the grace of salvation, or no love freely to embrace it. There is a class of professors who accept the invitations of Jesus, but only in a qualified sense. They receive Him as a great Prophet, an intercessory Priest, an everlasting King. But only the sick care to hear of Him as the Great Physician.
III. He who cures our malady must himself be free from it. Christ and none but Christ is pointed at in these words, For He who knew no sin was made sin for us. After what manner did He cure?
1. By changing the appearance of sin, and showing what we thought mere little scars to be large wounds.
2. By giving a new channel to the thoughts when they have beheld enough of corruption to alarm, to disturb, and to humble the whole man.
3. By teaching a praying penitent songs of praise, and testifying so strongly to the length and breadth and height of His mercy, that he shall have no depth of desire for anything else. When the heart is cured, how can it do otherwise than sing? When the will is cured, its principal delight is to search the revealed counsels of the Most High; the cure is effectual; the thanks-offering must not be less than cordial. (F. G. Crossman.)
Sin and sorrow
I. Sin, however rejoiced in, brings many sorrows in its train. Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah his wound. Sin is the disease of the soul; bitter to bear, difficult to cure. Like the leprosy over the body, it overspread the entire framework of the mind. Conscience itself is either blind or dumb; blind, that it does not see our danger, or dumb, that it does not sound an alarm. Sometimes it is a silenced preacher, or an ambassador in bonds. The disease of the body may be known by various symptoms, so may that of the soul. The taste is vitiated. Disease produces want of rest. It prostrates the strength. It darkens and obscures the beauty of the outward frame. Some diseases rob the soul of reason. Sinners are described as mad upon their idols.
II. Men, when involved in suffering, often have recourse to wrong sources of belief.
1. They do so in worldly trials. Illustrate by Ephraim sending to King Jareb. So with men now. The creature is everything and God nothing.
2. In spiritual distress. Men are often sorry for their troubles, not for their transgressions. When conscience is aroused men try partial repentance and amendment; sacraments, etc.
III. A succession of trials may be needed to convince men of their sin and danger, and drive them off from false refuges. Various are the means God employs. If lighter judgments fail, heavier are sent.
IV. The ultimate design of Gods procedure with His own people is not destruction but salvation. They will seek Me early. Come, and let us return. (S. T.)
Storm-signals–a caution for sin-sick souls
There is a tendency in the heart of man to want something to look to rather than something to trust to. Looking at the fallacy of Ephraim as illustrative of a common tendency of mankind, and using the text as the picture of a sinner in a peculiar state of mental anxiety, notice–
I. The sinners partial discovery of his lost estate. It is here but a partial discovery. Ephraim felt his sickness, but he did not know the radical disease that lurked within. He only perceived the symptoms. How many men there are who have got just far enough to know there is something the matter with them. They little reck that they are totally ruined. They still cling with some hope to their own devices.
II. The wrong means which he takes to be cured of his evil. He tries to make himself better. All that man can do apart from the blood and righteousness of Jesus Christ is utterly in vain. Matthew Wilks used to say you might as well hope to Sail to America on a sere leaf as hope to go to heaven by your own doings.
III. The right means of finding healing and deliverance. Whoever will be saved must know that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, came down from heaven, lived a life of sanctity and suffering, and at last became obedient unto death. He is a Divinely ordained Saviour. You must believe He is willing to save. There must be a leaning on Him, a dependency on Him. God requires nothing of you but that you should depend for all on Christ. (C. H. Spurgeon.)
Israel and King Jareb
So Ephraim and Judah went to the wrong person, and did not gain much by their application. It seemed to them an excellent policy. Israel could not choose to be independent. Neither can we be independent. Where is there a man that seriously reflects upon our earthly lot that does not feel there is a secret sickness, a hidden wound, somewhere? Man is the great sufferer the wide world over. Either man has been unduly and abnormally elevated, or else he must needs be fallen. Mans distresses and disappointments spring from his fall. He is not what God intended him to be, and therefore he does not enjoy what God intended him to enjoy. He is out of harmony with God, and therefore out of harmony with nature. Besides outward evils, there is the prevalence of moral evil, which in many cases proves the very worst evil of all. When Ephraim and Judah saw that things were not all right with them, they fell back upon the Assyrian, instead of throwing themselves upon God. And even so when men begin to be conscious of the disappointments of life, and feel an inward discontent, like a disease preying upon their hearts, how often do they follow the example of Israel, and seek in the creature what can only be found in the Creator! Some take refuge in the pre-occupations of business. Others fly to more intoxicating excitements. There is the distinct attempt of human perversity to get away from its inward sense of want, and emptiness, and helpless misery, by falling back upon the world, instead of turning to God. How shall God deal with us when we show ourselves so perverse and froward? What course do we force upon Him by our folly? The appearance that God bears to us will ever be determined by the attitude that we assume towards Him. It was a terrible and startling part that the God of Israel undertook to maintain in dealing with His ancient people. It would have been no true kindness on Gods part if He had granted them prosperity when they were apostate from Him. This must have led them to feel the more satisfied with their apostasy, and the less disposed to repent. As it was, the prophets could point to each fresh disaster as a proof that the nation was under the judgment of God, and that their sin was proving their ruin. It is no less His love to us that makes Him deal with us in a similar manner. He has to thwart us just that He may show us how little King Jareb can do for us. (W. Hay Aitken, M. A.)
Help sought from the creature
Carnal hearts seek to the creature for help in time of difficulty. They saw their sickness, their wound, and they sent to King Jareb. They look to no higher causes of their trouble than second causes, therefore they seek to no higher means for their relief than second causes. They regard their troubles as such as befall other men as well as them, and so look not up to God. They are led by sense, and the second causes are before them, and near to them, but God is above them and beyond them, and His ways are often contrary to sense. They little mind God in their straits, but send for help unto the creature. (Jeremiah Burroughs.)
The wrong physician
A poor fisherman in the town of Nairn, on the Moray Firth, had for some years been afflicted with a troublesome cough, and, having consulted many doctors, was nothing bettered, but rather grew worse. He had heard, however, that there were very skilful men in Edinburgh, and he decided to go. During the voyage, he told some of the sailors his object in going to Edinburgh, and they advised him to see Sir James Simpson. It was often a very difficult matter to get an interview with Sir James, but, to his surprise, he was at once admitted to the consulting-room, stated his case, and after a short examination Sir James said, Youve applied to many doctors already, you said? Yes, sir, a good many. Have you gone to the Great Physician? The man was silent. Well, my good man, resumed Sir James, I advise you to go to Him; I am sorry I can do you little good. You had better go home, and just take as good care of yourself as you can. The man was very much affected, for he now understood that his case appeared hopeless. Putting his hand in his pocket and taking out a few coins, he said, What have I to pay you, doctor? My friend, said Sir James, putting his hand kindly on his shoulder, I dont want any money from you. I ask only an interest in your prayers. Good-bye. Dont forget to go to the Great Physician. After thanking the doctor, he returned home, sought and found Christ as his spiritual Physician and Saviour, and soon afterwards died.
Fuente: Biblical Illustrator Edited by Joseph S. Exell
Verse 13. When Ephraim saw his sickness] When both Israel and Judah felt their own weakness to resist their enemies, instead of calling upon and trusting in me, they sought sinful alliances, and trusted in their idols.
King Jareb] This name occurs nowhere in Scripture but here and in Ho 10:6. The Vulgate and Targum render yareb, an avenger, a person whom they thought able to save them from their enemies. It is well known that Menahem, king of Israel, sought alliance with Pul and Tiglath-pileser, kings of Assyria, and Ahaz, king of Judah. These were the protectors that Ephraim sought after. See 2Kg 15; 2Kg 15. But far from healing them by making them tributary, the Assyrians made their wound more dangerous.
