Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Acts 2:23

Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain:

23. him, being delivered, &c.] i.e. given up unto you, as God had decreed for the sake of man’s redemption.

ye have taken, and by wicked hands, &c.] The best MSS. omit the word rendered have taken. Read, ye by the hand of wicked men have crucified and slain. By the hand of is a Hebrew formula for by means of. Cp. Lev 8:36, “things which the Lord commanded by the hand of Moses.” So 2Ki 14:25, &c.

wicked ] Lit. lawless.

Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

Him, being delivered – ekdoton. This word, delivered, is used commonly of those who are surrendered or delivered into the hands of enemies or adversaries. It means that Jesus was surrendered, or given up to his enemies by those who should have been his protectors. Thus, he was delivered to the chief priests, Mar 10:33. Pilate released Barabbas, and delivered Jesus to their will, Mar 15:15; Luk 23:25. He was delivered unto the Gentiles, Luk 18:32; the chief priests delivered him to Pilate, Mat 27:2; and Pilate delivered him to be crucified, Mat 27:26; Joh 19:16. In this manner was the death of Jesus accomplished, by being surrendered from one tribunal to another, and one demand of his countrymen to another, until they succeeded in procuring his death. It may also be implied here that he was given or surrendered by God Himself to the hands of people. Thus, he is represented to have been given by God, Joh 3:16; 1Jo 4:9-10. The Syriac translates this, Him, who was destined to this by the foreknowledge and will of God, you delivered into the hands of wicked men, etc. The Arabic, Him, delivered to you by the hands of the wicked, you received, and after you had mocked him you slew him.

By the determinate counsel – The word translated determinate – te horismene – mean, properly, what is defined, marked out, or bounded; as, to mark out or define the boundary of a field, etc. See Rom 1:1, Rom 1:4. In Act 10:42, it is translated ordained of God; denoting His purpose that it should be so, that is, that Jesus should be the Judge of quick and dead; Luk 22:22, The Son of man goeth as it is determined of him, that is, as God has purposed or determined beforehand that he should go; Act 11:29, The disciples …determined to send relief unto the brethren which dwelt in Judea, that is, they resolved or purposed beforehand to do it; Act 17:26, God …hath determined the times before appointed and fixed, etc. In all these places there is the idea of a purpose, intention, or plan implying intention, and marking out or fixing the boundaries to some future action or evens. The word implies that the death of Jesus was resolved by God before it took place. And this truth is established by all the predictions made in the Old Testament, and by the Saviour himself. God was not compelled to give up his Son. There was no claim on him for it. He had a right, therefore, to determine when and how it should be done. The fact, moreover, that this was predicted, shows that it was fixed or resolved on. No event can be foretold, evidently, unless it be certain that it will take place. The event, therefore, must in some way be fixed or resolved on beforehand,

Counsel – boule. This word properly denotes purpose, decree, will. It expresses the act of the mind in willing, or the purpose or design which is formed. Here it means the purpose or will of God; it was his plan or decree that Jesus should be delivered: Act 4:28, For to do whatsoever thy hand and thy counsel he boule sou determined before to be done; Eph 1:11, Who worketh all things after the counsel of his own will; Heb 6:17, God willing …to show …the immutability of his counsel. See Act 20:27; 1Co 4:5; Luk 23:51. The word here, therefore, proves that Jesus was delivered by the deliberate purpose of God; that it was according to his previous intention and design. The reason why this was insisted on by Peter was that he might convince the Jews that Jesus was not delivered by weakness, or because he was unable to rescue himself. Such an opinion would have been inconsistent with the belief that he was the Messiah. It was important, then, to assert the dignity of Jesus, and to show that his death was in accordance with the fixed design of God, and therefore that it did not interfere in the least with his claims to be the Messiah. The same thing our Saviour has himself expressly affirmed, Joh 19:10-11; Joh 10:18; Mat 26:53.

Foreknowledge – This word denotes the seeing beforehand of an event yet to take place. It implies:

1. Omniscience; and,
2. That the event is fixed and certain.

To foresee a contingent event, that is, to foresee that an event will take place when it may or may not take place, is an absurdity. Foreknowledge, therefore, implies that for some reason the event will certainly take place. What that reason As, however, God is represented in the Scriptures as purposing or determining future events; as they could not be foreseen by him unless he had so determined, so the word sometimes is used in the sense of determining beforehand, or as synonymous with decreeing, Rom 8:29; Rom 11:2. In this place the word is used to denote that the delivering up of Jesus was something more than a bare or naked decree. It implies that God did it according to his foresight of what would be the best time, place, and manner of its being done. It was not the result merely of will; it was will directed by a wise foreknowledge of what would be best. And this is the case with all the decrees of God. It follows from this that the conduct of the Jews was foreknown. God was not disappointed in anything respecting their treatment of his Son, nor will he be disappointed in any of the actions of people. Notwithstanding the wickedness of the world, his counsel shall stand, and he will do all his pleasure, Isa 46:10.

Ye have taken – See Mat 26:57. Ye Jews have taken. It is possible that some were present on this occasion who had been personally concerned in taking Jesus, and many who had joined in the cry, Crucify him, Luk 23:18-21. It was, at any rate, the act of the Jewish people by which this had been done. This was a striking instance of the fidelity of that preaching which says, as Nathan did to David, Thou art the man! Peter, once so timid that he denied his Lord, now charged this atrocious crime to his countrymen, regardless of their anger and his own danger. He did not deal in general accusations, but brought the charges home, and declared that they were the people who had been concerned in this amazing crime. No preaching can be successful that does not charge to people their personal guilt, and that does not fearlessly proclaim their ruin and danger.

By wicked hands – Greek: through or by the hands of the lawless or wicked. This refers, doubtless, to Pilate and the Roman soldiers, through whose instrumentality this had been done. The reasons for supposing that this is the true interpretation of the passage are these:

1. The Jews had not the power of inflicting death themselves.

(2)The term used here, wicked, anomon, is not applicable to the Jews, but to the Romans. It properly means lawless, or those who had not the Law, and is often applied to the pagan, Rom 2:12, Rom 2:14; 1Co 9:21.

(3)The punishment which was inflicted was a Roman punishment.

(4)It was a matter of fact that the Jews, though they had condemned him, yet had not put him to death themselves, but had demanded it of the Romans. But, though they had employed the Romans to do it, still they were the prime movers in the deed; they had plotted, and compassed, and demanded his death, and they were, therefore, not the less guilty. The maxim of the common law and of common sense is, He who does a deed by the instrumentality of another is responsible for it. It was from no merit of the Jews that they had not put him to death themselves. It was simply because the power was taken away from them.

