Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Acts 7:35
This Moses whom they refused, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge? the same did God send [to be] a ruler and a deliverer by the hand of the angel which appeared to him in the bush.
35. Stephen here begins to point out how in old time the people had rejected Moses, though he had the witness of God that his commission was Divine, that he may shew his hearers how they are acting in the same manner toward Jesus.
This Moses the same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer by the hand of the angel ] The best MSS. read, him hath God sent with the hand, &c. The verb is in the perfect tense in the original, and constitutes the form of Stephen’s appeal to history. God, says he, hath sent back the rejected Moses to be a ruler and deliverer, and he leaves them to draw the conclusion that what God had done in the case of Moses, he would also do in the case of the prophet whom Moses had foretold as to be like himself. Cp. Gal 4:23; 1Ti 2:14; Heb 7:6.
by the hand of the angel ] i.e. with the power. Cp. Act 11:21, “The hand of the Lord was with them.” And of the angel it is said (Exo 3:4) “When the Lord saw that he turned aside to see, God called unto him,” so that the whole expression means, “with the power of God, who appeared to him,” &c.
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
Whom they refused – That is, when he first presented himself to them, Exo 2:13-14. Stephen introduces and dwells upon this refusal in order, perhaps, to remind them that this had been the character of their nation, and to prepare the way for the charge which he intended to bring against those whom he addressed, as being stiff-necked and rebellious. See Act 7:51-52, etc.
A ruler – A military leader, or a governor in civil matters.
A deliverer – A Redeemer – lutroten. It properly means one who redeems a captive or a prisoner by paying a price or ransom. It is applied thus to the Lord Jesus, as having redeemed or purchased sinners by his blood as a price, Tit 2:14; 1Pe 1:18; Heb 9:12. It is used here, however, in a more general sense to denote the deliverance, without specifying the manner. Compare Exo 6:6; Luk 24:21; Luk 1:68; Luk 2:38.
By the hand of the angel – Under the direction and by the help of the angel, Num 20:16. See on Act 7:30.
Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible
A deliverer; or, a redeemer; but only as a type of Christ, in whom alone we have redemption through his blood, Eph 1:7; as Moses by the blood of the paschal lamb brought forth and saved the people of Israel.
The hands of the angel; the power of the angel; it was not Moses, but God, that wrought so great salvation.
Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole
35-41. This Moses whom they refused,saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge, &c.Here, again,”the stone which the builders refused is made the head of thecorner” (Ps 118:22).
Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
This Moses, whom they refused,…. That is, the Israelites; the Ethiopic version reads, “his kinsmen denied”; those of his own nation, and even of his family: “saying, who made thee a ruler and a judge?” as Dathan, or whoever said the words in Ac 7:27.
the same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer; or “a redeemer”; so the Jews often call Moses, saying z
“as was the first redeemer, so shall be the last Redeemer.”
He was an eminent type of the Messiah; and the redemption of the people of Israel out of the Egyptian bondage, by him, was emblematical of redemption from the bondage of sin, Satan, and the law by Jesus Christ; and as Moses had his mission and commission from God, so had Jesus Christ, as Mediator; and as Moses was despised by his brethren, and yet made the ruler and deliverer of them, so, though Jesus was set at nought by the Jews, yet he was made both Lord and Christ, and exalted to be a Prince and a Saviour. Moses was sent “by the hands of the angel, which appeared to him in the bush”; and who was the second person in the Godhead; the Father sent him by the Son, not as an instrument, but as having the power and authority over him, to govern, direct, and assist him. The Alexandrian copy, and the Vulgate Latin version read, “with the hand of the angel”; he sent Moses along with him to be used by him as an instrument in his hand, to deliver the people of Israel; nor does this at all contradict what the Jews say a at the time of the passover:
“and the Lord hath brought us out of Egypt, , “not by the hands of an angel”, nor by the hands of a seraph, nor by the hands of a messenger, but the holy blessed God, by his own glory, by himself;”
for he did not deliver them by a created angel, but by an uncreated one.
z Bemidbar Rabba, sect. 11. fol. 202. 2. Midrash Ruth, fol. 33. 2. & Midrash Kohelet, fol. 63. 2. a Haggada Shel Pesach. p. 13. Ed. Rittangel.
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
This Moses ( ). Rhetorical repetition follows this description of Moses (five times, anaphora, besides the use here, six cases of here about Moses: verse 35 twice, Acts 7:36; Acts 7:37; Acts 7:38; Acts 7:40). Clearly Stephen means to draw a parallel between Moses and Jesus. They in Egypt
denied () Moses as now you the Jews denied (, 3:13) Jesus. Those in Egypt scouted Moses as “ruler and judge” (verses Acts 7:27; Acts 7:35, ) and God “hath sent” (, perfect active indicative, state of completion) Moses “both a ruler and a deliverer” ( ) as Jesus was to be (Luke 1:68; Luke 2:38; Heb 9:12; Titus 2:14). “Ransomer” or “Redeemer” () is not found elsewhere, (ransom), , to ransom, and , ransoming or redemption, are found often. In Ac 5:31 Christ is termed “Prince and Saviour.”
With the hand ( ). So the correct text. The Pharisees had accused Stephen of blaspheming “against Moses and God” (6:11). Stephen here answers that slander by showing how Moses led the people out of Egypt in co-operation () with the hand of the Angel of Jehovah.
Fuente: Robertson’s Word Pictures in the New Testament
Deliverer [, ] . Strictly, a ransomer or redeemer. Only here in New Testament, See on ransom, Mt 20:28; and redeemed, 1Pe 1:18.
By the hand [ ] The best texts read sun ceiri, “with the hand;” i e., in association with the protecting and helping power of the angel.
Fuente: Vincent’s Word Studies in the New Testament
1) “This Moses whom they refused, saying,” (touton ton Mouses hon eresanto eipontes) “This (is) the Moses whom they denied, (derided) repeatedly scoffing,” in rejecting and denying him as one who cared for them, much as Israel denied and rejected Jesus, Joh 1:11-12; Act 3:13.
2) “Who made thee a ruler and a judge?” (tis se katestesen archonta kai dikasten) “Who appointed you (as or to be) a ruler and a judge?” Exo 2:13-14; Gen 19:9; In Egypt the Hebrews became so callous and backslidden that they could not even recognize compassion from Moses, their own race-brother. So did- the Jews toward Jesus, Joh 5:43.
3) “The same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer,” (touton ho theos kai archonta kai lutraten apestalken) “This same Moses God has sent both (as) a ruler and a redeemer,” or spiritual as well as physical deliverer, a type of what Jesus did for all men, Luk 1:68; Luk 2:38; Tit 2:14; Heb 9:12.
4) “By the hand of the angel,” (sun cheri angelou) “With the affinity (leading) hand of the angel,” Exo 14:19, which went before the camp, then behind them as the pillar of cloud went before them. The term “hand of the angel” refers to the help of the angel. Num 20:16; Psa 34:7.
5) “Which appeared to him in the bush,” (tou ophthentos auto en te bato) “The one which appeared to him in the bush,” Exo 3:2; Heb 1:14.