Fuente: Adam Clarke’s Commentary and Critical Notes on the Bible
When, Heb. And, after that. Ephraim; the king, and council, and kingdom of the ten tribes; Menahem is surely meant: see 2 Kings 15.
Saw his sickness; weakness, like a consumption, threatening death. Though Menahem had killed Shallun, and got into the throne, yet he found himself unable to hold it against the opposite faction, and therefore sent for assistance from Assyria, 2Ki 15:19, or at least purchased the friendship of Pul, who was come out as an enemy.
Judah, the other kingdom of the two tribes, saw his wound; a deep and festering wound; or a corrupting imposthume, which needs be opened, cleansed, and bound up: such was the state of the two tribes at that day, ulcerous and full of danger, for Ahaz had done very wickedly, and wounded the kingdom.
Then went, made application,
Ephraim to the Assyrian; particularly to Pul, as 2Ki 15:19,20. Not one word of their going to God, he was not in all their thoughts: he did afflict leisurely that they might seek him, but they forgot him still.
And sent ambassadors and presents to entreat and procure his help,
to king Jareb: whilst interpreters agree not who this Jareb was, while some will have it be a proper, others an appellative name, of a person or place, I think it will be a surer course to compare times, who was king of Assyria when Ephraim was sick and Judah was wounded, and both felt it, for whoever this will prove to be, he it is that is meant by Jareb: Pul in Menahems time, Tiglath-pileser in Ahazs time. Or what if Jareb be the sum of what Ephraim and Judah desired of this Assyrian king; they complained of wrong received, and sent to this foreign king their complaint, and requested that he would judge, or, in our modern terms, be arbitrator; so the word will bear.
Yet could he not heal you; Ephraims sickness grew worse by it, Israel was sicker for it.
Nor cure you, Judah, Ahaz, and his wounded state, of your wound; the Assyrian king was either unable or unwilling to heal the wound, which he knew would as much profit him as hurt his patient.
Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole
13. woundliterally,”bandage”; hence a bandaged wound (Isa 1:6;Jer 30:12). “Saw,” thatis, felt its weakened state politically, and the dangers thatthreatened it. It aggravates their perversity, that, though aware oftheir unsound and calamitous state, they did not inquire into thecause or seek a right remedy.
went . . . to theAssyrianFirst, Menahem (2Ki15:19) applied to Pul; again, Hoshea to Shalmaneser (2Ki17:3).
sent to King JarebUnderstandJudah as the nominative to “sent.” Thus, as “Ephraimsaw his sickness” (the first clause) answers in the parallelismto “Ephraim went to the Assyrian” (the third clause), so”Judah saw his wound” (the second clause) answers to(Judah) “sent to King Jareb” (the fourth clause).Jareb ought rather to be translated, “their defender,“literally, “avenger” [JEROME].The Assyrian “king,” ever ready, for his ownaggrandizement, to mix himself up with the affairs of neighboringstates, professed to undertake Israel’s and Judah’s cause;in Jud 6:32, Jerub, inJerub-baal is so used, namely, “plead one’s cause.”Judah, under Ahaz, applied to Tiglath-pileser for aid against Syriaand Israel (2Ki 16:7; 2Ki 16:8;2Ch 28:16-21); the Assyrian”distressed him, but strengthened him not,” fulfiling theprophecy here, “he could not heal you, nor cure you of yourwound.
Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
When Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah [saw] his wound,…. That their civil state were in a sickly condition, very languid, weak, feeble, and tottering, just upon the brink of ruin; see Isa 1:6;
then went Ephraim to the Assyrian, and sent to King Jareb; that is, the ten tribes, or the king of them, went and met the Assyrian king; and Judah the two tribes, or the king of them, sent ambassadors to King Jareb; which sense the order of the words, in connection with the preceding clause, seems to require: by the Assyrian and King Jareb we are to understand one and the same, as appears from the following words, “yet could he not heal c.”, whereas, if they were different, it would have been expressed, “yet could they not heal c.”, and the king of Assyria is meant, who: also is called King Jareb, or rather king of Jareb n see Ho 10:6 for this does not seem to be the name of the king of Assyria himself; though it may be that Pul, or Tiglathpileser, or Shalmaneser, might have more names than one, whoever is meant; but rather it is the name of some place in Assyria, as Aben Ezra, Kimchi, and Ben Melech, from which the country may be here denominated; though the Targum takes it to be, not the proper name of a man or place, but an appellative, paraphrasing it,
“and sent to the king that shall come to avenge them;”
and so other interpreters o understand it, rendering it, either the king that should defend, as Tremellius; or the king the adversary, or litigator, as Cocceius, Hillerus p, and Gussetius q; a court adversary, that litigates a point, contends with one, and is an advocate for another; or, as Hiller elsewhere r renders it, the king that lies in wait: this was fulfilled with respect to Ephraim, when Menahem king of Israel, or the ten tribes, often meant by Ephraim, went and met Pul king of Assyria, and gave him a thousand talents to depart out of his land; perceiving his own weakness to withstand him, and in order to strengthen and confirm the kingdom in his hand,
2Ki 15:19; or when Hoshea king of Israel gave presents to Shalmaneser king of Assyria, and became a servant to him, till he could get stronger, and shake off his yoke, 2Ki 17:3; and with respect to Judah it had its accomplishment when Ahaz king of Judah sent messengers to Tiglathpileser king of Assyria to come and help him against the kings of Syria and Israel, finding he was not strong enough to oppose them himself, 2Ki 16:7; now all this was highly provoking to the Lord, that when both Israel and Judah found themselves in a weak condition, and unable to resist their enemies, instead of seeking to him for help they applied to a foreign prince, and which proved unsuccessful to them:
yet could he not heal you, nor cure you of your wound; but, on the contrary, afflicted them, hurt and destroyed them; there being a “meiosis” in the words, which expresses less than is designed; for though, with respect to Ephraim or Israel, Pul king of Assyria desisted from doing any damage to Israel, yet a successor of his, TiglathPileser, came and took several places of Israel, and carried the inhabitants captive; and at last came Shalmaneser, and took Samaria, the metropolis of the land, and carried all the ten tribes captive, 2Ki 15:29; and so, with respect to Judah, Tiglathpileser, whom Ahaz sent unto for help, not only did not help and strengthen him, but afflicted him,
2Ch 28:20; thus when sensible sinners see their spiritual maladies, and feel the smart of their wounds, and make a wrong application for relief, to their tears, repentance, and humiliation, and to works of: righteousness, or to anything or person short of Christ the great Physician, they meet with no success, find no relief until better directed.
n “ad regem”, Jarchi, Zanchius, Liveleus, Drusius; so Luther in Tarnovius. o “altorem”, V. L. “qui eum vindicaret”, Tigurine version; “propugnaturum”, Junius Tremellius “qui litigaret”, Piscator. p Onomast. Sacr. p. 219. q Ebr. Comment. p. 780. r Onomast. Sacr. p. 430.
