But the ship was now in the midst of the sea, tossed with waves: for the wind was contrary.
24. tossed with waves ] The expression in the original is forcible, “tortured by the waves,” writhing in throes of agony, as it were. These sudden storms are very characteristic of the Lake of Gennesaret.
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
But the ship was now in the midst of the sea – John says they had sailed about 25 or 30 furlongs. About 7 1/2 Jewish furlongs made a mile; so that the distance they had salted was not more than about 4 miles. At no place is the Sea of Tiberias much more than 10 miles in breadth, so that they were literally in the midst of the sea.
Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible
Mat 14:24
For the wind was contrary.
The wind was contrary
The Sea of Galilee lies low, being, in fact, six hundred feet beneath the level of the Mediterranean, and the water-courses on its banks have cut out deep ravines which act like funnels to draw down the winds from the mountains, so that the storms are often both sudden and severe. On the present occasion the wind came down with such fury that even strong rowers like the fishermen apostles could make little way against it, and after toiling for nine hours they had made no more than three miles.
I. The way of duty is not always easy. Even when constrained by love of Christ to undertake any particular work, we are often beset by difficulties and obstacles: no plain sailing, always breakers ahead.
II. We may take comfort to ourselves from the following facts;
1. We are not responsible for the contrary wind. This takes the sting out of the trial. If a difficulty rises before me in Gods Providence, apart from any agency or culpability of my own, then I am in better mood to meet and overcome it than I should be if I knew it to be the result of my own folly.
2. The attention required for bearing up against the contrary wind may take us, for the time being, out of some subtle temptation. It would seem that our Lord sent His disciples away across the lake that night to keep them out of harms way, and to give them something more to think about than the glittering allurements of worldly greatness. Is it not often so with us? We have not been conscious of it at the moment, but we have seen afterwards that the seeming interruption kept us but of the path of danger. Better far a strong head-wind than a fog; for in the fog an iceberg may be veiled, and collision with that would be destruction.
3. The contrary wind may prepare us for higher service in the cause of Christ. In this night upon the deep the apostles had, as it were, a rehearsal of the difficulties they would have to contend with after their Master was taken up into heaven. Probably much of their persistence in the face of persecution had its root in the remembrance of what they had learned in this nights contest with adverse winds. It was one of their first experiments in walking alone, and it helped to steady them. The very necessity of rowing against the wind develops new strength, and brings latent resources into play. Had it not been for his deafness, John Kitto would probably never have become an author.
4. The Lord Jesus is closely watching us. The apostles knew not that He saw them toiling in rowing, for it was dark. Had they known it, what new heart it would have put into them! To us this knowledge is given-that though Jesus is unseen, He is still looking down with interest upon us, and will at the right time come and succour us. So we may leave all care about the issue, and attend, meanwhile, to the rowing. Let us, then, toil on! It is but a little while at the longest. No contrary wind can last for ever. By and by Christ will come to us, and then there will be peace. Yes, and after a time we shall reach the other shore; and when we touch that, we shall be done with difficulties. So, as one said, just before entering the boat in which he lost his life, Ho! for heaven! What though the waves be rough? Ho! for heaven! What though the wind be contrary? Ho! for heaven! What though the labour be exhausting? Ho! for heaven! (W. M. Taylor, D. D.)
Fuente: Biblical Illustrator Edited by Joseph S. Exell
Verse 24. Tossed with waves] Grievously agitated. This is the proper meaning of the word : but one MS. reads , plunged under the waves, frequently covered with them; the waves often breaking over the vessel.
Fuente: Adam Clarke’s Commentary and Critical Notes on the Bible
While our Saviour was praying on the mount the ship which carried his disciples was upon the sea, that is, that creek of the sea which they were at that time passing over. A storm ariseth, not without the counsel of God, that Christ might show that both the winds and the waves were under his command.
And in the fourth watch of the night, that is, about three hours before the rising of the sun; for though the Jews anciently divided the night into three parts, each consisting of four hours, yet being at this time under the Romans, they kept to their division of it into four parts, which they called watches, from their military guards, which they relieved every three hours.
Jesus went unto them, walking on the sea, as if it had been firm ground.