Fuente: Garner-Howes Baptist Commentary
35. Stephen passeth over many things, because he maketh haste unto this stun, that the Jews may understand that the fathers were not delivered therefore, because they had deserved that with their godliness, but that this benefit was bestowed upon them, being altogether unworthy; and, secondly, that there is some more perfect thing to be hoped for of these beginnings. When Moses, being ordained of God to be their revenger and deliverer, was now in a readiness, they stopped the way before him; therefore God doth deliver them now, as it were against their will. That which is added touching miracles and wonders, serveth as well to the setting forth of the grace of God, as to make known the calling of Moses. It is surely a strange thing, that God doth vouchsafe to declare his power by divers wonders, for such an unthankful people’s sake. But in the mean season, he bringeth his servant in credit. Therefore, whereas the Jews set less by him afterward, whereas they essay sometimes to drive him away by railing, whereas they scold sometimes, sometimes murmur, sometimes set upon him outrageously, they bewray thereby both their wickedness, and also their contempt of the grace of God. Their unthankfulness and ungodliness was so increased always, that God must needs have striven with wonderful patience with such a froward and stubborn people.
A ruler and a deliverer. We must understand the contrarieties (437) which augment the fault. They would have obeyed Moses if a tyrant had appointed him to be a judge, but they contemn him proudly, and refuse him disdainfully, being appointed of God, and that to be a deliverer. Therefore, in despising him, they were wicked; and in rejecting grace, unthankful. And whereas Moses hath such an honorable title given him, God doth not so give and resign unto man that honor which is due to himself, that he loseth any whit of his authority thereby. For doubtless Moses was not called a redeemer or deliverer in any other respect save only because he was the minister of God. And by this means the glory of the whole work remaineth in the power of God wholly. Therefore let us learn that so often as men have the titles which belong to God given them, God himself is not despoiled of his honor; but because the work is done by their hands, they are by this means commended. To this end tendeth that which Stephen saith, that this charge was committed to Moses in the hand of the angel. For by this means Moses is made subject to Christ, that under his conduct and direction he may obey God. For hand is taken in this place not for ministry, but for principality. Wherefore, God did so use the service of Moses, that the power of Christ did surpass him, as he is even at this day the chief governor, in accomplishing the salvation of the Church; yea, he useth the ministry of men in that sort, that the force and effect dependeth upon him alone.
(437) “ Subaudiendae sunt antitheses,” we must supply the antitheses.
Fuente: Calvin’s Complete Commentary
(35) The same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer.Literally, a ruler and redeemer. The word is not found elsewhere in the New Testament, but is formed from the noun for ransom in Mat. 20:28, Mar. 10:45, and appears to have been chosen to emphasise the parallelism which the speech indicates between Moses and the Christ. In a yet higher sense than Moses, the latter also had been made a ruler and a redeemer.
Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)
35. This Moses This very Moses, miraculously born, divinely called, this is the man whom Israel slighted and rejected. What wonder, then, that they slight and reject a greater deliverer now? In this verse the contrast is between his first rejection by his brethren in Egypt and God’s selection of him as Israel’s redeemer.
Deliverer Stephen here uses most significantly the Hebrew word goel, (Psa 19:14,) meaning redeemer, one who delivers a captive by paying for him a lutron or ransom.
Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
35. Opened his mouth As if to roll out a large discourse. (See note on Mat 5:2.) The passage, and the eunuch’s question, furnish large text for large sermon. The expositor expounds, and expands into a preacher.
Preached Jesus Unfolded the agreement of prophecy and history in him; showed how Jesus was the true Messiah of Israel’s expectation explained how to believe and be baptized in his name is the way of life.
Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
‘This Moses whom they refused, saying, “Who made you a ruler and a judge?” him has God sent to be both a ruler and a deliverer by the hand of the angel that appeared to him in the bush.’
So the one whom Israel had first rejected, contemptuously refusing his rulership, God had now sent as Ruler and Saviour from the very hand of the One Who had appeared in the fire in the bush.
‘The Angel of the Lord’ was one way of describing a theophany, and throughout the Old Testament mainly describes God Himself as He makes Himself known.
(Stephen’s challenge to his hearers here is that they too must recognise the coming of a Deliverer and acknowledge Jesus as both Lord and Christ. For His Lordship too had been revealed in fire, through the fire at Pentecost).
Fuente: Commentary Series on the Bible by Peter Pett
Moses the deliverer:
v. 35. This Moses whom they refused, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge? the same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer by the hand of the angel which appeared to him in the bush.
v. 36. He brought them out after that he had showed wonders and signs in the land of Egypt and in the Red Sea and in the wilderness forty years. For the sake of characterizing the Jews and emphasizing his point that they had always been a disobedient and obstinate people, Stephen here represents the whole nation as being involved in the first rejection of Moses. They had denied, had refused to acknowledge him as much as a ruler and a judge; but God, in taking the matter in hand, had made him not only the leader, or ruler, but in addition had given him more than the functions of a mere judge: He had sent him as their deliverer, with the helping and protecting hand of that Angel to assist him that had appeared to him in the bush. And Moses had performed his work as deliverer well. He had led the Israelites forth out of Egypt, after having performed wonders and signs in Egypt, as a judgment upon Pharaoh, just as he continued performing them at the Red Sea and during the entire journey through the wilderness which lasted forty years. The very person whom the Israelites had rejected and practically delivered up into the hands of Pharaoh to be slain was the one person by whom they were redeemed from their Egyptian bondage. The application to the parallel case of Jesus, which Stephen probably had in mind, may readily be made.
Fuente: The Popular Commentary on the Bible by Kretzmann
Act 7:35. This Moses, whom they refused, As the terms of high respect, in which St. Stephen, through the whole of his discourse, speaks of Moses, tended to shew how improbable it was, that he should have spoken contemptibly of him, as the witnesses pretended; so this circumstance of the Israelites having rejected him whom God had appointed to be a ruler and redeemer, plainly adverted to their usage of the Lord Jesus, whom they had lately rejected, but whom God had constituted a Saviour by the divine determination.
Fuente: Commentary on the Holy Bible by Thomas Coke
Act 7:35-37 . The recurring is emphatic: this and none other . See Bornemann in the Schs. Stud. 1842, p. 66. Also in the following Act 7:36-38 , are always emphatically prefixed.
] whom they (at that time, Act 7:27 ) denied , namely, as . The plural is purposely chosen, because there is meant the whole category of those thinking alike with that one (Act 7:27 ). This one is conceived collectively (Khner, ad Xen. Anab. i. 4. 8). Comp. Roth, Exc. Agr. 3.
. . ] observe the climax introduced by . in relation to the preceding . It is introduced because the obstinacy of the people against Moses is type of the antagonism to Christ and His work (Act 7:51 ); consequently, Moses in his work of deliverance is a type of Christ, who has effected the of the people in the highest sense (Luk 1:64 ; Luk 2:38 ; Heb 9:12 ; Tit 2:14 ).
According to the reading (see the critical remarks), the meaning is to be taken as: standing in association with the hand, i.e. with the protecting and helping power , of the angel. Comp. the classical expression . This power of the angel was that of God Himself (Act 7:34 ), in virtue of which he wrought also the miracles, Act 7:36 .
As to the gender of , see on Mar 12:26 .