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
The two kingdoms could not defend themselves against this chastisement by the help of any earthly power. Hos 5:13. “And Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah his abscess; and Ephraim went to Asshur, and sent to king Jareb (striver): but he cannot cure you, nor drive the abscess away from you.” By the imperfects, with Vav rel., , , the attempts of Ephraim and Judah to save themselves from destruction are represented as the consequence of the coming of God to punish, referred to in Hos 5:12. Inasmuch as this is to be seen, so far as the historical fulfilment is concerned, not in the present, but in the past and future, the attempts to obtain a cure for the injuries also belong to the present (? past) and future. Mazor does not mean a bandage or the cure of injuries (Ges., Dietr.), but is derived from , to squeeze out (see Del. on Isa 1:6), and signifies literally that which is pressed out, i.e., a festering wound, an abscess. It has this meaning not only here, but also in Jer 30:13, from which the meaning bandage has been derived. On the figure employed, viz., the disease of the body politic, see Delitzsch on Isa 1:5-6. That this disease is not to be sought for specially in anarchy and civil war (Hitzig), is evident from the simple fact, that Judah, which was saved from these evils, is described as being just as sick as Ephraim. The real disease of the two kingdoms was apostasy from the Lord, or idolatry with its train of moral corruption, injustice, crimes, and vices of every kind, which destroyed the vital energy and vital marrow of the two kingdoms, and generated civil war and anarchy in the kingdom of Israel. Ephraim sought for help from the Assyrians, viz., from king Jareb, but without obtaining it. The name Jareb, i.e., warrior, which occurs here and at Hos 10:6, is an epithet formed by the prophet himself, and applied to the king of Assyria, not of Egypt, as Theodoret supposes. The omission of the article from may be explained from the fact that Jarebh is, strictly speaking, an appellative, as in in Pro 31:1. We must not supply Y e hudah as the subject to vayyishlach . The omission of any reference to Judah in the second half of the verse, may be accounted for from the fact that the prophecy had primarily and principally to do with Ephraim, and that Judah was only cursorily mentioned. The . . from , in Syriac to by shy, to flee, is used with min in the tropical sense of removing or driving away.
Fuente: Keil & Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament
Here the Lord complains that he had in vain chastised the Israelites by the usual means, for they thought that they had remedies ready for themselves, and turned their minds to vain hopes. This is usually done by most men; for when the Lord deals mildly with us, we perceive not his hand, but think that what evils happen to us come by chance. Then, as if we had nothing to do with God, we seek remedies, and turn our minds and thoughts to other quarters. This then is what God now reproves in the Jews and the Israelites: Ephraim, he says, saw his disease, and Judah his wound What then did he do? Ephraim went to Assyria, he says, and sent to king Jareb, that is, “They returned not to me, but thought that they had remedies in their own hand; and thus vain became the labour which I have taken to correct them.” This is the meaning.
He says that Ephraim had seen his disease, and Judah his wound: but it is not right so to take this, as if they well considered the causes of these; for the ungodly are blind to the causes of evils, and only attend to their present grief. They are like intemperate men, who, when disease seizes them, feel heat, feel pain in the head, and other symptoms, at the same time there is no concern for the disease, neither do they inquire how they procured these pains for themselves, that they might seek fit remedies.
So Ephraim knew his disease, but at the same time overlooked the cause of his disease, and was only affected by his present pain. So also Judah knew his wound; but he understood not that he was struck and wounded by the hand of God; but was only affected with his pain, like brute beasts who feel the stroke and sigh, while they have, in the meantime, neither reason nor judgment to understand whence, or for what cause the evil has come to them. In a word, the Prophet here condemns this brutish stupidity in both people; for they did not so far profit under God’s rod as to return to him, but, on the contrary, they sought other remedies; because stupor had taken such hold on their minds, that they did not consider that they were chastised by God, and that this was done for just reasons. As then no such thing came to their mind, but they only felt themselves ill and grieved as brutes do, they went to the Assyrian, and sent to king Jareb.
The Prophet seems here to inveigh only against the ten tribes; but though he expressly speaks of the kingdom of Israel, there is no doubt but that he accused also the Jews in common with them. Why then does he name only Ephraim? (25) Even because the beginning of this evil commenced in the kingdom of Israel: for they were the first who went to the king of Assur, that they might, by his help, resist their neighbors, the Syrians: the Jews afterwards followed their example. Since then the Israelites afforded a precedent to the Jews to send for aids of this kind, the Prophet expressly confines his discourse to them. But there is no doubt, as I have already said, but that the accusation was common.
We now perceive what the Prophet meant: Ephraim, he says, saw his disease, and Judah his wound; that is, “Though I have, like a moth and a worm, consumed the kingdom of Israel as well as the kingdom of Judah, and they have felt themselves to be, as it were, decaying, and though their disease ought to have led them to repentance, they have yet turned their thoughts elsewhere; they have even supposed that they could be made whole by seeking a remedy either from the Assyrians or some others: thus it happened that they hastened to Assyria, and sought help from king Jareb.” We then see, in short, that the stupidity and hardness of the people are here reproved, because they were not turned by these evils to repentance.
Some think Jareb to have been a city in Assyria; but there is no ground for this conjecture. Others suppose that Jareb was a neighboring king to the Assyrian, and was sent to when the Assyrian, from a friend and a confederate, became an enemy, and invaded the kingdom of Israel; but this conjecture also has no solid grounds. It may have been the proper name of a man, and I prefer so to take it. For it seemed not necessary for the Prophet to speak here of many auxiliaries; but after the manner of the Hebrews, he repeats the same thing twice. Some render it, “to revenge;” because they sent for that king, even the Assyrian, as a revenger. But this exposition also is forced. More simple appears to me what I have already said, that they sent for the Assyrian, that is, for king Jareb.
Then it follows, Yet could he not heal you, nor will he cure you of your wound Here God declares that whatever the Israelites might seek would be in vain. “Ye think,” he says, “that you can escape my hand by these remedies; but your folly will at length betray itself, for he will avail you nothing; that is, king Jareb will not heal you.” In this clause the Prophet shows, that unless we immediately return to God, when he warns us by his scourges, it will be in vain for us to look here and there for remedies: for in this world many allurements come in our way; but when we hope for any relief, the Lord will at length show that we have been deluded. There is, then, but one remedy, — to go directly to God; and this is what the Prophet means, and this is the application of the present doctrine. He had said before that Ephraim had felt his disease and Judah his wounds; that is, “I have led them thus far, that they have acknowledged themselves to be ill; but they have not gone on as they ought to have done, so as to return to me: on the contrary, they have turned aside to king Jareb and to other delusions.” Then it follows, “But these remedies have turned ant rather for harm to you; they certainly have not profited you.” A confirmation of this sentence follows —
(25) Horsley thought that there is a word left out before “sent,” and supposed it to be “Judah,” that the two parts of the verse might correspond, as Judah as well as Ephraim is mentioned in the former part of the verse. Had he well weighed the reason here given by Calvin, he would not have thought such an addition necessary. Conjectural emendations for the most part arise from the same cause, — from not understanding the design and purpose of the sacred writer. — Ed.
Fuente: Calvin’s Complete Commentary
CRITICAL NOTES.
Hos. 5:13. Sick.] Not civil war between the two kingdoms, for both were wounded. Apostasy with its train of moral corruptions was the disease of the body politic (Isa. 1:6). Eph.] with whom the prophecy has chiefly to do, sought help and found none from Assyria.
Hos. 5:14. Lion] A fierce, roaring lion. Young lion] An emblem of strength and ferocity. They can no more defend themselves from Gods judgments than from fierce lions which attack. Tear] to pieces. Go away] leisurely back into its cave with its prey.
Hos. 5:15. Acknowledge] i.e. feel the guilt and punishment of sin; repent and return to God. The Heb. includes the idea of suffering. Afflict.] awakens the need of mercy, and urges to God. Seek] most earnestly and urgently (cf. Hos. 2:9; Deu. 4:29-30).
HOMILETICS
NATIONAL SICKNESS AND SPURIOUS REMEDIES.Hos. 5:13
At length Ephraim saw the sickness within and felt the wounds inflicted from without. But instead of returning to God, they sought help from Assyria, sent to King Jared, but were grievously disappointed. Idolatry and corruption, apostasy from God, could not be cured with earthly bandages. The whole head was sick, and the heart faint. The wounds and bruises and putrefying sores could not be closed, bound up, nor mollified with worldly alliance. God had stricken them, and he only could cure them, but they refused to return (cf. Isa. 1:6; Jer. 5:3). In the moral condition of Israel we have a picture of humanity.