Have crucified – Greek: Having affixed him to the cross, ye have put him to death. Peter here charges the crime fully on them. Their guilt was not diminished because they had employed others to do it. From this we may remark:

1. That this was one of the most amazing and awful crimes that could be charged to any people. It was malice, and treason, and hatred, and murder combined. Nor was it any common murder. It was their own Messiah whom they had put to death; the hope of their fathers; he who had been long promised by God, and the prospect of whose coming had so long cheered and animated the nation. They had now imbrued their hands in his blood, and stood charged with the awful crime of having murdered the Prince of Peace.

2. It is no mitigation of guilt that we do it by the instrumentality of others. It is often, if not always, a deepening and extending of the crime.

3. We have here a striking and clear instance of the doctrine that the decrees of God do not interfere with the free agency of people. This event was certainly determined beforehand. Nothing is clearer than this. It is here expressly asserted; and it had been foretold with undeviating certainty by the prophets. God had, for wise and gracious purposes, purposed or decreed in his own mind that his Son should die at the time and in the manner in which he did; for all the circumstances of his death, as well as of his birth and his life, were foretold; and yet in this the Jews and the Romans never supposed or alleged that they were compelled or cramped in what they did. They did what they chose. If in this case the decrees of God were not inconsistent with human freedom, neither can they be in any case. Between those decrees and the freedom of man there is no inconsistency, unless it could be shown – what never can be that God compels people to act contrary to their own will. In such a case there could be no freedom. But that is not the case with regard to the decrees of God. An act is what it is in itself; it can be contemplated and measured by itself. That it was foreseen, foreknown, or purposed does not alter its nature, anymore than it does that it be remembered after it is performed. The memory of what we have done does not destroy our freedom. Our own purposes in relation to our conduct do not destroy our freedom; nor can the purposes or designs of any other being violate one free moral action, unless he compels us to do a thing against our will.

4. We have here a proof that the decrees of God do not take away the moral character of an action. It does not prove that an action is innocent if it is shown that it is a part of the wise plan of God to permit it, Never was there a more atrocious crime than the crucifixion of the Son of God; and yet it was determined on in the divine counsels. So with all the deeds of human guilt. The purpose of God to permit them does not destroy their nature or make them innocent. They are what they are in themselves. The purpose of God does not change their character; and if it is right to push them in fact, they will be punished. If it is right for God to punish them, it was right to resolve to do it. The sinner must answer for his sins, not for the plans of his Maker; nor can he take shelter in the day of wrath against what he deserves in the plea that God has determined future events. If any people could have done it, it would have been those whom Peter addressed; yet neither he nor they felt that their guilt was in the least diminished by the fact that Jesus was delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God.

5. If this event was predetermined; if that act of amazing wickedness, when the Son of God was put to death, was fixed by the determinate counsel of God, then all the events leading to it, and the circumstances attending it, were also a part of the decree. The one could not be determined without the other.

6. If that event was determined, then others may also be consistently with human freedom and responsibility. There can be no deed of wickedness that will surpass that of crucifying the Son of God, and if the acts of his murderers were a part of the wise counsel of God, then on the same principle are we to suppose that all events are under his direction, and ordered by a purpose infinitely wise and good.

7. If the Jews could not take shelter from the charge of wickedness under the plea that it was foreordained, then no stoners can do it. This was as clear a case as can ever occur; and yet the apostle did not intimate that an excuse or mitigation for their sin could be pled from this cause. This case, therefore, meets all the excuses of sinners from this plea, and proves that those excuses will not avail them or save them in the day of judgment.

Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible

Verse 23. Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel] Bp. Pearce paraphrases the words thus: Him having been given forth; i.e. sent into the world, and manifested by being made flesh, and dwelling among you, as it is said in Joh 1:14; see also Ac 4:28.

Kypke contends that , delivered, does not refer to GOD, but to Judas the traitor “the Jews received Jesus, delivered up to them by Judas; the immutable counsel of God so permitting.”

By the determinate counsel, ; that counsel of God which defined the time, place, and circumstance, according () to his foreknowledge, which always saw what was the most proper time and place for the manifestation and crucifixion of his Son; so that there was nothing casual in these things, God having determined that the salvation of a lost world should be brought about in this way; and neither the Jews nor Romans had any power here, but what was given to them from above. It was necessary to show the Jews that it was not through Christ’s weakness or inability to defend himself that he was taken; nor was it through their malice merely that he was slain; for God had determined long before, from the foundation of the world, Re 13:8, to give his Son a sacrifice for sin; and the treachery of Judas, and the malice of the Jews were only the incidental means by which the great counsel of God was fulfilled: the counsel of God intending the sacrifice, but never ordering that it should be brought about by such wretched means. This was permitted; the other was decreed. See the observations at the end of this chapter. See Clarke on Ac 2:47.

By wicked hands have crucified and slain] I think this refers to the Romans, and not to the Jews; the former being the agents, to execute the evil purposes of the latter. It is well known that the Jews acknowledged that they had no power to put our Lord to death, Joh 18:31, and it is as well known that the punishment of the cross was not a Jewish, but a Roman, punishment: hence we may infer that by , by the hands of the wicked, the Romans are meant, being called , without law, because they had no revelation from God; whereas the others had what was emphatically termed , the law of God, by which they professed to regulate their worship and their conduct. It was the Jews, therefore, who caused our Lord to be crucified by the hands of the heathen Romans.

Fuente: Adam Clarke’s Commentary and Critical Notes on the Bible

Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God: that the apostle might take away the offence of the cross of Christ, he declares unto them that he did not suffer by chance, but by the wise and holy providence of God, who had ordered, and by his prophets foretold, what he should suffer before he did enter into glory, Luk 24:26. Yet this did no way excuse those who were instrumental in his death; for notwithstanding Gods determinate counsel concerning it, he tells the Jews, ye have taken, &c. The determination of God, as it does not necessitate to, so it does not excuse any from sin.

Have crucified, by the Romans, who were truly , without any law of God. What the Jews urged or occasioned the Romans to do, is charged justly upon them as their act.

Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole

23. determinate counsel andforeknowledgeGod’s fixed plan and perfect foresight of all thesteps involved in it.

ye have taken, and by wickedhands have crucified and slainHow strikingly is thecriminality of Christ’s murderers here presented in harmony with theeternal purpose to surrender Him into their hands!

Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible

Him being delivered,…. By himself, according to his own will, for he gave, or delivered himself for his people; and by his Father, who spared him not, but delivered him up for us all; and by Judas, one of his disciples, who, for a sum of money, delivered him into the hands of the Jews; and by them he was delivered up to Pilate, the Roman governor; and by him back again to the Jews, and to the soldiers, to crucify him: and all this

by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God; God not only foreknew that it would be, but determined that it should be, who does all things after the counsel of his own will; and this for the salvation of his people, and for the glorifying of his divine perfections: though this fixed resolution, settled purpose, and wise determination of God, did not in the least excuse the sin of Judas in betraying him, or of Pilate in condemning him, or of the Jews in crucifying him; nor did it at all infringe the liberty of their wills in acting, who did what they did, not by force, but voluntarily:

ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain; they took him in the garden, and bound him, and had him first before the high priest, then before Pilate, the Roman governor, and cried out with one voice, in a most vehement manner, for the crucifying of him, which, at their importunity, was granted, though no fault was found in him; and therefore are justly charged with slaying, or murdering him.

Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible

Him (). “This one,” resumptive and emphatic object of “did crucify and slay.”

Being delivered up (). Verbal adjective from , to give out or over. Old word, but here only in the N.T. Delivered up by Judas, Peter means.

By the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God ( ). Instrumental case. Note both purpose () and foreknowledge () of God and “determined” (, perfect passive participle, state of completion). God had willed the death of Jesus (Joh 3:16) and the death of Judas (Ac 1:16), but that fact did not absolve Judas from his responsibility and guilt (Lu 22:22). He acted as a free moral agent.

By the hand ( ). Luke is fond of these figures (hand, face, etc.) very much like the Hebrew though the vernacular of all languages uses them.

Lawless men (). Men without law, who recognize no law for their conduct, like men in high and low stations today who defy the laws of God and man. Old word, very common in the LXX.

Ye did crucify (). First aorist active participle of , rare compound word in Dio Cassius and here only in the N.T. One must supply and so it means “fastened to the cross,” a graphic picture like Paul’s “nailed to the cross” ( ) in Col 2:14.

Did slay (). Second aorist active indicative with first aorist vowel instead of as is common in the Koine. This verb , to take up, is often used for kill as in Ac 12:2. Note Peter’s boldness now under the power of the Holy Spirit. He charges the people to their faces with the death of Christ.

Fuente: Robertson’s Word Pictures in the New Testament

Being delivered [] . An adjective : given forth, betrayed.

Ye have taken. The best texts omit.

Wicked hands. The best texts read by the hand of lawless men.

Crucified [] . Only here in New Testament. The verb simply means to affix to or on anything. The idea of the cross is left to be supplied.

Have slain [] . See on Luk 23:32. Rev., rendering the aorist more closely, did slay.

Fuente: Vincent’s Word Studies in the New Testament

1) “Him being delivered,” (touton ekdoton) “This one (Jesus) having been given up,” by Judas Iscariot, not by God the Father, except by the permissive will of God, not by decree of God, Mat 26:47-49.

2) “By the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God,” (te horismene boule kai prognosei tou theou) “by or according to the former order, council, and previous knowledge or aforeknowledge of God; His betrayal by Judas was not a decree of God or a prefixation of God; but because of, coming forth from His omniscience, (all knowing attribute) He afore-chose to disclose in prophesy that Jesus would be delivered up by Judas. But this does not even infer that He pre-prepared and prefixed Judas as a robot who had no personal determining choice of His actions in life, Psa 41:9; Joh 13:18-19.

3) “Ye have taken and by wicked hands,” (dia cheros anomon prospeksantes) “You all have reached out and with the wicked, (lawless), illegal hand of men,” or with the aid and abetting of lawless men, in hiring false witnesses against Him and numerous other wicked and illegal ways, to secure His death at the hands of Roman soldiers; Tho the Jews themselves, men of natural Israel, are here charged as first degree prepetrators of the crime, 1Th 2:14-15; Act 7:52; Mat 26:60-61; Mar 14:55-60.

4) “Have crucified and slain:” (prospeksantes aneilate) “You all have fastened (to a tree) and killed,” where He bare our sins in His body on the accursed cross or tree of Calvary, 1Pe 2:24; Gal 3:13.

Fuente: Garner-Howes Baptist Commentary

23. Him have ye slain. He maketh mention of the death of Christ for this cause chiefly, that the resurrection might the more assuredly be believed. It was a thing full well known among the Jews that Christ was crucified. Therefore, in that he rose again, it is a great and wonderful token of his Divine power. In the mean season, to the end he may prick their consciences with the feeling of sin, he saith that they slew him; not that they crucified him with their own hands, but because the people, with one voice, desired to have him put to death. And although many of the hearers unto whom he speaketh did not consent unto that wicked and ungodly cruelty, yet doth he justly impute the same to the nation; because all of them had defiled themselves either with their silence, or else through their carelessness. Neither hath the cloak and color (104) of ignorance any place, forasmuch as he was showed before of God. This guiltiness, therefore, under which he bringeth them, is a preparation unto repentance.

By the determinate counsel He removeth a stumbling-block; because it seemeth, at the first blush, to be a thing very inconvenient, [unaccountable,] that that man whom God had so greatly adorned, being afterward laid open to all manner of mocking, doth suffer so reproachful a death. Therefore, because the cross of Christ doth commonly use to trouble us at the first sight, for this cause Peter declareth that he suffered nothing by chance, or because he wanted power to deliver himself, but because it was so determined (and appointed) by God. For this knowledge alone, that the death of Christ was ordained by the eternal counsel of God, did cut off all occasion of foolish and wicked cogitation’s, and did prevent all offenses which might otherwise be conceived. For we must know this, that God doth decree nothing in vain or rashly; whereupon it followeth that there was just cause for which he would have Christ to suffer. The same knowledge of God’s providence is a step to consider the end and fruit of Christ’s death. For this meeteth us by and by in the counsel of God, that the just was delivered (105) for our sins, and that his blood was the price of our death.