After the work of Moses (Act 7:36 ), Act 7:37 now brings into prominence his great Messianic prophecy , which designates himself as a type of the Messiah, Deu 18:15 (comp. above, Act 3:22 ); whereupon in Act 7:38 his exalted position as the receiver and giver of the law is described, in order that this light , in which he stands, may be followed up in Act 7:39 by the shadow the contrast of disobedience towards him.
Fuente: Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer’s New Testament Commentary
C.The dealings of the people of Israel with moses, and with god
Act 7:35-43
35This Moses whom they refused [denied], saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge? the same [this (one)] did God send25 to be [send as] a ruler and a deliverer [redeemer] by26 [with] the hand of the angel which [who] appeared to him in the bush. 36He [This (one)] brought them out, after that he had shewed [wrought] wonders and signs in the land of Egypt27, and in the Red Sea, and in the wilderness [during] forty years. 37This is that Moses, which [who] said unto the children of Israel, A Prophet shall the Lord your God28 [will God] raise up unto you of your brethren, like unto me29; him shall ye hear [om. him hear].5 38This is he, that was in the church in the wilderness with the angel which [who] spake to him in [on] the mount Sina [Sinai], and with our fathers: who received the lively oracles [receivedliving words] to give unto us. 39To whom our fathers would not [were not willing to] obey, but thrust him from them, and in their hearts30 [with their heart] turned backagain into [turned to] Egypt, 40Saying unto Aaron, Make us gods to go before us: for as for [of] this Moses, which [who] brought us out of the land of Egypt, we wot [know] not what is become of [has happened to] him. 41And they made a calf in those days, and offered [brought] sacrifice unto the idol, and rejoiced in the works of their own hands. 42Then [But] God turned, and gave them up to worship the host of heaven; as it is written in the book of the prophets, O ye [Ye] house of Israel, have ye offered to me [.me] slain beasts and sacrifices [victims and offerings] by the space of [during] forty years in the wilderness? 43Yea, [And] ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch, and the star of your31 [of the] god Remphan32 [Rephan], [the, ] figures which ye made to worship them: and I will carry you away [remove you] beyond Babylon.
EXEGETICAL AND CRITICAL
Act 7:35-36. a. This Moses whom they refused.The reader of the four verses, 3538, at once notices that each begins with the demonstrative pronoun, and that, moreover, the second part of Act 7:35 is also introduced by it, while the relative is employed in a similar manner in Act 7:38-39. The repetition of this direct reference to the person of Moses, undeniably involves a rhetorical emphasis. It is primarily designed to exhibit the contrast between the divine call which Moses received, and the work assigned to him by God, on the one hand, and the treatment, on the other hand, which he received from his own people, who disowned and rejected him. Of this striking difference in the experience of Moses, with respect, first, to God, and, then, to the people, a twofold illustration is given: (a) Act 7:35-36, the original rejection of Moses by his countrymen, as compared with the subsequent divine mission which he received to be the saviour and deliverer of the people amid wonders and signs; (b) Act 7:37-39, the dignity conferred by God on Moses (consisting in his appointment to act, through the intercourse which he was permitted to have with the angel, as the mediator of Gods revelations to the people, and to become the predecessor of the promised Prophet), as compared with the disobedience of the Israelites, who turned away from him, and disowned him as a man whose absence was not satisfactorily explained, or who had passed away.
b. There is thus, a contrast between the sentiments originally entertained by the Israelites in reference to Moses, and his subsequent actual mission to them, or his miraculous work, when he led Israel out of Egypt and through the wilderness. But this contrast can be seen in the proper light only when, (in accordance with the example of Stephen), we apply the principle expressed by the term solidarity [joint responsibility] to the language of the Israelite mentioned in Exo 2:13-14. For the plural , is here intended to imply that the language of one man expressed the real sentiments of many, or was even the index of the views which all entertained; unius hominis dicta et facta adscribuntur etiam illis, qui eodem sunt animo. (Bengel).
c. The contrast is, specially, formed by the following two propositions: (1) ; (2) . The former contains the human question (of unbelief and denial); the latter, the divine answer, as given by the divine act. But while God undoubtedly sent him as a ruler and leader, whose call as an had been denied, he did not send him merely as a , which fact was not recognized, but in the still higher capacity of a . Here a climax is presented. In the first instance, the authority of Moses to judge, or decide a dispute between two individuals, was questioned; but God afterwards sent him as the saviour of his whole nation, and the umpire and administrator, as it were, in the case of two nations. ; literally, united with the hand, the helping power, of the angel; the phrase implies that the intercourse of Moses with the angel, and the power and operations of the latter, furnished the former with his credentials as the ambassador of God.
Act 7:37-39. a. This is that Moses.The second contrast, which is analogous to the first, is presented in these verses; in this case, however, the divine procedure is first described, and the course adopted by the Israelites afterwards considered, while, in the former case, this order is reversed. God conferred the high dignity on Moses of being a prophet, a mediator of divine revelations; the Israelites would not [ ] obey, but turned away from him, and turned again with the heart to Egypt. The language in Act 7:37 is intended to give prominence to the rank of Moses and to the divine favor which he enjoyed, by introducing the circumstance that the Prophet promised by God, the Messiah, was to be a prophet as Moses ( ). [Deu 18:18, already quoted above in Act 3:22]. The position of Moses as a prophet is explained by a description of his mediatory agency at the time when the law was given. He was in the church (, the assembly of the people) with the angel, and with our fathers, that is to say, his call, his official duties, and his position, connected him, on the one hand, with the angel, but, on the other, with the people: from the former he received; to the latter he gave (). Thus he stood between them, and was the mediator between God and the people.The angel spake to him on mount Sinai. That which the book of Exodus ascribes directly to Jehovah, is conceived by Stephen (who concurs with the Alexandrian Jews, e. g., Philo) as having been accomplished through the mediation of angels.Stephen describes the law itself as consisting of , that is, divine sayings, or oracles; they are not like a dead letter, but possess vital power and efficacy. (See below: Doctr. and Eth., No. 3). Stephen had been accused of speaking against the law, and of blaspheming Moses (Act 6:11; Act 6:13); here, he commends its high character, speaks of it with reverence, and exalts it.
b. But thrust him from them.Although God had so highly honored Moses, and assigned such a lofty position to him, his own people had not the will to obey him, and to submit to his guidance ( ); on the contrary, they thrust him from them (, like , in Act 7:27), and turned again to Egypt, with their heart, their wishes and longings. What was the object of their desires? It was usual among earlier interpreters, whom all those of more recent times imitate, to assume that this object could only have been the image-worship of Egypt. It is, however, remarkable that not a single word occurs in the present passage, when the golden calf is mentioned, which would imply that it was made as an imitation of an Egyptian idol; nor is there any distinct intimation found in the Old Testament, whether we consult the Pentateuch or the succeeding boots (not even excepting Eze 20:7-8), that this image of a calf in the desert of Arabia, was an Egyptian reminiscence. It was, doubtless, such essentially; still, a statement that such was the case, is not found either in the passage before us, or in any passage of the Old Testament. We have, consequently, little reason to maintain that the sentiments with which the Israelites looked back to Egypt referred mainly, and still less, that they referred exclusively, to the Egyptian worship of idols. We have much more reason to believe that this turning back of the Israelites unto Egypt refers to a feeling which was now aroused, and which afterwards repeatedly manifested itself, namely, a longing after Egypt and the enjoyments and whole mode of life to which they had there become accustomed; comp. Num 11:5.