I. Men are morally sick. The heart is depraved, deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked. Sin impairs the energy of the mind, and robs the soul of enjoyment and bliss. The political head and the moral heart of nations are sick and wounded. The politics, the philosophy, and the religion of the world require moral purity and spiritual health. Ceaseless activity without and unspirituality within crave for satisfaction and God. The life-blood is impure, the very heart is diseased, and the evils of the day are the expressions, the signs of its moral maladies. Everywhere we have sighs of the heart, efforts of the mind, and strivings for forms of liberty, states of life, and conditions of happiness which are considered the true harmony of moral being, the panacea for moral ills.
1. This sickness must be seen. Ephraim did not at first discern his condition. Men are often insensible to disease, take little warning of Divine judgments, until they are roused by some sudden stroke. Men may fancy themselves healthy because insensible; but apathy may suppress the natural feeling and cravings of the heart. A sound body suffers pain, if injured; but a frame benumbed by sickness or death has lost all feeling. Health has no feeling of sickness, says Augustine, but yet it feels pain when it is wounded. But stupidity feels no pain; it has lost the feeling of pain; and the more insensible, so much the worse.
2. This sickness must be seen in its true light. According to our view of afflictions so we think and act. They are designed to teach reflection and humility; to strengthen penitence, faith, and patience; to promote the health and sanctification of the soul. But if we see the distress and not the causes of it; if we feel no guilt, no need of a physician; then our temper is soured, our lot embittered, we forsake the true remedy, and pine away and die.
II. Men morally sick often seek wrong remedies. Then sent Ephraim to the Assyrian. This only invited the enemy into their kingdom and increased their distress. After they had paid money and spent all they had they were no better, but worse. Mar. 5:26.
1. Individuals often fly to wrong sources. Music and merry company, novels and scenes of amusement, are tried in vain, and found to be miserable comforters with all their attractions. Impressions remain, the conscience is still wounded and disappointment is the result.
2. Nations suffering heavy calamities trust to impotent remedies. Commercial prosperity, military prowess, political liberty, and intellectual culture, may uphold the outward show, but can never cure the inward disorders of a kingdom. In national judgments, amid general dissolution of manners, reliance on arts and arms, wealth and allies, will not save us. The experience of Ephraim will be the result of all application to an arm of flesh. Yet could he not heal you, nor cure you of your wound.
III. When men in moral sickness apply to wrong means for relief they will be disappointed. Human aid will be useless when God is slighted; the philosopher and the legislator, the warrior and the poet, will not avail. Thy bruise is incurable, and thy wound is grievous. Scripture is emphatic on this point. Lo, thou trustest in the staff of this broken reed, on Egypt; whereon if a man lean, it will go into his hand and pierce it (Isa. 36:6; Eze. 29:6-7). Cease ye from man, whose breath is in his nostrils; for wherein is he to be accounted of? (Isa. 2:22.) It is better to trust in the Lord than to put confidence in princes. Put not your confidence in princes, nor in the son of man, in whom there is no help. History gives warning sufficient. Nations that have relied upon human genius, arms and confederacies, have failed in efforts to remedy their evils. Unholy alliance with Egypt and Assyria could not preserve Israel from their doom. Policy without principle, alliance without God, shall be broken. Moral maladies can only be cured by moral means. There is but one physician, all others are physicians of no value. I kill, and I make alive; I wound, and I heal: neither is there any that can deliver out of my hand.
DESTRUCTION OPEN AND VIOLENT.Hos. 5:14-15
God, who had been as a moth gradually eating away and destroying the nation, would now change his procedure, and attack as a fierce lion, tear to pieces, and none could rescue. If nations take no heed to small judgments they cannot escape great ones. The lion, an image of strength, seizes its prey, and carries it away in safety (Isa. 5:29). As the lion withdraws into its cave, so God withdraws his help, and retires from Israel until they repent and seek his face.
I. Gods judgments are often severe. I, even I will tear. Here are no soft metaphors. The destruction is most painful and severe. Like a lion or an eagle God tears to pieces; tears the garment, tears body and soul. Punishment sometimes falls upon men like wild beasts upon their victims, to crush and destroy. The lion is cruel and ferocious; rends its prey (Deu. 33:20; Psa. 7:2); and carries it in triumph to its den (Nah. 2:12). This is not an overdrawn picture of danger and the anger of God against presumptuous sins. Consider this, ye that forget God, lest I tear you in pieces, and there be none to deliver.
II. Gods judgments are often irresistble. None shall rescue him. The shepherd can neither defend nor interfere. In a trial of strength God is omnipotent and cannot be overcome. Assyria was no protection to Israel. In national calamity none can plead. At the day of wrath no hope, no refuge can be found without God.
III. Gods judgments are often irrevocable. I will go and return to my place. None can ward off Divine judgments; none can bring back when God retires from men. When God deserts a society or a people, the mightiest and most learned are no defence. Noble institutions, religious ordinances, and great men, wealthy citizens and abundant revenues, are not the chief strength, the real power of a nation. God can consume these like a flower, and no fasting nor penitence can purchase favours once withdrawn. Riches melt, power decays, and happiness turns to misery before the wrath of God. Nothing can revive a nation when God destroys it; nothing can change his purpose when carried out in his providence. To be forsaken of God at any time is awful woe; but in trouble to have his countenance turned from us and against us, to have frowns instead of smiles, must be hell, and not heaven. When distress and anguish cometh upon you. Then shall they call upon me, but I will not answer; they shall seek me early, but they shall not find me.
HOMILETIC HINTS AND OUTLINES
Hos. 5:13. Man cannot have two objects of trustGod and himself, or fellow-man. Half of salvation cannot be ascribed to one and half to the other. To put confidence in man, and expect him to do what God alone can do, is idolatry or departure from God, cleaving to the cistern and forsaking the fountain, leaning upon a broken reed which will fail and pierce the hand. The power, the kindness, and the faithfulness of man are helpless. God alone should be our hope and trust (Jer. 17:7).
Hos. 5:14. When we strengthen ourselves in sin by outward helps against the providence and corrections of God, we challenge him to a trial of strength, turn the moth into a lion, and bring greater judgments upon ourselves. God can tear a nation to pieces by sword, famine, and civil discord. What is stronger than a lion? It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God.
Hos. 5:15. Gods retirement from men. I. The cause. Offended at sin, driven away by men forgetting and forsaking him. Sin separates between God and man, and hides his face from us. II. The design. Till they acknowledge their offence, &c.
1. To lead to repentance, sorrow, confession and forsaking of sin.
2. To bring back to God. In their affliction they will seek me early. The desertion is not always final nor total. God withdraws his aid in duty and his comforts in life not to cast off entirely, but to beget penitence and hope, to induce return and amendment of life. We smart under dreadful desertions. Some of us have had to cry with the Master on the cross, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? We know why he has forsaken us: it is because we have forsaken him, and therefore he has hidden the light of his countenance from us until we could scarcely believe ourselves to be his children at all. We have turned to prayer, and found words and even desires fail us when on our knees. We have searched the Scriptures with no consolatory result: every text of Scripture has looked black upon us; every promise blockaded its ports against us. We have tried to raise a single thought heavenward, but have been so distracted under a sense of the Lords wrath, which lay heavy upon us, that we could not even aspire for a moment; we could only say, Why art thou cast down, O my soul? Why art thou disquieted within me? Such suffering of soul will often be to the erring Christian the very best thing that could befall him. He has walked contrary to his God, and if his God did not walk contrary to him he would be at peace in his sin; and remember, no condition can be more dangerous, not to say damnable, than for a man who is no longer agreed with his God to believe that all is well, and go on softly and delicately in the way which tends to destruction [Spurgeon].