And when the disciples saw him walking on the sea, they were troubled, saying, It is a spirit, and they cried out for fear. By this it seemeth that the doctrine of spirits was not strange to that age, though they had a sect of Sadducees which denied it. That the devil, by Gods permission, hath a power to trouble and agitate the air, and also to assume a visible shape, and in it to affright persons by sea or by land, is unquestionable. When the disciples at distance saw Christ walking on the sea, they concluded it was some such apparition. This made them cry out through fear.
But straightway Jesus spake unto them, saying, Be of good cheer; it is I; be not afraid. Mark addeth, Mar 6:52, They considered not the miracle of the loaves; for their heart was hardened. Having had so late an experience, both of the power and goodness of their Master, in their late strait for want of bread, they ought not so soon to have showed a distrust in his providence, as if he would have suffered them to have perished in the sea: that miracle did not make a due impression upon them.
Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole
But the ship was now in the midst of the sea,…. That is, the ship in which the disciples were put into, to go on the other side, had by this time got into the midst of the sea: the Syriac and Persic versions say, it was “many furlongs from land”; and the Arabic expressly says, “about twenty five furlongs”: which account seems to be taken from Joh 6:19 but this was not all, it was not only at such a distance from land, but was
tossed with waves: up and down, and in danger of being overset, and the passengers lost:
for the wind was against them; which beat the waves with such violence against them, that they were in the utmost danger of their lives, and not able to get forward; and what was worst of all, and most discouraging to the disciples, Christ was not with them. The ship in which the disciples were, was an emblem of the church of Christ, and of its state and condition in this world: this world is like a sea, for its largeness, and the abundance of nations and people in it, compared to many waters, Re 17:15 and for the tumultuousness of its inhabitants; the wicked being like a troubled sea, which cannot rest, continually casting up the mire and dirt of sin, to the dishonour of God, and the grief of his people; and for its fickleness and inconstancy, changes and war being continually in it: now the church of Christ is like a ship in this troublesome sea; where the true disciples and followers of Christ are selected together; and are preserved from the pollutions of the world, and from the danger to which the men of it are exposed, being in their sins, and liable to the wrath and curse of God, and eternal damnation; which, they that are in Christ, and members of his body, are secure from; the port or haven to which they are bound, is heaven and eternal happiness; their’s and Christ’s Father’s house, where are many mansions provided for them; and where they long to be, and hope, and believe, ere long they shall arrive unto; and hope is as an anchor of their soul, sure and steadfast: but in the mean while, whilst they are sailing through the sea of this world, they are often, as the church of old, tossed with tempests, and not comforted, Isa 55:11 with the tempests of Satan’s temptations, the storms of the world’s persecutions, and with the winds of error and false doctrine; and then is it most uncomfortable to them, when Christ is not with them, which was the case of the disciples here.
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
Distressed (). Like a man with demons (8:29). One can see, as Jesus did (Mr 6:48), the boat bobbing up and down in the choppy sea.
Fuente: Robertson’s Word Pictures in the New Testament
Tossed [] . Rev., better, distressed. See on Mt 4:24.
Fuente: Vincent’s Word Studies in the New Testament
1) “But the ship was now,” (to de ploion ede) “Then the ship already,” by this time, at this hour of the night.
2) “In the midst of the sea,” (stadious pollous apo tes ges aplichen) “Was away many furlongs distance from the land or shore,” away from the Bethsaida area, where it had left in the second evening period, about three miles from shore, Joh 16:19.
3) “Tossed with waves:” (basanizomenos hupo ton kumaton) “Being distressed by the waves,” 3Joh 6:18.
4) “For the wind was contrary.” (en gar enantois ho anemos) “Because the wind was contrary,” blowing, turning, and whipping the ship with waves from every side, Mr 6:48.
Fuente: Garner-Howes Baptist Commentary
24. The ship was now in the midst of the sea. The reader will find this narrative expounded by me at the sixth chapter of John’s Gospel, and therefore I shall treat it more briefly here. When Christ permitted his disciples to be tossed about in a perilous condition, for a time, by an opposing storm, it was to fix their attention more powerfully on the assistance which he brought to them. For the adverse wind arose about midnight, or at least a little before it, and Christ appears about the fourth watch, that is, three hours before sunrise. Their arms were not more fatigued by rowing than their faith was shaken by grievous terrors. But when they were urged by strong necessity to desire the presence of their Master, it showed very extraordinary stupidity to be alarmed at his appearance as if he had been a ghost.