Act 7:40. Make us gods to go before us.If the former verse be so understood as to ascribe to the Israelites a longing to return to Egypt, proceeding from home-sickness, Meyer holds that, then, their present demand must necessarily refer to gods who should conduct them on their return. But such is not by any means the sense of Act 7:40. Stephen had, in the former verse, mentioned their longing desire after Egypt simply as an evidence that they were now alienated in feeling from Moses, and unwilling to be guided by him. But in Act 7:40, he simply repeats the terms occurring in the original narrative, Exo 32:1, which presents an additional and a striking proof that the sentiments of the people had become unfriendly to Moses. The Hebrew text does not furnish the slightest indication of a desire on the part of the people actually to return to Egypt, preceded by the idol which was to be made. Bengel has, in our judgment, inaccurately understood the word in such a sense.The nominative absolute, , etc., stands first in the order of the words, for the purpose of giving special prominence to the person named; we have not, however, any reason to suppose that is intended to express a feeling of contempt [de Wette; the word is repeatedly used by Stephen with reverence; see note on Act 7:35 f. a. above.] The logical connection indicated by , is not, as Meyer supposes, the following: We may unhesitatingly introduce an idolatrous worship, for Moses, that inflexible opponent of it, has now disappeared! (Meyer).The connection is, rather, the following; We do not know what has occurred to Moses, who brought us out, and was hitherto our leader; his place at the head of our host, must be occupied by a divine leader, and that shall be the God whom Aaron is to make. Here, too, Moses is evidently mentioned in a disparaging tone, and the people faithlessly disown their obligations to him.
Act 7:41. And they made a calf.The actual making of the image of a calf, or, rather, a bull (which is here described by a verb, , not found elsewhere, in the whole range of Greek literature), is mentioned by Stephen as the act of the people, whereas in Exo 32:4, Aaron is represented as exclusively the maker. But he very justly charges the former with the act, for Aaron was governed by their directions, and was, in a certain sense, only the obedient servant who executed the will of the sovereign people.The image of the bull was, doubtless, a symbol borrowed from Egypt, and intended to represent either Apis, a living bull at Memphis in Upper Egypt, or Mnevis at Heliopolis in Lower Egypt; divine honor was paid to both animals. Earlier writers, e. g., Spencer and Selden, as well as others of a later period, e. g., Lengerke, refer the image to Apis; Ewald believes that it rather represents Mnevis. [See the art. Kalb in Win. Realw., and especially, in Herzog: Real-Encyk.].Stephen terms the object , an idol, although strictly speaking, it did not bear this character: it was, rather, in the view both of the people and of Aaron (Exo 32:4-5), merely a visible image of the true and living God, or of Jehovah, and was not intended to represent a false or imaginary god. Nevertheless, as from the nature of the case, the worship of God under any image made by man, imperceptibly conducts to a deification of the creature as the natural result, this image of Jehovah is pronounced to be an idol. Stephen designedly appends the words to , although the original text in Exo 32:6 merely says: . For he intends to convey the idea that the Israelites in reality brought sacrifices, not to God, but to the image. They rejoiced in the works of their own hands, i.e., they sinned against the Creator, by joyfully deifying the works of their own hands, namely, created objects.
Act 7:42-43. a. Then God turned, and gave them up.Stephen now refers to the divine punishment, which followed the disobedience of the people, who apostatized from the worship of the living God.God turned away from them; is here used in a middle and reflexive sense, like in Act 15:16, and does not refer, in a transitive sense, to , as if it were equivalent to: convertit animos eorum (Heinrichs); neither is it used adverbially, like when followed by a second verb, as if it were equivalent to rursus tradidit (Morus). This latter interpretation, indeed, does not accord with the facts, at least in so far as the narrative does not exhibit any traces of an earlier idolatrous worship on the part of the Israelites, of which the present was only a repetition; the former (of Heinrichs), on the other hand, would give a tautological sense to . The word only denotes that God henceforth looked on his sinful people with merited displeasure.The language: . does not simply express a divine permission, as Chrysostom [] and recent interpreters understand it, but describes an act of God, which proceeded from his penal justice. That worship to which God gave up, or abandoned the Israelites was Star-worship [Sabism], or the worship () of the sidereal worlda form of idolatry which prevailed as well in Egypt, as in Chaldea and Phnicia.
b. Have ye offered to me slain beasts and sacrifices?To prove that the Israelites had really been guilty of idolatry during their journey in the wilderness, Stephen appeals to Amo 5:25-27, which passage, while he in general adheres to the Alexandrian version, he nevertheless quotes with a certain degree of freedom. The question: in Act 7:42 [the form of which requires a negative answer (Winer: Gram. 61. 3. b.)Tr.], means: Ye certainly have offered me no sacrifices during forty years in the wilderness! It conveys, without doubt, a reproach, in a rhetorical manner, and implies that even the sacrifices which were offered to Jehovah in the wilderness, had not been accepted, in consequence of the prevailing idolatry. There is, hence, no reason for supposing, as some have done, that the pronoun is equivalent to the [more emphatic] phrase . The positive charge is made in Act 7:43 : Ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch.The Greek here strictly follows the text of the Septuagint; the latter, without doubt, guided merely by conjecture, exhibits the words , in place of the Hebrew , which signifies your king, i.e., idol. The was the portable tent of the idol, which was carried along by the Israelites during the march, constituting the opposite, or the rival, of the tabernacle of witness [Act 7:44]. The precise nature and character of Moloch are far from having been fully established by documentary accounts; there can be no doubt, however, that this name was given to a sidereal deity. With respect to the name , the Septuagint, which Stephen here follows, departs still further from the original Hebrew. The word probably denotes an image of a star, the symbol of the star-god Remphan. This latter name, which the Septuagint substitutes for Chiun (), seems to have had an Egyptian origin, and to refer to Saturn. [For the results of the most recent investigations, see J. G. Mllers two articles, Moloch, and Rephan, in Herzog: Real-Encyk.Tr.].When God threatens, and declares that he will expel the idolatrous people from the land, and cause them to be conducted to a distant country, the original Hebrew, which the Septuagint follows, simply specifies Damascus as the point beyond which they shall be carried. In view, however, of the well-known historical fulfilment of the divine words, Stephen substitutes the name of Babylon for that of the Syrian capital.
DOCTRINAL AND ETHICAL
1. Moses, a type of Jesus.This thought is obviously involved in Stephens reference, in Act 7:37, to the prediction concerning a prophet like unto me. Moses, a man through whom God spoke to the fathers; Jesus, He in whom God has spoken at the last. Moses, a mediator between God and the people; Jesus Christ, the mediator between men and God. Moses, disowned and rejected by his people, who disobey, and refuse to yield to his guidance and authority; Jesus, denied, cast out, and crucified by his people, because they would not have such a Messiah to reign over them [Luk 19:14]. On the other hand, Moses, highly favoured by God (mighty in words and in deeds, Act 7:22; comp. Luk 24:19), attested by miracles; and sent as the ruler and deliverer of his people; Jesus, sent by God, and anointed, as the Redeemer, Messiah, and Saviour. It is also true that the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ. [Joh 1:17].