True repentance, in its first step, leads to conviction of sin, confession of guilt, and acceptance of punishment as due to our sin. Then to seek the face of God. Without the latter, despair, not repentance, would be the result, as in the case of Judahs remorse. Without the former step, to seek Gods face would be presumption. Unsanctified affliction only hardens, but blessed, will lead the chastened penitent earnestly and diligently to seek and serve God.
True seekers after God.
1. They seek him, sensible of their distance and their guilt.
2. They seek him when they do not enjoy him. 3 They seek him (a). early, i.e. diligently. Former negligence is followed by double diligence; (b) earnestly intent on finding God; (c) perseveringly, though he has withdrawn from them. They seek until they find him. All these duties required in right seeking of God ought to be especially set about in sad times. Times wherein affliction press men hard on all hands ought to be times of seeking God indeed, and ought to put an edge on diligence and duties, otherwise it may draw to a sad account [Hutcheson].
ILLUSTRATIONS TO CHAPTER 5
Hos. 5:11-14. Vice is sometimes punished instantly and sometimes gradually. This seems to be the method of Divine procedure. We have slow and rapid consumption in the bodies of men. We have the gradual decay and the sudden overthrow of empires, the seed-time of evil and the harvest of judgment. The changes of circumstances are so various and frequent, so great and sudden, that the same person, the same people, afford an example of the greatest prosperity and the greatest misery. Henry the Fourth of France was despatched by a sacrilegious hand in his carriage, in the midst of popular applause and the triumphs of peace. Like Herod, the grandson of Herod the Great, he found but one step between adoration and oblivion. The ruin which God inflicts upon the impenitent and presumptuous sinners is often beyond precedent most sudden and most fearful. What folly, then, to trust in man, when God can easily destroy him!
Hos. 5:15. To afflictions, instrumentally, many have to date the awakening and conversion of their souls. Happy is that condition which forces us to trust in God only, and to be in the hand of his providence. Afflictions dispose us to pray; and we are sure to want nothing if we find God in prayer [Bishop Wilson].
Fuente: The Preacher’s Complete Homiletical Commentary Edited by Joseph S. Exell
(13) To the Assyrian.Their adversity leads Ephraim to seek protection from their formidable foe instead of turning to the Lord. (On Jareb, see Excursus.)
EXCURSUS A: ON JAREB (Hosea 5:13).
Schrader, in his Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament, has the following note:King Combat, or Contention (Jareb), is not a proper namenone such being found in the Assyrian lists. In the prevailing uncertainty respecting Biblical chronology, it is hard to determine what Assyrian monarch is meant by this appellative. If we are to understand Salmanassar III. (781-772) as the king in Hos. 10:14, under the name Salman, the allusion here may be to Assur-dan-ilu (771-754), who conducted a series of expeditions to the West. But when we turn to Schraders comment on Hos. 10:14, we find that he abandons the theory that Salman is Salmanassar III. (see ad. Loc.). On the other hand, Tiglath-pileser, whom Schrader and Sir H. Rawlinson identify with the Pul of Scripture, was a warrior of great prowess, to whom such a designation as King Combat from Hosea and his contemporaries would admirably apply. The verse might then be taken to refer to the events of the reign of Menahem (2Ki. 15:19, see also Introduction). But this explanation, probable as it is, is complicated with questions of Biblical chronology. (See Introduction).
Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)
13. The eyes of the two kingdoms could not remain closed forever to this condition of affairs, but they failed to seek help where alone it could be found. “It is the old but ever-repeated attempt to remove evil within by the use of external means instead of putting within the decaying frame new and sound powers; to rely upon the external cult and upon politics rather than upon religion and ethics” (Marti).
Sickness wound Figures, not of corruption but of disaster resulting from corruption (Isa 1:5).
The Assyrian [“Assyria”] The great world empire having its seat between the Euphrates and the Tigris. Only a few years previous to this prophecy, in 745, it had entered upon the most flourishing period of its history, when Tiglath-pileser III came upon the throne.
And sent Who? As the text stands there can be but one answer, Ephraim. Comparing 13a with 13b, some supply Judah. To do this makes the line too long; therefore they omit the verb, so that the clauses read, “Then went Ephraim to Assyria, and Judah to King Jareb.” The character of Hebrew parallelism favors the insertion of the subject, but there are difficulties in the way of making it Judah (see next comment).
King Jareb The last word is apparently a form of the verb strive, contend; margin, R.V., “a king that should contend”; Hos 10:6, makes it clear that it is an epithet of the king of Assyria. As such it has been variously rendered by translators, “combatant,” “combative,” “striver,” “pick-quarrel,” “fighting cock,” etc. Any one of these would make a suitable nickname for several Assyrian kings. Who is in the mind of Hosea? That the prophet is referring to an actual historical event cannot be doubted; that he is thinking of a recent event is quite likely. 2Ki 15:19-20, mentions Menahem as sending a present to Pul of Assyria in order to win his support. This was in the period of anarchy following the death of Jeroboam II. The prophecy of Hosea comes from that period; it is therefore very probable that the reference is to this appeal. Pul is universally identified with Tiglath-pileser III, a fighter through and through. Judah was not involved in the event recorded in 2Ki 15:19-20; so far as we know, no appeal was sent from Judah to Assyria until the time of Ahaz (2Ki 16:7-8), about four years after Menahem’s appeal, and subsequent to the date of Hosea’s prophecy (see Introduction, p. 17). For this reason it is not likely that Judah should be supplied as the subject; it is better to leave the text as it is; if it is thought necessary to mention the subject, why not Israel? (Compare Hos 5:3; Hos 5:5; Hos 5:9, etc.) The interpretation of Jareb suggested above is based upon the supposition that the present Hebrew text is correct. Other interpretations need but to be mentioned. Hommel, also following the present Hebrew text, translates “king of Aribi,” a district in northern Arabia; Winckler, with a slight change, “king of Yathrib-Medina,” that is, North Arabia; in view of Hos 10:6, these interpretations are improbable. Maintaining that the reference is to the king of Assyria, some have suggested a slight alteration so as to read “the great king,” identical with the Assyrian sharru rabu found frequently in the inscriptions (compare Isa 36:4, where a different word is used). LXX. presupposes a still different reading, which may be intended for “the high king.” He is unable to render effective assistance since one mightier than he has caused the disease.
In Hos 5:14 the fierceness of the judgment and the impotence of all human helpers are pictured once more. Jehovah likens himself to a lion who seizes his prey, tears it, carries it off, and no one has the power to prevent it (Hos 13:7; Isa 5:29; Isa 31:4).
I Emphatic, to call attention to the fact that Jehovah himself is the lion.
Lion young lion The Hebrew has several words for lion which, though originally having distinct meanings, are used interchangeably. The root meaning of the two words used here is uncertain; it is thought that the first calls attention to the lion’s roar, the second to his mane. Lions are found no longer in Palestine.
Hos 5:15 is the continuation of 14; by some it is thought to be a later expansion of that verse, but this supposition is not necessary; it may well come from Hosea. As a lion withdraws into his den, so Jehovah, having executed judgment, will retire; this will make it impossible for the torn prey to find a deliverer or healer. Only when he is sought earnestly will he come forth from his hiding place.
My place The heavenly dwelling place of Jehovah (Mic 1:3).
Acknowledge their offense R.V., “have borne their guilt,” that is, have suffered the punishment for their guilt, LXX., “they become startled.” The ordinary rendering is to be preferred, though it might be intensified by translating, “become conscious of their guilt.”
Seek my face To plead for his return and favor. Jehovah knows that they will soon do it.
In their affliction Affliction will be a sign of the divine displeasure and a proof of the people’s inability to help themselves; therefore they will turn to Jehovah (Amo 8:12).
Seek me early The R.V. translation “earnestly” rests upon a misinterpretation of Hos 6:1-3, which is taken wrongly as an expression of genuine repentance. The verb is derived from a noun, dawn, morning, and means to seek early, or soon; it is used here in a temporal sense. G.A. Smith reproduces the thought correctly, “they will soon enough seek me.”
Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
‘When Ephraim saw his sickness,
And Judah saw his wound,
Then Ephraim went to Assyria,
And sent to the Great King,
But he is not able to heal you,
Nor will he cure you of your wound.’
The main warning here is to Israel, but there is a spin off to Judah, possibly because Ahaz was still considering his options (compare Isaiah 7). Let Judah consider the fact that the king of Assyria will prove of no help in the end to Israel, whose king Menahem had parleyed with him (2Ki 15:19-20). Or the reference may be to Hoshea’s submission to him in order to gain the throne (2Ki 17:3), in which case it is after Ahaz submitted to the king of Assyria. Both Israel (Ephraim) and Judah are seen as sick and wounded as a result of YHWH’s judgments, but it is Israel who at this juncture look to Assyria for help. They ‘went to Assyria, and sent to the Great King’ (dividing the consonants mlky rb, the y being an intermediate helping vowel to aid pronunciation, thus giving the title by which the kings of Assyria was known in an Assyrian inscription and Assyrian records, instead of mlk yrb, which gives the reading King Yereb or warrior king)’. But the king of Assyria could be of no assistance to them in their present state, for their condition was due to YHWH, the truly Great King, and not to Assyria. Thus the king of Assyria was helpless to do anything about it.
Judah are seen as having a putrefying wound (compare Isa 1:6) but possibly still as not yet committed to Assyria, otherwise they would be mentioned here (we must not insert what Hosea did not put in), which would support the parleying at this time as being done by Pekah. While the last two lines appear to tie in with the first two lines (sickness — wound — heal — cure wound) this may simply be due to poetic balance with the last two lines referring to Israel (as the middle two lines suggest), rather than in order to include Judah, for Judah’s wound would be healed for a time when Hezekiah and Josiah were on the throne.
Fuente: Commentary Series on the Bible by Peter Pett
Hos 5:13. When Ephraim saw his sickness, &c. Houbigant translates this verse throughout in the future. Ephraim shall see,shall go, &c. and instead of king Jareb, he reads, to the king his avenger; meaning the Assyrian, Tiglath-Pileser, before mentioned.
Fuente: Commentary on the Holy Bible by Thomas Coke
DISCOURSE: 1151
THE FOLLY OF CREATURE-CONFIDENCE
Hos 5:13. When Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah saw his wound, then went Ephraim to the Assyrian, and sent to king Jareb: yet could he not heal you, nor cure you of your wound.
MEN continually provoke God to chastise them, but rarely make a due improvement of his chastisements. Instead of turning to God, they dishonour him still more by applying to the creature under their distress rather than to him. The ten tribes, when punished for their willing compliance with Jeroboams edicts [Note: ver. 11, 12. God consumed them as the moth consumes a garment, or as rottenness the bones, secretly, slowly, gradually, effectually.], sought repeatedly to the Assyrians for help, instead of humbling themselves before God: but they found, as Judah also did on similar occasions, that their confidence in the creature served only to involve them in shame and disappointment.
Taking the text simply as an historical fact, we deduce from it two observations, which deserve our consideration.
I.
Men, in times of trouble, are prone to look to the creature for help, rather than to God
This was one of the most common and heinous sins of the Jewish nation [Note: Sometimes they relied on Egypt, Isa 30:1-3; Isa 31:1. Sometimes on Assyria (as Manahem did on Pal, 2Ki 15:19 and Ahaz did on Tiglath-pileser, 2Ki 16:7 and sometimes on themselves, Isa 22:8-11. Jareb here certainly means the king of Assyria: but whether it was his proper name, or a name given him by the prophet, is uncertain. It means Defender, and might be applied to him in a taunting manner. In this view it would be a very severe sarcasm. See 2Ch 28:20.]: and it is universal also amongst ourselves,
1.
In troubles of a temporal nature
[In sickness of body, we lean, like Asa [Note: 2Ch 16:12.]; on the physician. In distress of mind, we complain and murmur; but forget; to pray [Note: Gen 4:13-14.]. In straitened circumstances, we expect relief from friends, or our own exertions. God is invariably our last refuge.]
2.
In spiritual troubles
[Under conviction of sin, we betake ourselves to the observance of duties, and make resolutions to amend our lives, instead of fleeing to Christ as the refuge of lost sinners [Note: Isa 55:2.]. In seasons also of temptation, or desertion, we adopt a thousand expedients to remove our burthens, but will not cast them on the Lord [Note: 1Sa 16:14-16.]. Though foiled ten thousand times, we cannot bring ourselves to lie as clay in the potters hands; but will rest in the means, instead of looking simply to God in the use of means.]
But the longer we persist in it the more we shall find, that,
II.
The creature cannot afford us any effectual succour
There are circumstances indeed wherein friends may be instrumental to our relief: but they can do,
1.
Nothing effectual
[The consolations which are administered by man, or by the vanities of this world, are poor, empty, transient [Note: Jer 2:13.]. Not the whole universe combined can ever bring a man to glory in tribulations [Note: Rom 5:3.], and to say with Paul, I take pleasure in them for the sake of Christ [Note: 2Co 12:10.]: as soon might they enable him to stop the sun in its course, as to reduce to experience the paradoxes of that holy apostle [Note: 2Co 6:10.].]
2.
Nothing of themselves
[It is not a little humiliating to see how weak are mans endeavours to heal either the disorders of the body, or the troubles of the soul, when God is pleased to withhold his blessing. The best prescriptions, or the wisest counsels, are even lighter than vanity itself. Reasonings, however just and scriptural, have no weight: advice, however sweetened with love and sympathy, is rejected: the very grounds of consolation are turned into occasions of despair [Note: Psa 77:2-3.]. When God says, Let there be light, there is light: but till then, the soul is shut up in impenetrable darkness [Note: Job 34:29.].]
Address
1.
Let us guard against this sinful propensity, both in our national and personal concerns
[We cannot but see how prone we are, as a nation, to rest on human alliances, and human efforts. Would to God we could correct this fatal error, and trust more entirely in the great disposer of all events!
As individuals at least, we may, and must, correct it. If we would have the blessing of God, and not his curse, we must renounce all creature-confidence, and trust in him alone [Note: Jer 17:5-8. See Davids example, Psa 60:11; Psa 121:1-2.]. If we would do this, our happiness would be complete [Note: Psa 91:1-7; Psa 91:9-10.] ]
2.
Let us especially rely on Christ as the healer of our souls
[He is the healer of the nations [Note: Rev 22:2.], Jehovah, who healeth us [Note: Exo 15:26.]: there is no physician besides him; nor any balm, but his blood. We may use whatever means we will, either to pacify the conscience, or to purify the heart; but we shall find that they can not heal us, nor cure us of our wound. But Christ is all-sufficient: he can in one moment purge us by his blood, and renovate us by his Spirit. To him then let us look with humble, uniform, unshaken affiance.]
Fuente: Charles Simeon’s Horae Homileticae (Old and New Testaments)
If we read those scriptures spiritually, and with an eye to Christ, (and in this sense will they be particularly profitable,) we discover in them the weakness of all human attainments, and all human strength, to recover from the ruins of the fall. Jareb, the Assyrian, is a type of the inefficacy of all human means to cure soul-sickness, and to heal the wounds of sin. None can rescue or deliver, neither can any remedy be found, until the Lord Jesus Christ, the Lion of the tribe of Judah, is known, and felt, in the sovereignty of his power, and formed in the heart the hope of glory.
Fuente: Hawker’s Poor Man’s Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
Hos 5:13 When Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah [saw] his wound, then went Ephraim to the Assyrian, and sent to king Jareb: yet could he not heal you, nor cure you of your wound.