And here is a notable place touching the providence of God, that we may know that as well our life as our death is governed by it. Luke intreateth, indeed, of Christ; but in his person we have a mirror, which doth represent unto us the universal providence of God, which doth stretch itself throughout the whole world; yet doth it specially shine unto us who are the members of Christ. Luke setteth down two things in this place, the foreknowledge and the decree of God. And although the foreknowledge of God is former in order, (because God doth first see what he will determine, before he doth indeed determine the same,) yet doth he put the same after the counsel and decree of God, to the end we may know that God would nothing, neither appointed anything, save that which he had long before directed to his [its] end. For men do oftentimes rashly decree many things, because they decree them suddenly. Therefore, to the end Peter may teach that the counsel of God is not without reason, he coupleth also therewithal his foreknowledge. Now, we must distinguish these two, and so much the more diligently, because many are deceived in this point. For passing over the counsel of God, wherewith he doth (guide and) govern the whole world, they catch at his bare foreknowledge. Thence cometh that common distinction, that although God doth foresee all things, yet doth he lay no necessity upon his creatures. And, indeed, it is true that God doth know this thing or that thing before, for this cause, because it shall come to pass; but as we see that Peter doth teach that God did not only foresee that which befell Christ, but it was decreed by him. And hence must be gathered a general doctrine; because God doth no less show his providence in governing the whole world, than in ordaining and appointing the death of Christ. Therefore, it belongeth to God not only to know before things to come, but of his own will to determine what he will have done. This second thing did Peter declare when he said, that he was delivered by the certain and determinate counsel of God. Therefore, the foreknowledge of God is another thing than the will of God, whereby he governeth and ordereth all things.

Some, which are of quicker sight, confess that God doth not only foreknow, but also govern with his beck what things soever are done in this world. Nevertheless, they imagine a confused government, as if God did give liberty to his creatures to follow their own nature. They say that the sun is ruled by the will of God, because, in giving light to us, he doth his duty, which was once enjoined him by God. They think that man hath free-will after this sort left him, because his nature is disposed or inclined unto the free choice of good and evil. But they which think so do feign that God sitteth idle in heaven. The Scripture teacheth us far otherwise, which ascribeth unto God a special government in all things, and in man’s actions. Notwithstanding, it is our duty to ponder and consider to what end it teacheth this; for we must beware of doting speculations, wherewith we see many carried away. The Scripture will exercise our faith, that we may know that we are defended by the hand of God, lest we be subject to the injuries of Satan and the wicked. It is good for us to embrace this one thing; neither did Peter mean anything else in this place. Yea, we have an example set before us in Christ, whereby we may learn to be wise with sobriety. For it is out of question, that his flesh was subject to corruption, according to nature. But the providence of God did set the same free. If any man ask, whether the bones of Christ could be broken or no? it is not to be denied, that they were subject to breaking naturally, yet could there no bone be broken, because God had so appointed and determined, (Joh 19:36.) By this example (I say) we are taught so to give the chiefest room to God’s providence, that we keep ourselves within our bounds, and that we thrust not ourselves rashly and indiscreetly into the secrets of God, whither our eyesight doth not pierce.

By the hands of the wicked Because Peter seemeth to grant that the wicked did obey God, hereupon followeth two absurdities; (106) the one, either that God is the author of evil, or that men do not sin, what wickedness soever they commit. I answer, concerning the second, that the wicked do nothing less than obey God, howsoever they do execute that which God hath determined with himself. For obedience springeth from a voluntary affection; and we know that the wicked have a far other purpose. Again, no man obeyeth God save he which knoweth his will. Therefore, obedience dependeth upon the knowledge of God’s will. Furthermore, God hath revealed unto us his will in the law; wherefore, those men (107) do obey God, who do that alone which is agreeable to the law of God; and, again, which submit themselves willingly to his government. We see no such thing in all the wicked, whom God doth drive hither and thither, they themselves being ignorant. No man, therefore, will say that they are excusable under this color, because they obey God; forasmuch as both the will of God must be sought in his law, and they, so much as in them lieth, do (108) to resist God. As touching the other point, I deny that God is the author of evil; because there is a certain noting of a wicked affection in this word. For the wicked deed is esteemed according to the end whereat a man aimeth. When men commit theft or murder, they offend (109) for this cause, because they are thieves or murderers; and in theft and murder there is a wicked purpose. God, who useth their wickedness, is to be placed in the higher degree. For he hath respect unto a far other thing, because he will chastise the one, and exercise the patience of the other; and so he doth never decline from his nature, that is, from perfect righteousness. So that, whereas Christ was delivered by the hands of wicked men, whereas he was crucified, it came to pass by the appointment and ordinance of God. But treason, which is of itself wicked, and murder, which hath in it so great wickedness, must not be thought to be the works of God.

(104) “ Praetextus,” pretext.

(105) “ Morti addictum,” subjected to death.

(106) “ Ex duobus absurdis alterutrum,” one of two absurdities.

(107) “ Demum,” only.

(108) “ Cupiant,” desire.

(109) “ Peccant,” they sin.

Fuente: Calvin’s Complete Commentary

(23) By the determinate counsel and fore knowledge of God.The adjective meets us again in St. Peters speech in Act. 10:42; the word for foreknowledge in his Epistle (1Pe. 1:2), and there only in the New Testament. The coincidence is not without its force as bearing on the genuineness both of the speech and of the letter. It has now become the habit of the Apostles mind to trace the working of a divine purpose, which men, even when they are most bent on thwarting it, are unconsciously fulfilling. In Act. 1:16, he had seen that purpose in the treachery of Judas; he sees it now in the malignant injustice of priests and people.

Ye have taken. . . .Better, ye took, and by lawless hands crucified and slew. Stress is laid on the priests having used the hands of one who was without law (1Co. 9:21), a heathen ruler, to inflict the doom which they dared not inflict themselves.

Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)

23. Determinate This Greek participle is derived from a noun signifying boundary line; hence, the determinate counsel is the well-defined counsel, the definite counsel, namely, his counsel that Christ should redeem the world by voluntarily dying for it. The term counsel in Greek, , is the word from which our words volition and will are derived, but signifies a counsel or decree.

Wicked hands The best reading omits have taken. For with wicked hands the preferable reading is with the hands of lawless men. They had used the instrumentality of a Gentile ( without law, Rom 2:12) soldiery for the deed. The apostle discriminates with delicacy between the act of God and the act of man. He is no fatalist or predestinarian. The delivery of Christ was His act; the wicked slaying was their responsible act, foreseen by the foreknowledge of God. There were thousands of ways in which Christ could have died without being obliged to these wicked hands for its accomplishment God needs not any man’s sin. But God selected that point in human history where the most wicked men were ready to show how far wickedness could go, to place his consenting Son at the post of duty and death. Hence, he was holily delivered by God’s counsel, but wickedly slain by wicked hands. And now, graceful and respectful as is the style in which our apostle has addressed these men, he firmly reveals to them, in the light of prophecy and well-known fact, that they have committed the greatest crime in human history. See note on Act 4:28, and Rom 8:29-30.

Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

“Him, being delivered up by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, you by the hand of lawless men (or ‘by lawless hands’) did crucify and slay.”

And they also knew that they themselves were of the people who had caused Him to be crucified and slain. Peter pulls no punches. He will not allow that the Romans should take all the blame. He knew too much of what had happened. Indeed for some of it he had been personally there. He knew that the guilt lay as much, if not more, on the Jews as on the Romans. Nevertheless the Romans are included for they were the ‘lawless men’ by whose hands it was done. (Elsewhere Acts again stresses the sharing of the guilt (Act 4:27)).

‘By the hand of lawless men (or ‘by lawless hands’).’ This word ‘lawless’ can simply refer to those who transgress the Law, or it can refer to those who are ‘without the Law’ (1Co 9:21). Thus here it may refer to the Jews as behaving as if the had no Law, or it may be referring to the Romans as behaving in the same way because they do not have the Law of God. But either way (and both may be included) it indicates rebellion against God and His laws.

Nevertheless, he declares, even before he tells them this, that it was not an accident, or even an unforeseen circumstance. Let them not really think that they have got rid of Jesus. Let them now recognise that Jesus had also been offered up by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God. He wants them to know that God’s ways and purposes had not been forestalled, and that this extraordinary event had been of His doing. It had been in accordance with His predetermination that Jesus should die. His death had been the result of God’s own counsel and wisdom. This was a concept that had seized the imagination of the Apostles. Now that Jesus had risen they saw all things differently. God was in everything that was happening, and it was happening in accordance with His own counsel as He had foretold (Isa 52:13 to Isa 54:12). Compare here Act 3:18; Act 4:28; Act 13:29. ‘Did crucify and slay.’ The dual description emphatically stresses what they had done. The desire for His death had possessed their hearts.

Peter had good reason to know all this about God’s foreordained purpose. Jesus had constantly emphasised that as the Servant of God He must die (Mar 10:45), and while at the time the disciples had avoided the subject, they had now come to see that it was true, just as Jesus had said. For all that He had spoken of had happened, the suffering, the vicious treatment, the trial by the Jews, and the cruel execution followed by the resurrection (Luk 9:22; Luk 18:31; Mar 8:31; Mar 9:31; Mar 10:33-34; Mar 10:45). Thus to a Spirit enlightened mind the conclusion was clear. This was all in God’s plan and purpose. It resulted from His own counsel and predetermination.

Some may then ask, are the perpetrators then guilty? Scripture always answers this question with a resounding ‘Yes’. Regularly through Scripture God’s purposes are seen to be fulfilled through men’s wickedness, but that never reduces the condemnation on the wickedness. God’s Assyrian rod must also come under His judgment for enjoying it and going further than was required (Isa 10:5-15). It is only sinful man who thinks that he can remove his guilt by blaming God. Man does what he does because he is sinful man. God brings it about and harnesses it into the carrying out of His predetermined purposes.,

Fuente: Commentary Series on the Bible by Peter Pett

Act 2:23. Him, being delivered, &c. The word , rendered being delivered, signifies one given or surrendered up into the hands of an enemy; and St. Luke intimates by it the free and gracious donation of God the Father, whereby he delivered up his only begotten Son for the redemption of mankind. By wicked hands the Romans are meant, who were the immediate agents in the crucifixion of Christ, yet were only the instruments of the Jewish rage and cruelty in what they did. Heylin renders the verse rather more clearly thus: Him (who was given up by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God) you have taken and put to death upon the cross, by the hands of wicked men. Pyle would read, Him, who by the determinate counselof God, was given [to you as a Saviour], ye have taken, and crucified. See ch. Act 4:27-28.

Fuente: Commentary on the Holy Bible by Thomas Coke

Act 2:23 . ] an emphatic repetition. See Schaef. Melet. p. 84; Dissen, ad Dem. de cor. p. 225. There is to be no parenthesis before it. This one delivered up, ye have by the hand of lawless men [128] affixed and made way with : Act 10:39 ; Luk 22:2 ; Luk 23:32 . By the are to be understood Gentiles (1Co 9:21 ; Rom 1:14 ), and it is here more especially the Roman soldiers that are meant, by whose hand Christ was affixed (nailed to the cross), and thereby put to death. On , comp. Drac. 26, and examples from Greek writers in Raphel and Kypke, also Lobeck, Paral. p. 531. It refers to the delivering up of Jesus to the Jews, which took place on the part of Judas . This was no work of men, no independent success of the treachery (which would, in fact, testify against the Messiahship of Jesus!), but it happened in virtue of the fixed (therefore unalterable) resolve and (in virtue of the) foreknowledge of God . On , comp. the Homeric , Il. i. 5, Od. xi. 297.

is here usually taken as synonymous with ; but against all linguistic usage. [129] Even in 1Pe 1:2 , comp. Act 2:20 , the meaning praescientia (Vulgate) is to be retained. See generally on Rom 8:29 . God’s (comp. Act 4:28 ) was, that Jesus was to delivered up, and the mode of it was present to Him in His prescience , which, therefore, is placed after the . Objectively, no doubt, the two are not separate in God, but the relation is conceived of after the analogy of the action of the human mind.

The dative is, as in Act 15:1 , that in which the has its ground. Without the divine . . . it would not have taken place.

The question, How Peter could say to those present: Ye have put Him to death , is solved by the remark that the execution of Christ was a public judicial murder, resolved on by the Sanhedrim in the name of the whole nation, demanded from and conceded by the Gentiles, and accomplished under the direction of the Sanhedrim (Joh 19:16 ); comp. Act 3:13 f. The view of Olshausen, that the death of Christ was a collective act of the human race , which had contracted a collective guilt, is quite foreign to the context.

[128] (see the critical remarks) is here not to be taken, like , for the mere per (see Fritzsche, ad Marc. p. 199), but, as it is a manual action that is spoken of, in its concrete, literal meaning. It belongs to vivid rhetorical delineation. Comp. Dorville, ad Charit. p. 273.

[129] This reason must operate also against Lamping’s ( Pauli de praedestinat. decreta , 1858, p. 102 ff.) defence of the common explanation, in which he specifies, as the distinction between and , merely this: “illud adumbrat Dei voluntatem, hoc inde profectum decretum.” It is arbitrary, with Holsten, z. Ev. d. Paul. u. Pet. p. 146, to refer not to the saving will, but merely to the will as regards destiny. See, in opposition to this, Act 3:18 , where the suffering of Christ is the fulfilment of divine prophecy ; comp. Act 8:32 f., Act 10:43 .