2. Stephen is strictly consistent with himself when he represents the revelations of God as having been made to Moses through the mediation of an angel; this is true with respect to the call of Moses at Horeb, Act 7:30; Act 7:35, to the divine act of the giving of the law, Act 7:38 (and comp. Act 7:53), and to the whole intercourse of Moses with God. It is as undoubtedly true that God himself spoke with Moses through the angel, Act 7:31, and that He himself sent Moses, Act 7:35; it is, indeed, in consequence of these facts, that such a lofty position and such an exalted mission are claimed for Moses, as contradistinguished from the people. Still, the peculiar circumstance that God did not speak to Moses directly, but only through the intervention of an angel, assigns to this prophet a subordinate position, as compared with Jesus Christ. Stephen does not expressly state this point, it is true, but he intimates it, to the honor of the Messiah.
3. The commandments given by God to Moses, and delivered by the latter to the people, are . This term is not, as some interpreters allege, equivalent to . For, that the law as a whole, or that any particular commandments of the Mosaic law, were capable of imparting or infusing life, where no life had previously been known, Stephen, certainly could not have intended to say, in opposition to all his convictions concerning Jesus. But he does ascribe life and efficient power to the law itself. He has not here explained his meaning, but we may conjecture that it was the following:The law is a living power, in so far as it takes hold of the conscience, and gives it additional vitality, when it exclaims: Thou shalt, Thou shalt not; further, in so far as it does not permit the will to repose inactively, but either guides it in the path of duty, or else provokes it to resistance; and, lastly, in so far as all the promises and threatenings connected with it, are actually fulfilled.
4. An image of God, which is intended to receive worship in any form or degree, is at once converted into an idol. This result, whatever visible representation of God is contrived, follows so naturally and logically, that no preventives can be of any avail. The wisdom of God is revealed in the Decalogue, in which the making of any images of God whatsoever, out of any materials, or after the form of any created object, is strictly prohibited under all circumstances, Exo 20:4-5. Jesus Christ, the Son of God, and the Son of man, is alone the true image of God, in whom we see the Father. The Catholic church professedly distinguishes in theory between reverence (debitum honorem et venerationem) and adoration, but, in practice, the former always conducts to the latter, at least in the great mass of the congregations. It avoids the use of the term adoration, but tolerates and retains all that the term implies. And thus men are inevitably, even if unconsciously, brought to the point at which the deification of the creature, or idolatry begins; the worship of images terminates in idolatry.
5. God revealed his justice when he turned away from the Israelites, and gave them up to idolatry. As they had turned from him with their heart (, Act 7:39), He himself justly turned away from them (, Act 7:42). As they had, in opposition to his commandment, converted a created object into an image of Him, he abandoned them to absolute idolatry or the adoration of the creature. Their sin was followed by an analogous retribution and punishment. If thou departest from God, he will depart from thee! It was in this manner that he punished the apostasy of the Gentiles, Rom 1:23-25. So, too, as an impartial judge, he punished the same sin, when Israel was guilty of it; and he adopts the same course in the case of apostasy within the pale of Christendom.
HOMILETICAL AND PRACTICAL
Act 7:17-43
Act 7:17. But when the time of the promise drew nigh.What a faithful God we have! He always remembers his promise, and fulfils it, even though he who received it, may have died long ago. Remember this, thou desponding pastor! Thou mayest fall asleep with Abraham, without seeing the fruits of thy labor, but God will, nevertheless, fulfil his promise after thy death. (Starke).
Act 7:18. Which knew not Joseph.Nothing is sooner forgotten than a benefit that has been received. (Starke).
Act 7:19. That they cast out their young children.Such is the conduct of the persecutors of the church. They deal deceitfully with the devout, and seek the ruin of spiritual youths and children. (Starke).These young children of the Israelites in Egyptthe little martyrsbelong to the company of the children afterwards murdered by Herod in Bethlehem. (Besser).
Act 7:21. Nourished him for her own son.Pharaoh, who had issued the cruel command that Moses should be put to death, nevertheless educates him at his own court. God so protects his people, that even enemies become their servants.
Act 7:22. And Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians.By the appointment of God, to whom all the endowments and resources of the nations belong, the art and science of Egypt aided in accomplishing his design. (Starke).It is a gracious act of God, when he enables an individual to acquire the treasures of human knowledge; they may be made available in his service. Human science, however, must be associated with divine grace, and human learning derive its life and power from the Spirit, through whom alone truly useful results can be produced. (Apost. Past.).
Act 7:22. To visit his brethren.He is not a faithful Moses, whom the afflictions of the church of God do not move.
Act 7:24. And smote the Egyptian.It does not seem probable, it is true, that a man-slayer should be a true believer. In this case, however, as in those of Phinehas (Numb. Acts 25) and of Elijah (1 Kings, Acts 18), the act was of an extraordinary character, and is not intended to serve as an example.Besides, Moses did not intend to shed blood; he simply designed to defend an injured man, and was governed, not by personal considerations, but by love to his people.But this act was, in accordance with the counsel of God, the prelude of all that he designed to accomplish through Moses, namely, the destruction of the Egyptians, and the deliverance of Israel. (From Starke and Apost. Past.).
Act 7:25. But they understood not.Jesus, too, came unto his own, and his own received him not. [Joh 1:11]. (Quesnel).
Act 7:28. Wilt thou kill me?It is sad, when the sick man disowns his physician, the subject his prince, the slave his deliverer; or, when man turns from his Saviour, and rejects his aid. So we deal with Christ; Mat 23:37. (Quesn.).
Act 7:29. Then fled Moses and was a stranger.This ingratitude of the Jews added forty years to the period of their bondage; for God could have delivered them even at this time through Moses. (Starke).But, on the other hand, God devoted these forty years to the work of preparing Moses for his future calling. It is in solitude, or in tranquil scenes, that God trains his agents. Moses was already learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and was mighty in words and in deeds. He was, besides, aware, Act 7:25, that God had appointed him to be the deliverer of Israel, and he doubtless supposed at this early day that he was already qualified to perform the work. But he is, on the contrary, compelled to be a fugitive, and to pass forty additional years in another country, where, doubtless, many a sad tale of the afflictions of his people reached his ears. The call is at length made on him; at an apparently late day. It is an unfavorable indication of character, when an individual obtrudes himself, as it were, on the sacred office, and cannot wait till God has opened the way. (Apost. Past.).Periods of delay in the kingdom of God, viewed as seasons of ripening: I. When the ungodly ripen for judgment [Gen 15:16]; II. When believers are exercised in implicit submission to the divine will; III. When the agents of God are trained for his service.
Act 7:30. The burning bush, [ a thorn-bush, bramble. Robinson: Lex.Tr.] viewed as an emblem and type: I. Of the Israelites, who, when they were in Egypt, resembled a degenerate, wild thorn-bushburning, but not consumed in the furnace of affliction, amid fiery trials: II. Of the Messiah, whose human lowliness (thorn-bush) was united with divine glory (the flame in the bush) in one undivided Person (the bush was not consumed); III. Of the Christian Church, which bears the shame of the cross, but amid all its trials, exhibits an indestructible vital power. This bush has been burning nearly 2000 years, and still no one has seen its ashes. (From Starke and other earlier writers.)