Ver. 13. When Ephraim saw his sickness ] i.e. felt himself moth-eaten, hard-driven, and at a very great under, as those must needs be whom God setteth against.
And Judah his wound
Then went Ephraim to the Assyrian, and Judah sent to king Jareb
Yet could he not heal you, nor cure you of your wound
Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
Hosea
‘PHYSICIANS OF NO VALUE’
Hos 5:13
The long tragedy which ended in the destruction of the Northern Kingdom by Assyrian invasion was already beginning to develop in Hosea’s time. The mistaken politics of the kings of Israel led them to seek an ally where they should have dreaded an enemy. As Hosea puts it in figurative fashion, Ephraim’s discovery of his ‘sickness’ sent him in the vain quest for help to the apparent source of the ‘sickness,’ that is to Assyria, whose king in the text is described by a name which is not his real name, but is a significant epithet, as the margin puts it, ‘a king that should contend’; and who, of course, was not able to heal nor to cure the wounds which he had inflicted. Ephraim’s suicidal folly is but one illustration of a universal madness which drives men to seek for the healing of their misery, and the alleviation of their discomfort, in the repetition of the very acts which brought these about. The attempt to get relief in such a fashion, of course, fails; for as the verse before our text emphatically proclaims, it is God who has been ‘as a moth unto Ephraim,’ gnawing away his strength: and it is only He who can heal, since in reality it is He, and not the quarrelsome king of Assyria, who has inflicted the sickness.
Thus understood, the text carries wide lessons, and may serve us as a starting-point for considering man’s discovery of his ‘sickness,’ man’s mad way of seeking healing, God’s way of giving it.
I. First, then, man’s discovery of his sickness.
But there is another aspect of this discovery of sickness, far graver than the mere consciousness of unrest. Ephraim does not see his sickness unless he sees his sin. The greater part of every life is spent without that deep, all-pervading sense of discord between itself and God. Small and recurrent faults may evoke recurring remonstrances of conscience, but that is a very different thing from the deep tones and the clear voice of condemnation in respect to one’s whole life and character which sounds in a heart that has learned how ‘deceitful and desperately wicked’ it is. Such a conviction may flash upon a man at any moment, and from a hundred causes. A sorrow, a sunset-sky, a grave, a sermon, may produce it.
But even when we have come to recognise clearly our unrest, we have gone but part of the way, we have become conscious of a symptom, not of the disease. Why is it that man is alone among the creatures in that discontent with externals, and that dissatisfaction with himself? ‘Foxes have holes, and the birds of the air have roosting-places’: why is it that amongst all God’s happy creatures, and God’s shining stars, men stand ‘strangers in a strange land,’ and are cursed with a restlessness which has not ‘where to lay its head’? The consciousness of unrest is but the agitation of the limbs which indicates disease. That disease is the twitching paralysis of sin. Like ‘the pestilence that walketh in darkness,’ it has a fell power of concealing itself, and the man whose sins are the greatest is always the least conscious of them. He dwells in a region where the malaria is so all-pervading that the inhabitants do not know what the sweetness of an unpoisoned atmosphere is. If there is a ‘worst man’ in the world, we may be very sure that no conscience is less troubled than his is.
So the question may well be urged on those so terribly numerous amongst us, whose very unconsciousness of their true condition is the most fatal symptom of their fatal disease. What is the worth of a peace which is only secured by ignoring realities, and which can be shattered into fragments by anything that compels a man to see himself as he is? In such a fool’s paradise thousands of us live. ‘Use and wont,’ the continual occupation with the trifles of our daily lives, the fleeting satisfactions of our animal nature, the shallow wisdom which bids us ‘let sleeping dogs lie,’ all conspire to mask, to many consciences, their unrest and their sin. We abstain from lifting the curtain behind which the serpent lies coiled in our hearts, because we dread to see its loathly length, and to rouse it to lift its malignant head, and to strike with its forked tongue. But sooner or later-may it not be too late-we shall be set face to face with the dark recess, and discover the foul reptile that has all the while been coiled there.
II. Man’s mad way of seeking healing.
But again the sense of sin sometimes seeks to conceal itself by repetition of sin. When the dormant snake begins to stir, it is lulled to sleep again by absorption of occupations, or by an obstinate refusal to look inwards, and often by plunging once more into the sin which has brought about the sickness. To seek thus for ease from the stings of conscience, is like trying to silence a buzzing in the head by standing beside Niagara thundering in our ears. They used to beat the drums when a martyr died, in order to drown his testimony; and so foolish men seek to silence the voice of conscience by letting passions shout their loudest. It needs no words to demonstrate the incurable folly of such conduct; but alas, it takes many words far stronger than mine to press home the folly upon men. The condition of such a half-awakened conscience is very critical if it is soothed by any means by which it is weakened and its possessor worsened. In the sickness of the soul homoeopathic treatment is a delusion. Ephraim may go to Assyria, but there is no healing of him there.
III. God’s way of giving true healing.
Fuente: Expositions Of Holy Scripture by Alexander MacLaren
king Jareb. Professor Sayce (Higher Criticism and the Monuments, pp 416, 417) thinks “Jareb” may he the birth-name of the usurper Sargon II, the successor of Shalmaneser. Shalmaneser did not take Samaria, but his successor did, as stated in an inscription found in the palace which he built near Nineveh. This gets rid of several fanciful hypotheses as to the meaning of “Jareb” besides explaining an historical difficulty Compare Hos 10:6.
Fuente: Companion Bible Notes, Appendices and Graphics
his wound: Jer 30:12, Jer 30:14, Mic 1:9
went: Hos 7:11, Hos 10:6, Hos 12:1, 2Ki 15:19, 2Ki 15:29, 2Ki 16:7, 2Ch 28:16-18
to king Jareb: or, to the king of Jareb; or, to the king that should plead
yet: 2Ch 28:20, 2Ch 28:21, Jer 30:15
Reciprocal: Gen 42:1 – saw 2Ki 15:37 – Rezin 2Ch 25:7 – for the Lord Job 13:4 – physicians Psa 77:2 – my Isa 1:6 – they have Isa 3:7 – healer Isa 10:3 – to whom Isa 10:20 – no more Isa 17:3 – fortress Isa 30:7 – Their Jer 2:18 – or what hast Jer 2:36 – gaddest Jer 31:18 – Thou hast Lam 5:6 – to the Egyptians Eze 23:5 – on the Eze 29:16 – the confidence Hos 2:7 – she shall follow Hos 2:10 – and none shall Hos 5:3 – Ephraim Hos 7:8 – he hath Hos 8:9 – they Hos 11:5 – but Hos 14:3 – Asshur Amo 2:4 – Judah
Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
PHYSICIANS OF NO VALUE
When Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah saw his wound, then went Ephraim to Assyria, and sent to king Jareb: but he is not able to heal you, neither shall he cure you of your wound.
Hos 5:13 (R.V.)
As Hosea put it in figurative fashion, Ephraims discovery of his sickness sent him in the vain quest for help to the apparent source of the sickness, that is to Assyria, whose king in the text is described by a name which is not his real name, but is a significant epithet, as the margin puts it, a king that should contend; and who, of course, was not able to heal nor to cure the wounds which he had inflicted. Ephraims suicidal folly is but one illustration of a universal madness which drives men to seek for the healing of their misery, and the alleviation of their discomfort, in the repetition of the very acts which brought these about. The attempt to get relief in such a fashion, of course, fails; for as the verse before our text emphatically proclaims, it is God Who has been as a moth unto Ephraim, gnawing away his strength: and it is only He Who can heal, since in reality it is He, and not the quarrelsome king of Assyria, Who has inflicted the sickness.
Thus understood, the text carries wide lessons, and may serve us as a starting-point for considering mans discovery of his sickness, mans mad way of seeking healing, Gods way of giving it.