For this reason Mark tells us, that their heart was blinded, and that they understood not about the loaves; for that miracle had given abundant evidence that Christ possessed divine power to assist his followers, and that he was careful to assist them, when necessity required. Justly, therefore, are they now charged with stupidity in not immediately recollecting that heavenly power, having beheld, on the preceding day, so astonishing a proof of it, which ought to have been still before their eyes. It is, no doubt, true, that their blameworthy slowness of apprehension was the reason why they were astonished; for they had not profited, as they ought to have done, by other and preceding miracles. But the principal charge brought against them is blindness, in allowing so recent an exhibition to fade from their memory, or rather in not directing their mind to the contemplation of Christ’s divinity, of which the multiplication of the loaves was a sufficiently bright mirror.
Two things are expressed by the words of Mark; first, that they did not properly consider the glory of Christ, which was exhibited in the multiplication of the loaves; and, secondly, a reason is assigned, that their heart was blinded. This appears to have been added, not only as an aggravation of their fault, but as a warning to us respecting the corruption of our understanding, that we may seek from the Lord new eyes. It certainly was a proof—as I have lately mentioned—of brutal ignorance, that they did not perceive the power of God, when they might almost feel it with their hands; but as the whole human race labors under the same disease, Mark purposely mentions blindness, in order to inform us that it is no new thing if men have their eyes closed against the manifest works of God, till they are enlightened from above; as Moses also said,
The Lord hath not yet given thee a heart to understand, (Deu 29:4.)
Now though the word heart more frequently denotes the will or the seat of the affections, yet here, as in that passage which I have now quoted from Moses, it is put for the understanding.
Fuente: Calvin’s Complete Commentary
(24) Tossed with waves.Literally, vexed, or tormented.
Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)
24. Tossed with waves wind was contrary ”Through one of the deep ravines, which have been described as breaking through the hills to the shore, there came down a storm of wind on the lake.” Stanley.
‘But the boat was now in the middle of the sea, distressed by the waves, for the wind was contrary.’
Note the close interconnection between Jesus being in the mountain praying alone, and the boat being now in the middle of the Sea distressed (literally ‘tormented’) by the waves, with a contrary wind. Without Jesus they were making little headway. Indeed we are probably to see that they had been driven off course towards the middle of the Lake, which would help to explain the length of time the voyage was taking. (Without an engine voyage lengths can vary hugely depending on the weather, especially against prevailing winds).
The distress of the disciples:
v. 24. But the ship was now in the midst of the sea, tossed with waves; for the wind was contrary.
While Jesus remained behind on the shore to pray, the boat had gradually traversed a part of the way toward Capernaum, which they should have reached in a few hours at the most. But the wind was directly against them, and its strength was such as to agitate the water violently, making successful navigation extremely difficult. And all this Jesus knew and saw from the mountain. The eye of His omniscience penetrated the darkness of the night and watched over their frail craft, Mar 6:48.
Mat 14:24-25. The ship was now in the midst of the sea The disciples, having met with a contrary wind, could not keep their course to Bethsaida, which was situated north-wards, about a league or two from the desert mountain on which the miraculous dinner was given. If Bethsaida had been at a greater distance, Jesus would hardly have sent the disciples away; nor would the disciples probably have consented to go; but as it was only a few miles off, he could easily walk thither on foot. See the note on Joh 6:17. The disciples rowed therefore against the wind, to keep as near their course as possible, and were tossed violently up and down [ ] all night, and so had gotten only about one league from the shore, Joh 6:19 when towards the conclusion of the fourth watch, or about five o’clock in the morning, Jesus on the mountain looked at them; but they did not see their Master, though he beheld their distress, and was about to appear for their relief. See the Inferences. The Jewish night was divided into four watches, each containing about three or four hours, especiallyso near the equinox; the first began at six in theevening, the second at nine, the third at midnight, and the fourth at three in the morning. Calmet thinks that they learned this division from the Romans. Walking on the sea was thought so impracticable, that the picture of two feet walking on the sea was an Egyptian hieroglyphic for an impossibility; and in the Scripture it is mentioned as the prerogative of God, that he alone treadeth upon the waves of the sea, Job 9:8. Thus Jesus asserted and proved his Divinity. See Calmet’s Dictionary under the word HOURS, and Grotius, and Beausobre and Lenfant.
Mat 14:24 f. ] Adjective; with more precision in Joh 6:19 . At first the voyage had proceeded pleasantly ( ), but they began to encounter a storm in the middle of the lake.