Act 7:32. Moses trembled, not from servile fear, but in devout humility. How well it is, when a pastor experiences this holy trembling on entering the pulpit, not only at the commencement of his ministry, but ever afterwards! Does not this child-like awethis reverence in the presence of Godpresent a barrier to many idle words, to many vain gestures, to many a sinful act? Is it not a stimulus, always urging him to speak and to act as in the divine presence, by the direction of the Spirit, after the mind of God? (Ap. Past.).
Act 7:33. The words.: Put off thy shoes, etc., an admonition to put away all the pollutions of the world, and all pride, in the presence of the Lord: addressed, I. To pastors, whether in the study, or in the pulpit; II. To the hearers, whether they are approaching the house of God, or are engaged in the services.
Act 7:34. I have seen, etc. The deeper our distress is, the nearer is God: I. He sees the afflictions of his people; II. He hears the sighing of the believer; III. He comes with his aid at the proper moment; IV. He sends forth his servants.
Act 7:35 ff. This Moses. (See above, Doctr. and Eth., No. 1.).
Act 7:38. Who received the lively oracles.The law of God, too, is a living word: it has a life of its own,emanating from the living God; I. To man, in the state of innocence, it was a life-giving power, not weighing down nor destroying, but developing and guiding, his natural life. II. In the state of sin, man does find that the law is the letter that killeth (2Co 3:6), for it exposes his spiritual death, and threatens him with death eternal. Yet, even here it manifests its own life, else would it not burn like fire in the sinners heart, and pierce like a two-edged sword; yea, it imparts life, by awakening the conscience, and pointing to Him whose word gives life, Joh 6:63. III. (Lastly,) in the state of grace, the law is neither dead nor set aside; for, with respect to its own nature, it now receives additional vital power in Christ, who unfolds and fulfils it; and, with respect to the believer himself, it enters fully into his heart, acts in unison with his spiritual nature, inspires him with love, and enables him, through the Holy Spirit, to follow after holiness.
Act 7:39. Whom our fathers would not obey.We are here furnished with a useful guide, when we encounter persons who attempt to justify their disobedience to evangelical truth, by appealing to the fathers, to the ancients. We are taught to reply, that we will cheerfully render all that is due to the memory of the fathers, but that in so far as they were disobedient to the Gospel, their conduct cannot serve as an example for us, since the infallible word of God alone, is, and always must continue to be, our rule of faith and practice. (Apost. Past.).In their hearts turned, etc.Behold this image of those ungrateful Christians who turn away from the Redeemer by whom they were delivered from sin, and, with their hearts, return to Egypt, the corrupt world. (Starke).This is one of Satans snares. When a soul is touched and awakened, he seeks to regain control over it, by reminding it of the sensual enjoyments which it had formerly found in the service of sin.
Act 7:40. Saying unto Aaron.How circumspectly this case should teach the servants of God to walk. No intellectual strength, nor any official rank or dignity, can protect us against the snares of the enemy, unless we perseveringly walk, by faith, with God. When we forsake his presence, we cannot successfully resist either specious promises or violent threats. (Apost. Past.).
Act 7:42. Then God turned, and gave them up.God inflicts the most severe punishment, when he abandons men, and gives them up to their own perverted mind, so that one sin impels them to the commission of another. (Starke).Have ye offered to me, etc.God does not regard the sacrifices which the hand, but those which the heart and mind, offer to him. Psa 51:19; Isa 66:2. (Starke).
Act 7:43. I will carry you away.There is a certain analogy between the guilt which man contracts, and the punishment which God inflicts. Idolatrous nations are his agents in punishing the idolatry of the Jews. (Starke).God removes men to new habitations, sometimes in wrath (Act 7:43), sometimes in mercy, Act 7:4. (Starke).
ON THE WHOLE SECTION, Act 7:17-43.
Moses, viewed as the deliverer of his people, and Christ, as the Redeemer of the world: I. The resemblance between Moses and Christ; (a) both received the attestation of God: the miraculous deliverance in infancy (Pharaoh and Herod); the training for the great work, in retirement (Moses at the court of Pharaoh, and in the wilderness; Jesus in the abode of the carpenter, and in the wilderness near Jordan); the solemn call to assume office (Moses at Horeb; Jesus at his baptism); abundant gifts of the Spirit, and power (Moses, mighty in words and in deeds, Act 7:22; Jesus, mighty in deed and word, Luk 24:19); the deliverance wrought by each, and the judgment which, in each case, visited an ungrateful and disobedient people.
(b) both are disowned and rejected by the people: their divine mission was not recognized, Act 7:27, their holy sentiments were blasphemed, Act 7:28, the liberty which they offered, was scorned, Act 7:39, their memory was blotted out by an ungrateful generation, Act 7:40. II. Christs superiority to Moses. The latter delivers from temporal, Christ, from spiritual bondage; Moses delivers Israel, Christ, mankind; Moses was the agent of a temporal, Christ, the author of an eternal redemption [Heb 9:12]; Moses was a servant [Heb 3:5], Christ, is the Lord.
The early training of Hoses an illustration of Gods mode of preparing his chosen instruments: by means of, I. Great dangers, and divine protection, Act 7:21; II. Human learning, Act 7:22, and divine illumination, Act 7:30; III. Varied experience of the world, Act 7:22-24, and retired self-communion, Act 7:29; IV. Painful humiliations, Act 7:27-28, and rich exhibitions of divine grace, Act 7:32-34. (A similar view may be taken of the early history, and later experience of Joseph, David, Elijah, Paul, Luther, etc.).
Gods chosen instruments: I. The materials which he selects; II. The mode in which they are prepared; III. The tests to which they are subjected; IV. The work which he performs through them.
Moses, a model, as a true reformer: possessing, as he does, the indispensable qualifications of, I. Treasures of knowledge, and of religious experience; II. Clear views of the age in which he lived, and an ardent love for the people; III. An heroic spirit, in the presence of the world, and childlike humility in the presence of God and his word.
Moses, both a man of God, and also a man of the people: I. By birth, he belonged to the people; II. In spirit and character, he stood above the people; III. He labored in word and in deed for the people; IV. He acted against the people and their evil desires, in conformity to the law of God.
Moses among his people, or, The grace of God, and the ingratitude of men; I. The grace of God, Act 7:35-38; II. The ingratitude of men, Act 7:39-43. [The flight of Moses from Egypt, Act 7:29 : I. The circumstances which occasioned it; II. The divine purpose in permitting it.; III. The results. Or, viewed as illustrative, I. Of human character; II. Of the ways of Providence. Tr.]
Footnotes:
[25]Act 7:35. a. The perfect tense is supported by a far greater number of MSS. [A. B. D. E. and Cod. Sin.] than the aorist [of the text. rec. which follows C. H. The perf. is adopted by Lach., Tisch., and Alf.Tr.]
[26]Act 7:35. b. is most fully sustained by the authorities [A. B. C. D. E.; Syr., Vulg.], while ., which is obviously an easier reading, is found only in one MS. [H. but also in Cod. Sin.Meyer and de Wette think that was substituted for the original . in Lach., Tisch. and Alf.Tr.]
[27]Act 7:36. in A. E. H. [Cod. Sin.] and minuscule mss., as well as in the Greek church fathers, is, without doubt, the genuine reading, while [adopted by Lach. from B. C.] and may be traced to it as their original source. [Tisch. and Alf. read .Tr.]
