Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Acts 2:20
The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before that great and notable day of the Lord come:
20. that great and notable day ] Instead of notable we have in Joel terrible. The words of the N. T. are those of the LXX. The Hebrew verbs to fear and to see have often been confounded in that version. On the various senses of this expression cp. Lightfoot, Hor. Hebr. Mar 9:1. The prophecy of Joel was primarily and partially fulfilled in the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, but also looked onward to its destruction by the Romans.
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
The sun shall be turned into darkness – See the notes on Mat 24:29. The same images used here with reference to the sun and moon are used also there: They occur not infrequently, Mar 13:24; 2Pe 3:7-10. The shining of the sun is an emblem of prosperity; the withdrawing, the eclipse, or the setting of the sun is an emblem of calamity, and is often thus need in the Scriptures, Isa 60:20; Jer 15:9; Eze 32:7; Amo 8:9; Rev 6:12; Rev 8:12; Rev 9:2; Rev 16:8. To say that the sun is darkened, or turned into darkness, is an image of calamity, and especially of the calamities of war, when the smoke of burning cities rises to heaven and obscures his light. This is not, therefore, to be taken literally, nor does it afford any indication of what will be at the end of the world in regard to the sun.
The moon into blood – The word blood here means that obscure, sanguinary color which the moon has when the atmosphere is filled with smoke and vapor, and especially the lurid and alarming appearance which it assumes when smoke and flames are thrown up by earthquakes and fiery eruptions, Rev 6:12, And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and lo, there was a great earthquake, and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became as blood, Rev 8:8. In this place it denotes great calamities. The figures used are indicative of wars, and conflagrations, and earthquakes. As these things are Matt. 24 applied to the destruction of Jerusalem; as they actually occurred previous to that event (see the notes on Matt. 24), it may be supposed that the prophecy in Joel had an immediate reference to that. The meaning of the quotation by Peter in this place therefore is, that what occurred on the day of Pentecost was the beginning of the serges of wonders that was to take place during the times of the Messiah. It is not intimated that those scenes were to close or to be exhausted in that age. They may precede that great day of the Lord which is yet to come in view of the whole earth.
That great and notable day of the Lord – This is called the great day of the Lord, because on that day he will be signally manifested, more impressively and strikingly than on other times. The word notable, epiphane, means signal, illustrious, distinguished. In Joel the word is terrible or fearful; a word applicable to days of calamity, and trial, and judgment. The Greek word here rendered notable is also in the Septuagint frequently used to denote calamity or times of judgment, Deu 10:21; 2Sa 7:23. This will apply to any day in which God signally manifests himself, but particularly to a day when he shall come forth to punish people, as at the destruction of Jerusalem, or at the day of judgment. The meaning is, that those wonders would take place before that distinguished day should arrive when God would come forth in judgment.
Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible
Act 2:20
The sun shall be turned into darkness.
Downfall of Christianity
Solar eclipse is here prophesied to take place about the time of the destruction of ancient Jerusalem. Josephus says that the prophecy was literally fulfilled. Christianity is the sun of our time, and men bare tried, with the vapours of scepticism and the smoke of blasphemy, to turn this sun into darkness. Suppose the archangels of malice and horror should be allowed to extinguish and destroy the sun in the natural heavens. They would take the oceans from other worlds and pour them on this luminary, and the waters go hissing down among the ravines and the caverns, and there is explosion after explosion until there are only a few peaks of fire left in the sun, and these are cooling down and going out until the vast continents of flame are reduced to a small acreage of fire, and that whitens and cools off until there are only a few coals left, and these are whitening and going out until there is not a spark left in all the mountains and valleys and chasms of ashes. An extinguished sun. A dead sun. Let all worlds wail at the stupendous obsequies. Of course, this withdrawal of the solar light and heat throws our earth into a universal chill, and the tropics become the temperate, and the temperate becomes the arctic, and there are frozen rivers, lakes, and oceans. From the arctic and antarctic regions the inhabitants gather in towards the centre and find the equator as the poles. The slain forests are piled up into great bonfires, and around them gather the shivering villages and cities. The wealth of the coal mines is hastily poured into the furnaces and stirred into rage of combustion, but soon the bonfires begin to lower and the furnaces begin to go out, and the natives begin to die. The great volcanoes cease to smoke, and the ice of