.] not dependent on . being plagued by the waves; vivid picture.
] , i.e. in the early morning, from three till somewhere about six o’clock. Since the time of Pompey, the Jews conformed to the Roman practice of dividing the night into four watches of three hours each; formerly, it consisted of three watches of four hours each. See Wetstein and Krebs, p. 39 f.; Winer, Realwrterbuch , under the word Nachtwachen ; and Wieseler, Synopse , p. 406 f.
.] He came away down from the mountain to go to them . Attraction. Hermann, ad Viger . p. 891 ff.; Bernhardy, p. 463.
According to the reading: . (see critical notes): walking over the sea; according to the reading of the Received text: . . : walking on the sea . According to both readings alike, we are to understand a miraculous walking on the water , but not a walking along the shore ( . ., on the ground that the shore may be said to be over the sea; comp. Xen. Anab . iv. 3. 28; Polyb. i. 44. 4; 2Ki 2:7 ; Dan 8:2 ; Joh 21:1 ), as Paulus, Stolz, Gfrrer, Schenkel are disposed to think; this view is absolutely demanded by the character of the incident which owes its significance to this miraculous part of it, by the solemn stress that is laid on the . . ., by the analogy of the in Mat 14:29 , by the ridiculous nature of the fear of what was supposed to be an apparition if Jesus had only walked along the shore , by the in Mat 14:25 , as well as by the fact that, if Jesus had been on the shore (Strauss, II. p. 170), then the disciples, who were in the middle of the lake, forty stadia in breadth, with the roar of the waves sounding in their ears, could not possibly hear what He was saying when He addressed them. It remains, then, that we have here a case of miraculous walking on the sea , which least of all admits of being construed into an act of swimming (Bolten); but neither are we to try to explain it by supposing (Olshausen) that, by the exercise of His own will, our Lord’s bodily nature became exempted, for the time being, from the conditions of its earthly existence; nor should we attempt to render it intelligible by the help of foreign analogies (the cork-footed men in Lucian. 14 :hist. ii. 4; the seeress of Prevost; the water-treaders, and such like), but, as being akin to the miracle of the stilling of the tempest (Mat 4:25 ff.), it should rather be examined in the light of that power over the elements which dwells in Christ as the incarnate Son of God. At the same time, it must be confessed that it is utterly impossible to determine by what means this miraculous walking was accomplished. From a teleological point of view, it will be deemed sufficient that it serves to form a practical demonstration of the Messiahship of Jesus, a consideration (comp. Mat 14:33 ) which was no less present to the minds of the evangelists in constructing their narratives. The credibility of those evangelists among whom is John, whose personal experience lends additional weight to his testimony must prove fatal, not only to any attempt to resolve our narrative into a mythical sea story (Strauss, who invokes the help of 2Ki 2:14 ; 2Ki 6:6 , Job 9:8 , and the legends of other nations), or even into a docetic fiction (Hilgenfeld), but also to the half and half view, that some event or other, which occurred on the night in question, developed (Hase) into one of those genuine legendary stories which serve to embody some particular idea (in this instance, the walking on the water, Job 9:8 ). In the same way Baumgarten-Crusius, on John , I. p. 234, regards a case of walking on the sea , recorded by John, as the original tradition; while Weisse, p. 521 (comp. Schneckenburger, erst. kan. Ev. p. 68), avails himself of the allegorical view; Bruno Bauer, again, here as elsewhere, pushes negative principles to their extreme limit; and Volkmar sees reflected in the narrative Paul’s mission to the Gentiles. Weizscker and Keim likewise assume, though with more caution and judgment, the allegorical standpoint, the former being disposed to regard the interposing of Jesus with His help, and the power of faith in conquering danger, as constituting the essence of the whole; Keim again being inclined to see in the story an allusion to the distress and desolation of the church waiting for her Lord, and not knowing but that He may not come to her help till the very last watch in the night (Mat 24:43 ; Mar 13:35 ), an idea which, as he thinks, is indebted in no small degree to Job 9:8 , where God is represented as treading on the waves of the sea. But even this mode of interpretation, though in accordance, it may be, with the letter , cannot but do violence to the whole narrative as a statement of fact. Comp., besides, the note on Joh 6:16-21 .