[28]Act 7:37. a. Lachmann and Tischendorf [and Alf.], follow A. B. D., and prefer the shortest reading, i.e., . ., so that both before [of text. rec. with C. E. H.], and after the latter, are cancelled as interpolations. [Cod. Sin. omits both and ].So, too, [in the same verse], although not without authorities of weight, [C. D (corrected). E. Vulg., etc.], is, nevertheless, to be regarded as a spurious reading, since it could have been more easily interpolated from the original Hebrew and the Septuagint, than have been omitted, if it had originally constituted a part of the text. [The two words are omitted by Cod. Sin.Tr.]
[29]Act 7:37. b. [The margin of the Engl. Bible substitutes for: like unto me (Tynd.; Cranmer; Geneva) the more literal translation (Rheims): as myself.Tr.]
[30]Act 7:39. The reading is found only in one MS. [H.] of the first class, but occurs in others of the second class, and also in various ancient oriental versions and Greek church fathers; internal evidence, however, decides in favor of it, rather than in that of [of text. rec. with D. E.], or of . [of A. B. C. and Cod. Sin., and adopted by Lach.]. It has, accordingly, been preferred by Tischendorf [and Alf.]
[31]Act 7:43. a. The correct reading is, doubtless, without ; the latter word [of text. rec.] is wanting, it is true, only in two MSS., B. and D., and some oriental versions, but was probably inserted from the Septuagint, Amo 5:26. [, found in A. C. E. Cod. Sin., is omitted by Lach., Tisch. and Alf.Tr.]
[32]Act 7:43. b. The orthography of Rephan varies in a surprising manner; nearly every one of the principal MSS. has a form of the word peculiar to itself. Lachmann and Tischendorf [and Alf.] have adopted [in accordance with C. E., etc.; other forms are: , A. and Sept.; of text. rec. in a few MSS.; , D. and Vulg.; , B. and Complut.; or , H., etc.; , , Syr., etc.Cod. Sin. exhibits ; a later hand (C) corrected thus: .Tr.]
Fuente: A Commentary on the Holy Scriptures, Critical, Doctrinal, and Homiletical by Lange
35 This Moses whom they refused, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge? the same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer by the hand of the angel which appeared to him in the bush.
Ver. 35. By the hands ] That is, by the authority and conduct. Hands are not here taken for service, but ruledom; and Christ is set above Moses, asHeb 3:5Heb 3:5 .
Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
35. ] The second is repeated emphatically. So again, Act 7:36-38 [to impress on them God’s choice of one whom they rejected].
, Act 7:27 . The rejecter of Moses there is regarded as the representative of the nation : see note on , Act 7:26 . In this express mention of the rejection of Moses by the Jews and his election and mission by God, the parallel of Jesus Christ is no doubt in Stephen’s mind, and the inference intended to be drawn, that it does not follow that GOD REJECTS those whom THEY REJECTED.
The difficulty of has caused it to be altered into the historic tense, . But the perf. sets forth not only the fact of God’s sending Moses then , but the endurance of his mission till now him hath God sent : with a closer reference than before, to Him whom God had now exalted as the true . . See ch. Act 5:31 .
Fuente: Henry Alford’s Greek Testament
Act 7:35 . : followed by the triple , a significant and oratorical repetition anaphora or repetition of the pronoun, cf. Act 2:23 , Act 5:31 (so Bengel, Blass, Viteau, see also Simcox, Language of the N. T. , pp. 65, 66). It plainly appears to be one of the purposes, although we cannot positively say the chief purpose, of the speech to place Moses in typical comparison to Jesus and the behaviour of the Jews towards Him, Act 7:25 . ( ) : Moses was made by God a ruler and even more than a judge not but . But just as the denial of the Christ is compared with the denial of Moses, cf. and in Act 3:13 , so in the same way the wrought by Christ is compared with that wrought by Moses, cf. Luk 1:68 ; Luk 2:38 , Heb 9:12 , Tit 2:14 (so Wendt, in loco ) “omnia qu negaverant Judi Deus attribuit Moysi” (Blass). in LXX and in Philo, but not in classical Greek. In the Sept. the word is used of God Himself, Psa 19:14 ; Psa 78:35 ( cf. Deu 13:5 , and Psalms of Solomon , Act 9:1 ). , cf. Act 11:21 , but is closer to the classical with the helping and protecting hand, = , cf. Gal 3:19 . : Attic, Hellenistic, but in N.T. it varies, in Luk 20:37 feminine, in Mar 12:26 (and in LXX) masculine (W.H [207] ); Blass, Gram. , p. 26; Grimm-Thayer, sub v .
[207] Westcott and Hort’s The New Testament in Greek: Critical Text and Notes.
Fuente: The Expositors Greek Testament by Robertson
NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: Act 7:35-43
35This Moses whom they disowned, saying, “Who made you a ruler and a judge?” Is the one whom God sent to be both a ruler and a deliverer with the help of the angel who appeared to him in the thorn bush. 36This man led them out, performing wonders and signs in the land of Egypt and in the Red Sea and in the wilderness for forty years. 37This is the Moses who said to the sons of Israel, “God will raise up for you a prophet like me from your brethren.” 38This is the one who was in the congregation in the wilderness together with the angel who was speaking to him on Mount Sinai, and who was with our fathers; and he received living oracles to pass on to you. 39Our fathers were unwilling to be obedient to him, but repudiated him and in their hearts turned back to Egypt, 40saying to Aaron, “Make for us gods who will go before us; for this Moses who led us out of the land of Egyptwe do not know what happened to him.” 41At that time they made a calf and brought a sacrifice to the idol, and were rejoicing in the works of their hands. 42But God turned away and delivered them up to serve the host of heaven; as it is written in the book of the prophets, “It was not to Me that you offered victims and sacrifices forty years in the wilderness, was it, O house of Israel? 43You also took along the tabernacle of Moloch and the star of the god Rompha, the images which you made to worship. I also will remove you beyond Babylon.”
Act 7:35 “This Moses whom they disowned” God’s people regularly reject God’s spokesperson (cf. Act 7:51-52). This may even be the purpose of Act 7:27!
“with the help of the angel who appeared to him in the thorn bush” Again God came to an Israelite outside the Promised Land. God’s activity was not limited to any locality. Much of Israel’s history occurred outside Canaan and before the Temple in Jerusalem. All through the Israelites’ history God’s leaders were rejected by their peers (cf. Act 7:9; Act 7:27-28; Act 7:35; Act 7:39). This is a recurrent theme.
This angel is depicted as deity (cf. Exo 3:2; Exo 3:4). This divine physical manifestation can also be seen in Gen 16:7-13; Gen 22:11-15; Gen 31:11; Gen 31:13; Gen 48:15-16; Exo 13:21; Exo 14:19; Jdg 2:1; Jdg 6:22-23; Jdg 13:3-22; Zec 3:1-2. However, it must be stated that “the angel of the Lord” is not always a divine physical manifestation; sometimes he is just an angel, a messenger, (cf. Gen 24:7; Gen 24:40; Exo 23:20-23; Exo 32:34; Num 22:22; Jdg 5:23; 2Sa 24:16; 1Ch 21:15 ff; Zec 1:11; Zechariah 12-13).
Act 7:36 This is a summary of God’s miraculous power (i.e., Moses’ staff) through Moses and Aaron.