Fuente: Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer’s New Testament Commentary

23 Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain:

Ver. 23. And by wicked hands, &c. ] Facinus vincire civem Romanum, It is a crime to bind a Roman citizen, saith the orator. It was much (may we say) for the Son of God to be bound, more to be beaten, most of all to be slain. Quid dicam in crucem tolli? Let me say what is destroyed in the cross. (Cicero in Ver.)

Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)

23. ] and are not the same: the former designates the counsel of God His Eternal Plan, by which He has arranged (cf. ) all things; the latter, the omniscience , by which every part of this plan is foreseen and unforgotten by Him.

] by whom , is not said, but was supplied by the hearers. . &c. are not to be joined to as agents the dative is that of accordance and appointment , not of agency: see Winer, edn. 6, 31. 6, b, and ch. Act 15:1 ; 2Pe 1:21 .

. ] viz. of the Roman soldiers, see reff.

] The harshness and unworthiness of the deed are strongly set forth by a word expressing the mechanical act merely, having nailed up , as in contrast with the former clause, from to .

Peter lays the charge on the multitude, because they abetted their rulers , see ch. Act 3:17 , where this is fully expressed: not for the far-fetched reason given by Olshausen, that ‘all mankind were in fact guilty of the death of Jesus:’ in which case, as Meyer well observes (and the note in Olsh.’s last edn. ii. p. 666, does not answer this), Peter must have said ‘ we ,’ not ‘you .’

Fuente: Henry Alford’s Greek Testament

Act 2:23 . , emphatic, delivered up, by Judas, not by God; only here in the N.T., but see instances from Josephus, also from classical Greek, in Wetstein. In Dan., Theod., Bel and the Dragon Act 2:22 . : both favourite words of St. Luke: . used by him five times in the Act 10:42 ; Act 11:29 ; Act 17:26 ; Act 17:31 ; once by St. Paul, Rom 1:4 ; once in Hebrews, Heb 4:7 , and only in St. Luke amongst the Evangelists, Luk 22:22 , where our Lord Himself speaks of the events of His betrayal by the same word, ( cf. Act 24:26 ). : Wendt compares the Homeric . The phrase . is used only by St. Luke; once in his Gospel, Act 7:30 , and three times in Act 13:36 ; Act 20:27 (whilst is used twice in the Gospel, eight times in the Acts, and only three times elsewhere in the N.T., 1Co 4:5 , Eph 1:2 , Heb 6:17 ), but cf. Wis 6:4 ; Wis 9:13 , and often in LXX. : the word is only found again in 1Pe 1:2 . and its occurrence in that place, and the thoughts which it expresses, may be classed amongst the points of contact between Acts and 1 Peter (see at end of chap. 3). In the Passion and Resurrection of Christ, which at one time seemed to Peter impossible, cf. Mat 16:22 , he now sees the full accomplishment of God’s counsel, cf. Act 3:20 , and 1Pe 1:20 (Nsgen, Apostelgeschichte , p. 53, and also 48 52). In this spiritual insight now imparted to the Apostle we see a further proof of the illuminating power of the Holy Ghost, the gift of Pentecost, which he himself so emphatically acknowledges in his first epistle (Act 1:1-12 ). , best explained as a Hebraism. Cf. for the frequent use of this Hebraistic expression, Blass, Grammatik des N. G. , pp. 126, 127; and Simcox, Language of the N. T. , p. 141. In the LXX, cf. 2Ki 14:27 , 1Ch 11:3 ; 1Ch 29:5 . St. Luke is very fond of these paraphrases with and see Friedrich, Das Lukasevangelium , pp. 8, 9, and Lekebusch, Apostelgeschichte , p. 77; cf. Act 5:12 , Act 7:25 , Act 11:30 , Act 14:3 , Act 15:23 , Act 19:11 , so , . : “lawless,” R.V., generally taken to refer to the Roman soldiers who crucified our Lord, i.e. , Gentiles without law, as in 1Co 9:21 , Rom 2:14 . In Wis 17:2 the same word is used of the Egyptians who thought to oppress the holy nation they are described as . , sc. , : a graphic word used only here, with which we may compare the vivid description also by St. Peter in Act 5:29-32 , Act 10:39 , cf. 1Pe 2:24 the language of one who could justly claim to be a witness of the sufferings of Christ, 1Pe 5:1 . The word is not found in LXX, cf. Dio Cassius. : an Alexandrian form, see for similar instances, Kennedy, Sources of N. T. Greek , pp. 159, 160. The verb is a favourite with St. Luke, nineteen times in Acts, twice in the Gospel, and only once elsewhere in the Evangelists, viz. , Mat 2:16 , and the noun is only found in Act 8:10 (Act 22:20 ), cf. its similar use in classical Greek and in the LXX. The fact that St. Peter thus describes the Jewish people as the actual murderers of Jesus is not a proof that in such language we have an instance of anti-Judaism quite inconsistent with the historical truth of the speech (Baur, Renan, Overbeck), but the Apostle sees vividly before his eyes essentially the same crowd at the Feast as had demanded the Cross of Jesus before the judgment-seat of Pilate, Nsgen, Apostelgeschichte , p. 103. , “est hoc summum orationis,” Blass, cf. Act 5:32 , and Act 1:22 .