hailstorms remains unmelted in their craters. All the flowers have breathed their last breath. Child frosted and dead in the cradle. Octogenarian frosted and dead at the hearth. Workman with frozen hands at the hammer or frozen foot on the shuttle. Winter from sea to sea. The earth an ice-floe, grinding against other ice-floes. The archangels of malice and horror have done their work, and now they may take their thrones of glacier and look down upon the ruin they have wrought. What the destruction of the sun in the natural heavens would be to our physical earth, the destruction of Christianity would be to the moral world. The sun turned into darkness. Infidelity in our time is considered a great joke. I propose to take infidelity out of the realm of jocularity into one of tragedy, and show you what these men, if they are successful, will accomplish. It will be–
I. The complete and unutterable degradation of womanhood. In all communities where Christianity has been dominant, womans condition has been ameliorated and improved, and she is honoured in a thousand things, and every gentleman takes off his hat before her. You know that while woman may suffer injustices, she has more of her rights in Christendom than she has anywhere else. Now compare this with womans condition in lands where Christianity has made little or no advance. The Burmese sell their wives and daughters as so many sheep. The Hindoo Bible makes it an outrage for a woman to listen to music, or look out of the window in the absence of her husband, and gives as a lawful ground for divorce a womans beginning to eat before her husband has finished his meal! Her birth a misfortune. Her life a torture. Her death a horror. Now compare those two conditions. How far toward this latter condition would woman go if Christian influences were withdrawn? If an object be lifted to a certain point and not fastened there, and the lifting power be withdrawn, how long before that object will fall down to the point from which it started? Christianity has lifted woman up from the very depths of degradation almost to the skies. If that lifting power be withdrawn she falls back to the depth from which she was raised, not going any lower because there is no lower depth. And yet I have read that notwithstanding all that, there were women present at a meeting in a Brooklyn theatre at which Christianity was outrageously assailed and our Lord blasphemously maligned.
II. The demoralisation of society. The one idea in the Bible that infidels most hate is the idea of retribution. Take away that idea from society, and it will begin very soon to disintegrate, and take away from the minds of men the fear of hell, and there are a great many of them who would very soon turn this world into a hell. I have heard this brave talk about people fearing nothing of the consequences of sin in the next, world, and I have made up my mind it is merely a cowards whistling to keep his courage up; for when they came to die they shrieked until you could hear them far enough. The mightiest restraints to-day against crime of all sorts are the retributions of eternity. Men know that they can escape the law, but down in the offenders soul there is the realisation of the fact that he cannot escape God. Take this out of the hearts and minds of men, and it would not be long before our great cities became Sodoms.
III. Suppose now these generals of infidelity got the victory, they will first attack the churches. Away with those houses of worship. They have been standing there so long deluding the people with consolation in their bereavements and sorrows. Turn the St. Peters and St. Pauls and the temples and tabernacles into club-houses.
IV. Next they scatter the sabbath-schools, filled with bright-eyed, bright-cheeked little ones who are singing songs on Sunday afternoon and getting instruction when they ought to be on the street corners playing marbles or swearing on the commons.
V. They destroy Christian asylums, the institutions of mercy supported by Christian philanthropies. Never mind the blind eyes and the deaf ears and the crippled limbs and the weakened intellects. Let paralysed old age pick up its own food, and orphans fight their own way, and the half-reformed go back to their evil habits.
VI. They come to the great picture galleries, and tear down the pictures, for they are Bible pictures–Claudes Burning Bush, and Rembrandts Christ in the Temple, and Paul Veroneses Marriage in Cana, and Michael Angelos Last Judgment. Down with the pictures; they are Bible pictures. And away with the oratorios of Handel and Haydn and Beethoven, for they speak of the Messiah and the Creation, and of Jephthah, and of Samson, and of other Bible heroes.
VII. Now they come to the graveyards. Pull down the sculpture, for it means the resurrection. On, ye great army of infidels where you see Asleep in Jesus, cut it away, and where you find a marble story of heaven blast it; and where you find over a little childs grave, Suffer little children to come unto Me, substitute the words delusion and sham; and where you find an angel in marble strike off the wing; and when you come to a family vault chisel on the door: Dead and dead for ever. The place of Christian burial turned into a place for the burial of the whole family of Christian graces. Prayer dead. Faith dead. Hope dead. Charity dead. Self-denial dead. Honesty dead. Happiness dead.