“But the ship was now in the midst of the sea, tossed with waves: for the wind was contrary. (25) And in the fourth watch of the night Jesus went unto them, walking on the sea. (26) And when the disciples saw him walking on the sea, they were troubled, saying, It is a spirit; and they cried out for fear. (27) But straightway Jesus spake unto them, saying, Be of good cheer; it is I; be not afraid. (28) And Peter answered him and said, Lord, if it be thou, bid me come unto thee on the water. (29) And he said, Come. And when Peter was come down out of the ship, he walked on the water, to go to Jesus. (30) But when he saw the wind boisterous, he was afraid; and beginning to sink, he cried, saying, Lord, save me. (31) And immediately Jesus stretched forth his hand, and caught him, and said unto him, O thou of little faith, wherefore didst thou doubt? (32) And when they were come into the ship, the wind ceased. (33) Then they that were in the ship came and worshipped him, saying, Of a truth thou art the Son of God.”
Many very blessed instructions arise out of this short memorial of Christ’s grace to his disciples, which we ought, through the Lord’s teaching, to gather. The ship tossed with the waves; and the winds contrary, represents the case of the Church of Jesus at large, and the instance of believers in particular, it is such the Lord comforts in that sweet scripture: Oh! thou afflicted, tossed with tempest, and not comforted–in righteousness shalt thou be established; thou shalt be far from oppression; for thou shalt not fear: and from terror; for it shall not come near thee. Isa 54:11 , etc. And how often, amidst such frights as situations like the tossing of waves induce, is Jesus very near, as He was to his disciples, and we not conscious of it. Hagar, in the wilderness, could, and did say; Thou Lord seeth me. Gen 16:13 . But you and I too often forget the certain truth. I pray the Reader to remark in the ease of Peter’s faith, how strong that faith may be, and indeed is, when at the command of the Almighty Giver of it, the Lord calls it forth; but how slender, when the Lord suspends his powerful arm in the support of it. But do not, Reader, overlook the gentle words of Jesus, even in reproof. Oh thou of little faith! (said Jesus) wherefore didst thou doubt? The Lord did not say, Oh thou of no faith: for faith he had, through Jesus giving it to him; but his exercise of it was little. And let the Reader not fail to remark, the sequel of the whole: When they were come into the ship, the wind ceased. Yes! so is it always when Jesus makes himself known unto his people. Fear not, I am with thee. Be not dismayed, I am thy God. Look at that precious scripture. Isa 43:1-2 . I entreat the Reader, not to overlook the conviction wrought on the minds of the mariners of the Godhead of Christ by this event. They worshipped Jesus, and confessed who he was. The Reader will recollect also, how frequently this conviction was wrought on the multitude which followed Christ; and yet how shortly after the sense of it wore off. Luk 4:22-29 ; Mat 21:9 ; Mar 15:13-14 .
24 But the ship was now in the midst of the sea, tossed with waves: for the wind was contrary.
Ver. 24. Tossed with waves ] So is the Church often therefore styled, “O thou afflicted and tossed with tempest, that hast no comfort,”Isa 54:11Isa 54:11 . Jesus was absent all the while: so he seemeth to be from his darlings in their desertions; he leaveth them, as it were, in the suburbs of hell, and (which is worst of all) himself will not come at them. Howbeit as the eagle when she flieth highest of all from the nest, doth evermore cast a jealous eye upon her young; so doth this heavenly eagle.
For the wind was contrary ] So it is ever lightly to the Church: this world being like the Straits of Magellan, wherein which way soever a man bends his course, he is sure to have the wind sit cross to him. But the comfort is, that whether north or south blow, they both blow good to a Christian, Son 4:16 .
Mat 14:24 . , an adjective agreeing with (Winer, 54, 6), signifies not merely in the middle strictly, but any appreciable distance from shore. Pricaeus gives examples of such use. But the reading of [88] , probably to be preferred, implies that the boat was many stadii (25 or 30, Joh 6:19 = 3 to 4 miles) from the eastern shore. : not in Mk., and goes without saying; when there are winds there will be waves. : What wind? From what quarter blowing? What was the starting-point, and the destination? Holtz. (H. C.) suggests that the voyage was either from Bethsaida Julias at the mouth of the upper Jordan to the north-western shore, or from the south end of the plain El-Batiha towards Bethsaida Julias, at the north end, citing Furrer in support of the second alternative, vide in Mk.