I. First, then, mans discovery of his sickness.The question may well be urged on those so terribly numerous amongst us, whose very unconsciousness of their true condition is the most fatal symptom of their fatal disease. What is the worth of a peace which is only secured by ignoring realities, and which can be shattered into fragments by anything that compels a man to see himself as he is? In such a fools paradise thousands of us live. Use and wont, the continual occupation with the trifles of our daily lives, the fleeting satisfactions of our animal nature, the shallow wisdom which bids us let sleeping dogs lie, all conspire to mask, to many consciences, their unrest and their sin. We abstain from lifting the curtain behind which the serpent lies coiled in our hearts, because we dread to see its loathly length, and to rouse it to lift its malignant head, and to strike with its forked tongue. But sooner or latermay it not be too late!we shall be set face to face with the dark recess, and discover the foul reptile that has all the while been coiled there.
II. Mans mad way of seeking healing.Can there be a more absurd course of action than that recorded in our text? When Ephraim saw his sickness, then went Ephraim to Assyria. The northern kingdom sought for the healing of their national calamities, from the very cause of their national calamities, and in repetition of their national sin. A hopeful policy, and one which speedily ended in the only possible result! But that insanity was but a sample of the infatuation which besets us all. When we are conscious of our unrest, we are not all tempted to seek to conceal it with what has made it! Take examples from the grosser forms of animal indulgence. The drunkards vulgar proverb recommending a hair of the dog that bit you, is but a coarse expression of a common fault. He is wretched until another glass steadies, for a moment, his trembling hand, and gives a brief stimulus to his nerves. They say that the Styrian peasants, who habitually eat large quantities of arsenic, show symptoms of poison if they leave it off suddenly. These are but samples, in the physical region, of a tendency which runs through all life, and leads men to drown thought by plunging into the thick of the worldly absorptions that really cause their unrest. The least persistent of men is strangely obstinate in his adherence to old ways, in spite of all experience of their crooked slipperiness. We wonder at the peasants who have their cottages and vineyards on the slopes of Vesuvius, and who build them, and plant them, over and over again after each destructive eruption. The tragedy of Israel is repeated in many of our lives; and the summing up of the abortive efforts of one of its kings to recover power by following the gods that had betrayed him, might be the epitaph of the infatuated men who see their sickness and seek to heal it by renewed devotion to the idols who occasioned it: They were the ruin of him and of all Israel. The experience of the woman who had spent all her living on physicians, and was nothing the better, but rather the worse, sums up the sad story of many a life.
But, again, the sense of sin sometimes seeks to conceal itself by repetition of sin. When the dormant snake begins to stir, it is lulled to sleep again by absorption of occupations, or by an obstinate refusal to look inwards, and often by plunging once more into the sin which has brought about the sickness. To seek thus for ease from the stings of conscience, is like trying to silence a buzzing in the head by standing beside Niagara thundering in our ears. They used to beat the drums when a martyr died, in order to drown his testimony; and so foolish men seek to silence the voice of conscience by letting passions shout their loudest. It needs no words to demonstrate the incurable folly of such conduct; but, alas, it takes many words far stronger than mine to press home the folly upon men. The condition of such a half-awakened conscience is very critical if it is soothed by any means by which it is weakened and its possessor worsened. In the sickness of the soul homopathic treatment is a delusion. Ephraim may go to Assyria, but there is no healing of him there.
III. Gods way of giving true healing.Ephraim thought that, because the wounds were inflicted by Assyria, it was the source to which to apply for bandages and balm. If it had realised that Assyria was but the battle-axe wherewith the hand of God struck it, it would have learned that from God alone could come healing and health. The true issue of Ephraims sickness would have been the penitent cry, Come, let us return to the Lord our God, for He hath smitten, and He will bind us up. It is in the consciousness of loving nearness to Him that all our unrest is soothed, and the heaving ocean in our hearts becomes as a summers sea and birds of peace sit brooding on the charmed waves. It is in that same consciousness that conscience ceases to condemn, and loses its sting. The prophet from whom our text is taken ends his wonderful ministry, that had been full of fiery denunciations and dark prophecies, with words that are only surpassed in their tenderness and the outpouring of the heart of God, by the fuller revelation in Jesus Christ. The Divine answer which he was commissioned to bring to the penitent IsraelI will heal their backslidings, I will love them freely; if Mine anger is turned away from Meis, in all its wealth of forgiving love, but an imperfect prophecy of the great Physician, from the hem of Whose garment flowed out power to one who had spent all her living on physicians and could not be healed of any, and Who confirmed to her the power which she had thought to steal from Him unawares, by the gracious words which bound her to Him for everDaughter, thy faith hath made thee whole; go in peace.
Fuente: Church Pulpit Commentary
Hos 5:13. Ephraim saw his sickness means he was confronted with a dangerous situation, which was the pres-ence of a foreign king (2Ki 15:19). Judah sent to Jareb which Strong defines. A symbolical name for Assyria.” The name seems to be used figuratively and means that Judah sought help from an outside source instead of God,
Fuente: Combined Bible Commentary
Hos 5:13-14. When Ephraim, saw his sickness When the king of Israel, namely, Menahem, saw himself too weak to contend with Pul, king of Assyria, he sent an embassy to him to make him his ally, and, in order to do it, became his tributary, that his hand might be with him to confirm his kingdom to him, 2Ki 15:15. And Judah his wound Hebrew, his ulcer, or corrupted sore. So in like manner shall Ahaz, king of Judah, implore the assistance of Tiglath-pileser against his enemies. For, after the words, then went Ephraim to the Assyrian, the word Judah should be supplied, and the clause should be read, And Judah sent, (or, shall send,)
to King Jareb. Thus Secker and Pocock understand the passage. The word Jareb means one that will plead for a person, and defend his cause against any that may oppose him, or an avenger, or helper. And it does not appear to be here a proper name. Bishop Horsley renders it, The king who takes up all quarrels, and observes, This describes some powerful monarch who took upon him to interfere in all quarrels between inferior powers, to arbitrate between them, and compel them to make up their differences upon such terms as he thought proper to dictate: whose alliance was, of course, anxiously courted by weaker states. Such was the Assyrian monarch in the times to which the prophecy relates. His friendship was purchased by Menahem king of Israel, (as observed above,) and in a later period solicited by Ahaz, 2Ki 16:5-9. Yet could he not heal you, nor cure you of your wound Those foreign alliances proved to be of no benefit either to Israel or Judah. It is expressly said of Tiglath-pileser, 2Ch 28:20, that when he came to Ahaz, under colour of helping him according to the terms of their agreement, at a time when Judah was brought low, he distressed him, but strengthened him not. And though Ahaz gave him presents out of the house of the Lord, out of the house of the king, and of the princes, still he helped him not. And as to the ten tribes, the Assyrian kings were so far from helping them really, that they destroyed numbers of them from time to time, and at last carried them all away into captivity. So weak often is human policy! I will be unto Ephraim as a lion The Vulgate reads, lena, a lioness, and the LXX. a panther. The sense of the verse is, that it was in vain for either Israel or Judah to expect help from men, since God had determined to destroy or take them away, as with the impetuosity of a panther flying upon his prey, or the fury of a lion, tearing it in pieces.
Fuente: Joseph Bensons Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
5:13 When Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah [saw] his wound, then went Ephraim to {m} the Assyrian, and sent to king {n} Jareb: yet could he not heal you, nor cure you of your wound.
(m) Instead of seeking for remedy from God’s hand.
(n) Who was king of the Assyrians.
Fuente: Geneva Bible Notes
Both Israel and Judah appealed to the king of Assyria for help, but he was unable to save them. King Ahaz of Judah did this (2Ki 16:5-9), and so did King Menahem of Israel (2Ki 15:19-20) and King Hoshea of Israel (cf. 2Ki 17:3). Rather than assisting, the Assyrians attacked both nations.