VIII. They will attempt to scale heaven. On and on until they blow up the foundations of jasper and the gates of pearl. They charge up the steep. Now they aim for the throne of Him who liveth for ever and ever.
IX. There is only one more height to scale. They assail the Eternal Father and they want Him to feel the combined force of human and Satanic spite. A world without a head, a universe without a king. Orphan constellations. Fatherless galaxies. Anarchy supreme. A dethroned Jehovah. An assassinated God. Patricide, Regicide, Deicide. That is what they mean, and what they will have, if they can. Civilisation hurled back into semi-barbarism, and semi-barbarism driven back into Hottentot savagery. The wheel of progress turned the other way, and turned towards the Dark Ages. The sun turned into darkness. Has Christianity received its death-blow? Yes, when the smoke of the city chimney arrests and destroys the noonday sun. Josephus says about the time of the destruction of Jerusalem the sun was turned into darkness; but only clouds rolled between the sun and the earth. The sun went right on. At the beginning God said, Let there be light, and light was, and light is, and light shall be. So Christianity is rolling on, and it is going to warm all nations, and all nations are to bask in its light, and all nations are to be kindled with its joy. Men may shut the window-blinds so they cannot see out, or they may smoke the pipe of speculation until they are shadowed under their own vapouring; but God is a sun. (T. De Witt Talmage, D. D.)
Fuente: Biblical Illustrator Edited by Joseph S. Exell
Verse 20. The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood] These are figurative representations of eclipses, intended most probably to point out the fall of the civil and ecclesiastical state in Judea: See Clarke on Mt 24:29. That the SUN is darkened when a total eclipse takes place, and that the MOON appears of a bloody hue in such circumstances, every person knows.
Fuente: Adam Clarke’s Commentary and Critical Notes on the Bible
The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood; this agrees with the other words in the forecited prophecy, Joe 2:31. How these amazing signs shall be fulfilled, whether literally, and by what means; or whether only that the consternation and dread upon men shall be so great, as expecting the change of the whole frame of nature, is not so material for us to know, as it is to be always prepared for it.
Great and notable day; epifanh, manifest and illustrious day; and it may be taken in a comfortable sense, and will be a comfortable day indeed, to all that preparedly wait for it; for it is the day of the Lord, it is Christs day, in which he will be magnified over his enemies, and in his friends, children, and servants.
Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole
14-21. Peter, standing up with theelevenin advance, perhaps, of the rest.
Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
The sun shall be turned into darkness,…. As at the death of Christ, by a total eclipse of it:
and the moon into blood; as at the opening of the sixth seal, Re 6:12
before that great and notable day of the Lord come; when he shall come in power and great glory, as he did in a few years after this, to take vengeance on the Jews, and destroy their nation, city, and temple; in which there was a display of his greatness, and power, and which was awful and “terrible” to them, as in Joel it is called;
[See comments on Mt 24:29].
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
Shall be turned (). Second future passive of , common verb, but only three times in the N.T. (Ac 2:20 from Joel; Jas 4:9; Gal 1:7). These are the “wonders” or portents of verse 19. It is worth noting that Peter interprets these “portents” as fulfilled on the Day of Pentecost, though no such change of the sun into darkness or of the moon into blood is recorded. Clearly Peter does not interpret the symbolism of Joel in literal terms. This method of Peter may be of some service in the Book of Revelation where so many apocalyptic symbols occur as well as in the great Eschatological Discourse of Jesus in Acts 2:24; Acts 2:25. In Matt 24:6; Matt 24:29 Jesus had spoken of wars on earth and wonders in heaven.
Before the day of the Lord come, that great and notable day ( ). The use of with the infinitive and the accusative of general reference is a regular Greek idiom. The use of the adjectives with the article is also good Greek, though the article is not here repeated as in 1:25. The Day of the Lord is a definite conception without the article.
Notable () is the same root as epiphany () used of the Second Coming of Christ (2Thess 2:8; 1Tim 6:14; 2Tim 4:1; Titus 2:13). It translates here the Hebrew word for “terrible.” In the Epistles the Day of the Lord is applied (Knowling) to the Coming of Christ for judgment (1Thess 5:2; 1Cor 1:8; 2Cor 1:14; Phil 1:10).
Fuente: Robertson’s Word Pictures in the New Testament
That great and notable day of the Lord come. The Rev. heightens the emphasis by following the Greek order, the day of the Lord, that great and notable day. Notable [] only here in New Testament. The kindred noun ejpifaneia, appearing (compare our word Epiphany), is often used of the second coming of the Lord. See 1Ti 6:14; 2Ti 4:1; Tit 2:13.