Act 2:24 . .: R.V. “pangs” instead of “pains” (all previous versions) approaches nearer to the literal form of the word “birth-pangs,” the resurrection of Christ being conceived of as a birth out of death, as the Fathers interpreted the passage. The phrase is found in the Psalms, LXX Psa 17:4 , Psa 114:3 , but it is most probable that the LXX has here mistaken the force of the Hebrew which might mean “birth-pangs,” or the cords of a hunter catching his prey. In the Hebrew version the parallelism, such a favourite figure in Hebrew poetry, decides in favour of the latter meaning, as in R.V. Psa 18:4-5 (LXX 18), Sheol and Death are personified as hunters lying in wait for their prey with nooses and nets (Kirkpatrick, Psalms , in loco , the word meaning snares by which birds or beasts are taken (Amo 3:5 )). In the previous verse the parallelism is also maintained if we read “the waves of death” ( cf. 2Sa 22:5 ) “compassed me, the floods of ungodliness made me afraid”. It is tempting to account for the reading by supposing that St. Luke had before him a source for St. Peter’s speech, and that he had given a mistaken rendering of the word . But it would certainly seem that and are far more applicable to the idea of the hunter’s cords, in which the Christ could not be bound, since He was Himself the Life. A similar mistake in connection with the same Hebrew word may possibly occur in 1Th 5:3 and Luk 21:34 . There is no occasion to find in the word any reference to the death-pains of Christ (so Grotius, Bengel), or to render pains and snares (Olshausen, Nsgen), and it is somewhat fanciful to explain with St. Chrysostom (so Theophylact and Oecumenius) . : only found in St. Luke, in Gospel twice, and in Acts four times (Friedrich); generally in classical Greek ( cf. Tob 1:12 ; Tob 13:4 ). : the words primarily refer to the proof which St. Peter was about to adduce from prophecy, and the Scripture could not be broken. But whilst Baur sees in such an expression, as also in Act 3:15 , a transition to Johannine conceptions of the Person of Jesus, every Christian gladly recognises in the words the moral impossibility that the Life could be holden by Death. On the impersonal construction, see Viteau, Le Grec du N. T. , p. 151 (1893). , cf. Luk 24:16 (Joh 20:23 ), only in these passages in passive voice in N.T., but cf. for similar use of the passive voice, Mal 2:9Mal 2:9 , and so in Dem. Schmid compares this verse where the internal necessity of Christ’s resurrection is thus stated with 1Pe 3:18 , showing that the in Him possessed this power of life ( Biblische Theologie des N. T. , p. 402).

Fuente: The Expositors Greek Testament by Robertson

being delivered. Only here.

determinate = determined. Greek. horizo. Here; Act 10:42; Act 11:29; Act 17:26, Act 17:31. Luk 22:22. Rom 1:4. Heb 4:7.

counsel. App-102.

foreknowledge. Greek. prognosis. Compare App-132. Only here and 1Pe 1:2.

have taken, and. The texts omit.

wicked. Greek. anomos. App-128.

have crucified = nailed up to (the cross). Greek. prospegnumi. Only here. In the other forty-five places “crucify” is stauroo.

slain. = slew. Greek. anaireo, take off, or away. Occurs twenty-three times. All in Luke and Acts, save Mat 2:26. Heb 10:9.

Fuente: Companion Bible Notes, Appendices and Graphics

23.] and are not the same: the former designates the counsel of God-His Eternal Plan, by which He has arranged (cf. ) all things; the latter, the omniscience, by which every part of this plan is foreseen and unforgotten by Him.

] by whom, is not said, but was supplied by the hearers. . &c. are not to be joined to as agents-the dative is that of accordance and appointment, not of agency:-see Winer, edn. 6, 31. 6, b, and ch. Act 15:1; 2Pe 1:21.

. ] viz. of the Roman soldiers, see reff.

] The harshness and unworthiness of the deed are strongly set forth by a word expressing the mechanical act merely, having nailed up, as in contrast with the former clause, from to .

Peter lays the charge on the multitude, because they abetted their rulers,-see ch. Act 3:17, where this is fully expressed: not for the far-fetched reason given by Olshausen, that all mankind were in fact guilty of the death of Jesus: in which case, as Meyer well observes (and the note in Olsh.s last edn. ii. p. 666, does not answer this), Peter must have said we, not you.

Fuente: The Greek Testament

Act 2:23. , determinate, defined) An anticipation of the objection, why the Jews were permitted to act so toward so great a man: and also a preparatory consolation to the perpetrators: ch. Act 3:17-18; with which comp. Gen 45:5, Joseph to his brethren, Be not grieved, nor be angry with yourselves, that ye sold me hither; for God did send me before you to preserve life.- , by the counsel and foreknowledge or providence) The counsel (concerning which comp. ch. Act 4:28, Thy hand and Thy counsel determined: His hand is felt before His counsel is perceived; therefore hand is put before counsel) is here put before the providence or foresight of God. Therefore providence expresses very much. Prediction also followed it: ch. Act 3:18.-) delivered up.-, unjust, iniquitous) Iniquitous, i.e. void of law (), were Pilate and his Gentile associates, through whom the Jews perpetrated the deed.

Fuente: Gnomon of the New Testament

being: Act 3:18, Act 4:28, Act 13:27, Act 15:18, Psa 76:10, Isa 10:6, Isa 10:7, Isa 46:10, Isa 46:11, Dan 4:35, Dan 9:24-27, Mat 26:24, Luk 22:22, Luk 22:37, Luk 24:44-46, Joh 19:24, Joh 19:31-37, Rom 4:17, Rom 11:33-36, 1Pe 1:20, 1Pe 2:8, Jud 1:4, Rev 13:8

ye have: Act 3:13-15, Act 4:10, Act 4:11, Act 5:30, Act 7:52, Gen 50:20, Mat 27:20-25

Reciprocal: Gen 45:5 – God Exo 12:6 – the whole Lev 16:9 – upon which Deu 31:21 – I know 1Ki 12:15 – the cause 1Ki 16:7 – because he killed him 2Ch 10:15 – the cause Psa 68:18 – rebellious Psa 73:19 – How Ecc 3:14 – whatsoever Isa 37:26 – how I Amo 3:6 – shall there Hab 1:13 – the wicked Zec 13:7 – smite Mat 8:32 – Go Mat 16:21 – and be Mat 17:12 – Likewise Mat 17:23 – the third Mat 20:18 – and the Mat 21:39 – caught Mat 26:56 – that Mar 9:31 – The Son Mar 12:7 – This Mar 14:21 – goeth Mar 14:46 – General Mar 16:6 – Jesus Luk 9:44 – for Luk 20:14 – let Luk 23:33 – they crucified Joh 3:14 – even Joh 6:71 – for Joh 19:6 – the chief priests Joh 19:11 – Thou Act 1:16 – this Act 2:36 – that same Act 5:28 – intend Act 10:39 – whom Act 13:29 – when Act 17:31 – in that Act 20:27 – all Act 26:23 – the first Rom 3:7 – why yet Rom 3:25 – set forth Rom 9:19 – Why doth 1Co 15:4 – he rose Eph 1:9 – purposed Eph 1:11 – the counsel Col 2:15 – triumphing 1Th 2:15 – killed Jam 5:6 – have

Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

3

Determinate counsel. It was determined by the Lord God that his Son should die by violence, and it was also foretold through the foreknowledge of God. (See Luk 22:22; Rev 13:8.) Had it not been the will of God that Jesus should be delivered into the hands of wicked men, they never could have taken and killed him. (See Mat 26:53-54.) But this determination of God did not excuse the wicked Jews, for their motive was an unrighteous one. Ye have taken was what the Jews did by their perverted Sanhedrin, and by wicked hands means those of the Roman soldiers, because the Jews could not legally put a man to death.