[88] Codex Vaticanus (sc. iv.), published in photographic facsimile in 1889 under the care of the Abbate Cozza-Luzi.
with = by. Greek. hupo. App-104.
waves = the waves.
tossed: Mat 8:24, Isa 54:11, Mar 6:48, Joh 6:18
Reciprocal: Jos 3:16 – rose up Act 27:4 – the winds
4:24
In the meantime a storm had come up and the disciples were having difficulty with their ship. Wind was contrary means the wind was blowing against them or in the opposite direction to that in which they wished to row. Evidently Jesus was expecting such a condition and selected the occasion for one of his great miracles.
Mat 14:24. But the boat was already in the midst of the sea. When Jesus came to them, they were about twenty-five or thirty furlongs from shore (Joh 6:19), i.e., about the middle of the lake. When Jesus came to them; they were about twenty-five or thirty furlongs from shore (Joh 6:19), i.e. about the middle of the lake.
Distressed, or vexed, by the waves. The storm had arisen after they started (Joh 6:18).
For the wind was contrary. It is most probable that they put out into the lake, and steering for (eastern) Bethsaida, were driven out into the middle of the lake by an easterly wind. Their toiling in rowing (Mar 6:48) seems far more natural, if they were trying to meet the Lord at the appointed place. Had they been steering for the western shore (as some suppose), they might have turned back and gone to Him with a contrary (west) wind.
Note here, the great danger the disciples were in, and the great difficulties they had to encounter with; they were in the midst of the sea, they were tossed with the waves, the wind was contrary, and Christ was absent.
The wisdom of God often suffers his church to be tossed upon the waves of affliction and persecution, but it shall not be swallowed by them: often is this ark of the church upon the waters; seldom off them; but never drowned.
Mat 14:24. But the ship In which the disciples were; was now in the midst of the sea, tossed with waves, &c. A striking emblem of his church, in the sea of this world, tossed, as it often is, on the waves of affliction and trouble, and assailed by the contrary wind of persecution. It is worthy of notice here, 1st, That the disciples were now where Christ had sent them, and yet they met with this storm. Had they been flying from their Master and their work, as Jonah was when he was arrested by the storm, it would have been less surprising that they should be thus assaulted; but they had a special command from their Master to go to sea at this time, and were going about his work, and yet a storm overtakes them! We see, therefore, that Christs disciples may meet with troubles and afflictions in the way of their duty; and be sent to sea when their Master foresees a storm. They ought not, however, to take it unkindly; for what he does they know not now, but they shall know hereafter that Christ designs hereby to manifest himself with the more wonderful grace to them and for them. 2d, This storm did not attack them immediately on their setting out: they had got into the midst of the sea when it arose. We may have fair weather in the beginning of our course, and yet meet with storms before we arrive at the port we are bound for. Therefore let not him that girds on the harness boast as he that puts it off: after a long calm, expect some storm or other. 3d, It was a great discouragement to the disciples, that now they had not Christ with them, as they had formerly when they were in a storm: for though he was then asleep, he was soon waked, Mat 8:24, but now he was at a distance from them. Thus Christ inures his disciples first to lesser difficulties, and then to greater, and so trains them by degrees to live and walk by faith, and not by sight. 4th, Though the wind was contrary, and they were tossed with waves; yet, being ordered by their Master to go to the other side, they did not tack about and come back again, but made the best of their way forward. Hereby we learn, that though troubles and difficulties may assault and annoy us in our duty, they must net drive us from it; but through the midst of them we must press forward.
14:24 {3} But the ship was now in the midst of the sea, tossed with waves: for the wind was contrary.
(3) We must sail even through mighty tempests, and Christ will never forsake us, so that we can go wherever he has commanded us to go.
Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
Fuente: Commentary Series on the Bible by Peter Pett
Fuente: The Popular Commentary on the Bible by Kretzmann
Fuente: Commentary on the Holy Bible by Thomas Coke
Fuente: Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer’s New Testament Commentary
Fuente: Hawker’s Poor Man’s Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
Fuente: The Expositors Greek Testament by Robertson
Fuente: Companion Bible Notes, Appendices and Graphics
Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
Fuente: Combined Bible Commentary
Fuente: A Popular Commentary on the New Testament
Fuente: Expository Notes with Practical Observations on the New Testament
Fuente: Joseph Bensons Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
Fuente: Geneva Bible Notes