Fuente: Vincent’s Word Studies in the New Testament
1) “The sun shall be turned into darkness,” (ho helios metastrapgesetai eis skotos) “The sun will be turned into darkness,” as one of those signs of the great and notable day of the Lord, as He shall come in judgement wrath and vengeance, Isa 13:9-10; Eze 32:7.
2) “And the moon into blood,”(kai he selone eis haima) “And the moon will be turned into blood,” as one of those signs shewn, afore prophesied by Joel, similar to a total eclipse, indicating the anger of God against a rebellious world from which He shall withdraw all mercy and light which He has so long extended to all men, 2Th 1:8-9; Pro 1:25-29.
3) “Before that great and notable day of the Lord come: (prin elthein hemeran kurion ten megalen kai epiphane) “Prior to the coming of the day of the Lord, that is, the great and notable day,” of His wrath upon all the earth in the Tribulation the Great, Joe 2:31; 1Th 5:13; Isa 2:10-22; Amo 8:9-13; Rev 6:14-17.
Fuente: Garner-Howes Baptist Commentary
(20) The sun shall be turned into darkness.Both clauses bring before us the phenomena of an eclipse: the total darkness of the sun, the dusky copper hue of the moon. Signs, of which these were but faint images, had been predicted by our Lord, echoing, as it were, the words of Joel, as among the preludes of His Advent (Mat. 24:29).
That great and notable day.St. Luke follows the LXX. version. The Hebrew gives, as in our version, the great and terrible day. As seen by the prophet, the day was terrible to the enemies of God; a day of blessing to the remnant whom the Lord should call (Joe. 2:32). The Greek word for notable (epiphans) lent itself readily to the thought of the great Epiphany or manifestation of Christ as the Judge of all.
Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)
20. Sun darkness At the Saviour’s death.
Moon blood The optical effect of the miracle of darkness. Yet physical wonders are but the visible signs and indexes of the spiritual and moral movements in the kingdom of God. And all these wonders had their type in the manifestations at Sinai. Again, Sinai and Pentecost are antithesis to each other.
Notable day Illustrious day, according to the Septuagint. The Hebrew may mean terrible day. Both were true. The same day has a bright and a dark side to it; the stern old prophet gives the dark side as for God’s enemies; the serene apostle gives to these Pentecostal hearers the side of brightness and promise. Nevertheless, for the persistent mockers (Act 2:13) the dark side remains true.
Day The prophetic passage quoted by Peter comes to a point upon this very day; and the question (Act 2:12) What meaneth this? is answered.
Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
20 The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the moon into blood, before that great and notable day of the Lord come:
Ver. 20. The sun shall be turned ] He seems to set forth the great troubles of the world under the gospel.
Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
20 .] See Mat 24:29 .
. .] Not the first coming of Christ , which interpretation would run counter to the whole tenor of the Apostle’s application of the prophecy: but clearly, His second coming ; regarded in prophetic language as following close upon the outpouring of the Spirit, because it is the next great event in the divine arrangements.
The Apostles probably expected this coming very soon (see note on Rom 13:11 ); but this did not at all affect the accuracy of their expressions respecting it. Their days witnessed the Pentecostal effusion, which was the beginning of the signs of the end : then follows the period, KNOWN TO THE FATHER ONLY, of waiting the Church for her Lord, the Lord Himself till all things shall have been put under His feet, and then the signs shall be renewed , and the day of the Lord shall come . Meantime, and in the midst of these signs, the covenant of the spiritual dispensation is, Act 2:21 ‘ Whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord, shall be saved.’ The gates of God’s mercy are thrown open in Christ to all people: no barrier is placed, no union with any external association or succession required : the promise is to individuals , AS individuals : : which individual universality, though here by the nature of the circumstances spoken within the limits of the outward Israel, is afterwards as expressly asserted of Jew and Gentile, Rom 1:17 , where see note.