Fuente: Combined Bible Commentary

Act 2:23. Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God. This was not mans work, St. Peter says; but all this was done strictly in accordance with Gods own designall had been settled, had been foreseen by Him.

Foreknowledge of God. This indirectly appeals for support to the Old Testament prophecies which, with an awful minuteness, had described the very details of the tragedy of Calvary (see such passages as Isa 52:13-15, and Isaiah 53, and Zec 11:12-13; Zec 12:10, Act 13:7).

Ye have taken. There could have been no public condemnation and crucifixion of Christ, had not the PEOPLE acquiesced, some passively, some even with noisy approval, in their rulers stern decision to get rid at all hazards of the hated reformer whom they feared with a strange and nameless terror. The Roman magistrate was quite indifferent, rather indisposed to proceed to extremities with this poor winning Jewish Teacher. He would, no doubt, gladly have dismissed the accusation of the priestly party, had not the PEOPLE shown by their behaviour, that in this case condemnation would be a popular act; and doubtless some of the very men who, perhaps without much thought, had joined in swelling the cruel shout, Crucify Him, were among that Pentecost crowd listening to Peter (see Ewald, who has a good note here).

By wicked hands have crucified and slain. More accurately rendered, By lawless hands,that is, through the instrumentality of Pilate and the Roman soldiers employed in the crucifixion. But these lawless hands were only instruments, almost unconscious ones, by means of which the deed was done. The guilt of it is yours.

Fuente: A Popular Commentary on the New Testament

Act 2:23-24. Him, being delivered Unto death, by God his heavenly Father, who not only permitted him to be put to death, but delivered him up for us all. Rom 8:32; devoted and gave him up; and yet he was approved of God: and there was nothing in this that implied, in any degree, the disapproving of him. For it was done by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God In infinite wisdom, and for holy ends, in which, and in the means leading to them, Jesus himself freely and fully concurred. For it was necessary that thus divine justice should be satisfied, God and man reconciled, sinners saved, and Christ himself glorified. It must be observed, the apostle here anticipates an objection. Why did God suffer such a person to be so treated? Did he not know what wicked men intended to do? And had he not power to prevent it? Yea, he knew all that those wicked men intended to do. And he had power to blast all their designs in a moment. But he did not exert that power, because he so loved the world! Because it was the determinate counsel of his love to redeem mankind from eternal death, by the death of his only-begotten Son. Ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified, &c. Thus the apostle speaks, because neither Gods foreknowing what they would do, nor his designing that his Son should be offered as a sacrifice to expiate the sins of mankind, nor his bringing unspeakable and everlasting good out of this fact, could in the least excuse their sin who were agents in it; for it was their voluntary act and deed, proceeding from a principle morally evil, and therefore they are justly said to have perpetrated it with wicked hands. It is probable some of those who had cried, Crucify him, crucify him, or who had been otherwise aiding and abetting in the murder, were here present, and that Peter knew it. Be this as it may, it was justly looked upon as a national act, because done by the vote of the great council, and by the voice of the great crowd, clamouring for his blood. He charges it particularly upon them, as a part of the nation on which it would be peculiarly visited, the more effectually to bring them to repentance and faith, because that was the only way to distinguish themselves from the guilty that were about to perish in their sins, and to discharge themselves from the guilt of so dreadful a crime, and save themselves from the coming vengeance due to it. Whom God hath raised up Whose honour God hath abundantly vindicated, and to whose innocence, truth, and dignity he hath borne a most glorious testimony; having loosed the pains of death Or the bonds in which he lay, when the pains of death had done their work upon him; because it was not possible that he The Prince of life, and a person who had never sinned, and therefore was not liable to the penalty of death, only due to sinners; should be finally holden of it Or detained under its power. The word , here rendered pains, properly means, the pains of a woman in travail, an expression which seems to be here used to signify the agony which Christ suffered in his soul before he was nailed to the cross: and the extreme anguish he afterward endured, before he bowed his head and gave up the ghost. The word, however, seems to be used by the LXX. for cords and bands, Psa 18:4; and Dr. Hammond thinks, that from them the apostle here used it in the same sense, to which, indeed, the metaphor of being held and loosing best agrees. Christ was imprisoned for our debt, was thrown into the bonds of death; but divine justice being satisfied, it was not possible he should be detained there, either by right or by force, for he had life in himself, and in his own power, and had conquered the prince of death.

Fuente: Joseph Bensons Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

See notes on verse 22

Fuente: McGarvey and Pendleton Commentaries (New Testament)

Verse 23

This bold assertion of the precedent and entire control which God exercises even over the events accomplished by the greatest human wickedness, strikingly accords with the declaration of Christ on a similar occasion. (Luke 22:22.) The human mind will probably ever continue to speculate in vain upon this subject. No one has yet resolved the theoretical difficulties in which it is involved,–although, practically, no difficulty arises from it whatever.

Fuente: Abbott’s Illustrated New Testament

2:23 Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and {p} foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked {q} hands have crucified and {r} slain:

(p) God’s everlasting foreknowledge, which can neither be separated from his determinate counsel, as the Epicureans say, neither yet be the cause of evil: for God in his everlasting and unchangeable counsel appointed the wicked act of Judas to an excellent end: and God does that well which the instrument does wickedly.

(q) God’s counsel does not excuse the Jews, whose hands were wicked.

(r) The fact is said to be theirs by whose counsel and urging on it is done.

Fuente: Geneva Bible Notes

Peter pointed out that Jesus’ crucifixion had been no accident but was part of God’s eternal plan (cf. Act 3:18; Act 4:28; Act 13:29). Peter laid guilt for Jesus’ death at the Jews’ feet (cf. Act 2:36; Act 3:15; Act 4:10; Act 5:30; Act 7:52; Act 10:39; Act 13:28) and on the Gentile Romans (cf. Act 4:27; Luk 23:24-25). Note Peter’s reference to both the sovereignty of God and the responsibility of man in this verse.

"God had willed the death of Jesus (Joh 3:16) and the death of Judas (Act 1:16), but that fact did not absolve Judas from his responsibility and guilt (Luk 22:22). He acted as a free moral agent." [Note: Robertson, 3:29.]

The ultimate cause of Jesus’ death was God’s plan and foreknowledge, but the secondary cause was the antagonism of godless Jewish and Roman men. Really the sins of every human being put Jesus on the cross.

Fuente: Expository Notes of Dr. Constable (Old and New Testaments)