Fuente: Henry Alford’s Greek Testament
Act 2:20 . For similar prophetic imagery taken from the startling phenomena of an eclipse in Palestine, cf. Isa 13:10 , Eze 32:7 , Amo 8:9 . . The LXX omit , and Weiss contends that this is the reason of its omission here in so many MSS. Weiss retains it as in Act 7:2 , Act 25:16 ; cf. also Luk 2:26 (but doubtful). Blass omits it here, but retains it in the other two passages cited from Acts: “Ionicum est non Atticum”; cf. Viteau, Le Grec du N. T. , p. 130 (1893). . It is most significant that in the Epistles of the N.T. this O.T. phrase used of Jehovah is constantly applied to the Coming of Jesus Christ to judgment; cf. 1Th 5:2 , 1Co 1:8 , 2Co 1:14 , Phi 1:10 ; Sabatier, L’Aptre Paul , p. 104. : if the word is to be retained, it means a day manifest to all as being what it claims to be, Vulgate manifestus , “clearly visible”; Luk 17:24 ; also 1Ti 6:14 , 2Th 2:8 , where the word is used of the Parousia ( cf. Prayer-Book, “the Epiphany or Manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles”). But in the Hebrew the word = “terrible,” not “clearly visible,” and the LXX here, as elsewhere, Hab 1:7 , Mal 1:14 (Jdg 13:6 , A.), etc., has failed to give a right derivation of the word which it connects with , to see, instead of with , to fear (Niph. and Part [125] , as here, “terrible”). Zckler holds that the LXX read not , but .
[125]art. grammatical particle.
Fuente: The Expositors Greek Testament by Robertson
turned = changed. Only here; Gal 1:1, Gal 1:7. Jam 4:9.
into. App-104.
notable. Greek. epiphanes. Only here. Same word as in the Septuagint. Compare App-106. The kindred noun, epiphaneia, is used of the Lord’s coming. 2Th 2:8. 1Ti 6:14, &c. In Joel, the word is “terrible”.
day of the Lord. First occurance of this expression is in Isa 2:12. See note there.
Fuente: Companion Bible Notes, Appendices and Graphics
20.] See Mat 24:29.
. .] Not the first coming of Christ,-which interpretation would run counter to the whole tenor of the Apostles application of the prophecy:-but clearly, His second coming; regarded in prophetic language as following close upon the outpouring of the Spirit, because it is the next great event in the divine arrangements.
The Apostles probably expected this coming very soon (see note on Rom 13:11); but this did not at all affect the accuracy of their expressions respecting it. Their days witnessed the Pentecostal effusion, which was the beginning of the signs of the end: then follows the period, KNOWN TO THE FATHER ONLY, of waiting-the Church for her Lord,-the Lord Himself till all things shall have been put under His feet,-and then the signs shall be renewed, and the day of the Lord shall come. Meantime, and in the midst of these signs, the covenant of the spiritual dispensation is, Act 2:21-Whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord, shall be saved. The gates of Gods mercy are thrown open in Christ to all people:-no barrier is placed,-no union with any external association or succession required: the promise is to individuals, AS individuals: : which individual universality, though here by the nature of the circumstances spoken within the limits of the outward Israel, is afterwards as expressly asserted of Jew and Gentile, Rom 1:17, where see note.
Fuente: The Greek Testament
Act 2:20. , the sun) These words must be taken literally. See note, Mat 24:29. [The darkening of the sun must be literal, as distinguished from the calamities which precede, described in the previous verses.]-, blood) A bloody colour, somewhat black. Comp. Gen 49:11, Washing His clothes in the blood of grapes.- , the day of the Lord) the day of the last judgment, not excluding the other revelations of the Divine glory which precede it.-) , bright shining, notable, is translated by the LXX., , more than once.
Fuente: Gnomon of the New Testament
sun: Isa 13:9, Isa 13:15, Isa 24:23, Jer 4:23, Amo 8:9, Mat 24:29, Mat 27:45, Mar 13:24, Luk 21:25, 2Pe 3:7, 2Pe 3:10, Rev 6:12, Rev 16:8
great: Isa 2:12-21, Isa 34:8, Joe 2:1, Joe 3:14, Zep 2:2, Zep 2:3, Mal 4:5, 1Co 5:5, 1Th 5:2, 2Pe 3:10
Reciprocal: Gen 1:14 – and let Jos 10:13 – So the sun Isa 9:19 – is the land Isa 34:4 – all the Jer 30:7 – for Joe 2:10 – the sun Joe 2:30 – I will Zep 1:14 – great Zec 14:1 – General Luk 21:10 – Nation shall Luk 23:44 – there Rev 8:12 – and the third part of the sun
Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
See notes on verse 19