Act 7:37-38 This is a Messianic quote from Deu 18:15. Stephen is identifying God’s presence during the Exodus and Wilderness Wandering Period as both God’s angel and God’s special successor of Moses (i.e., the Messiah, the Prophet). Stephen is not depreciating Moses, but truly listening to Moses!
Act 7:38 “congregation” This is the Greek term ekklesia, but it is used in the sense of assembly, not church. See Special Topic: Church at Act 5:11.
“the angel who was speaking to him on Mount Sinai” Rabbinical theology asserted that angels were mediators between YHWH and the giving of the Law (see note at Act 7:53). It is also possible that the angel refers to YHWH Himself (cf. Exo 3:21 compared to Act 14:19; and also Exo 32:34; Num 20:16; Jdg 2:1).
Act 7:39 “our fathers were unwilling to be obedient to him” Stephen is connecting the dots of OT rebellion. His implication is that the Jews have always rejected God’s leaders, and now they have rejected the Messiah.
“repudiated him” This account is found in Num 14:3-4.
Act 7:40-41 This account is found in Exodus 32. This was not idolatry, but the creation of a physical image of God. It later turned into fertility worship.
Act 7:41 Stephen interprets the golden calf as an idol and uses this historical event to introduce a quote from Amos 5, which implies that Israel, even as far back as the Exodus and Wilderness Wandering, was idolatrous and rebellious.
Act 7:42 “God turned away and delivered them up to serve” Act 7:42-43 are quotes from Amo 5:25-27 where Amos asserts that Israel was always offering sacrifices to foreign gods. It was a regular, and early, pattern of their history (cf. Jos 24:20). This reminds one of the drastic statements of rejection in Rom 1:24; Rom 1:26; Rom 1:28.
“the host of heaven” This refers to Assyrian and Babylonian astral worship (cf. Deu 17:3; 2Ki 17:16; 27:3; 2Ch 33:3; 2Ch 33:5; Jer 8:2; Jer 19:13). There are several textual problems between the Hebrew text (MT) of Amo 5:25-27, the Greek text (LXX) and Stephen’s quote:
1. the name of the star god. The MT has kywn or kaiwann, the Assyrian name for the planet Saturn. The LXX has rypn or raiphan, which may be repa, the Egyptian name for the planetary god of Saturn.
2. the Hebrew text (MT) and the Greek text (LXX) have “beyond Damascus,” while Stephen quotes “beyond Babylon.”
There is no known manuscript of Amos that has the reading. Stephen may have been combining the Assyrians exile, of which Amos speaks, with the later Babylonian exile of Judah, but substituting the place of exile.
The worship of astral deities began in Mesopotamia, but spread into Syria and Canaan (cf. Job 31:26-27). The archaeological discovery at Tell El-Amarna, which included hundreds of letters from Canaan to Egypt in the 14th century B.C. also uses these astral deities as place names.
“in the book of the prophets” This refers to the scroll that contained the twelve minor prophets (cf. Act 13:40). The quote in Act 7:42-43 is from the Septuagint of Amo 5:25-27.
The next phrase in Act 7:42 is a question that expects a “no” answer.
Act 7:43 “Moloch” The Hebrew consonants for the word king are mlk (BDB 574). There are several Canaanite gods whose names are a play on these three consonants, Milcom, Molech, or Moloch. Moloch was the chief fertility god of the Amorites to whom children were offered to ensure the health and prosperity of the community or nation (cf. Lev 20:2-5; Deu 12:31; 1Ki 11:5; 1Ki 11:7; 1Ki 11:33; 2Ki 23:10; 2Ki 23:13-14; Jer 7:31; Jer 32:35). A. T. Robertson, Word Pictures In the New Testament, vol. 3, p. 93, says Moloch was “an ox-headed image with arms outstretched in which children were placed and hollow underneath so that fire could burn underneath.” The mention of the term Molech in Lev 18:21 in context of inappropriate sexual unions, has caused some scholars to assume that children were not sacrificed to Molech, but dedicated to him as temple prostitutes, male and female. The concept fits in the general practices of fertility worship.
“images” See Special Topic following.
SPECIAL TOPIC: FORM (TUPOS)
Fuente: You Can Understand the Bible: Study Guide Commentary Series by Bob Utley
deliverer = redeemer. Greek. lutroes. Only here. Compare lutron, ransom (Mat 20:28. Mar 10:45); lutroo, redeem (Luk 24:21. Tit 2:14. 1Pe 1:18); lutrosis, redemption (Luk 1:68; Luk 2:38. Heb 9:12).
by = in. Greek. en, but the texts read sun.
Fuente: Companion Bible Notes, Appendices and Graphics
35.] The second is repeated emphatically. So again, Act 7:36-38 [to impress on them Gods choice of one whom they rejected].
, Act 7:27. The rejecter of Moses there is regarded as the representative of the nation: see note on , Act 7:26. In this express mention of the rejection of Moses by the Jews and his election and mission by God, the parallel of Jesus Christ is no doubt in Stephens mind, and the inference intended to be drawn, that it does not follow that GOD REJECTS those whom THEY REJECTED.
The difficulty of has caused it to be altered into the historic tense, . But the perf. sets forth not only the fact of Gods sending Moses then, but the endurance of his mission till now-him hath God sent: with a closer reference than before, to Him whom God had now exalted as the true . . See ch. Act 5:31.
Fuente: The Greek Testament
Act 7:35. , this) So is used thrice in the three following verses, by a grand Anaphora [See Append. The repetition of the same word in beginnings].-, they refused or denied) Forty years before, they had denied him. In the book of GOD there is accurate note made of what mortals speak against GOD; and the words and deeds of one man are ascribed also to those who are of the same mind: Rom 1:32. Something may be denied (it is possible in some cases to deny) even by the mere will or wish.- , ) A gradation: , a prince; , a chief leader; , a judge, one who delivers or rescues a private individual from a private individual; , a redeemer or deliverer, who rescues a nation from a nation. So too GOD made Jesus, whom the Jews had denied, Lord.- ) is the expression in Hebrew.-, of the angel) viz. the Lord, the Son of God: see Act 7:30-31. See L. de Dieu on this passage.
Fuente: Gnomon of the New Testament
angel
(See Scofield “Heb 1:4”).
Fuente: Scofield Reference Bible Notes
Moses: Act 7:9-15, Act 7:27, Act 7:28, Act 7:51, 1Sa 8:7, 1Sa 8:8, 1Sa 10:27, Luk 19:14, Joh 18:40, Joh 19:15
the same: Psa 75:7, Psa 113:7, Psa 113:8, Psa 118:22, Psa 118:23
a ruler: Act 2:36, Act 3:22, Act 5:31, 1Sa 12:8, Neh 9:10-14, Psa 77:20, Isa 63:11, Isa 63:12, Rev 15:3
by: Act 7:30, Exo 14:19, Exo 14:24, Exo 23:20-23, Exo 32:34, Exo 33:2, Exo 33:12-15, Num 20:16, Isa 63:9, Col 1:15, Heb 2:2
Reciprocal: Gen 26:27 – seeing Gen 37:8 – reign over us Gen 45:7 – to preserve you a posterity Exo 2:14 – Who Exo 6:26 – Bring Exo 18:1 – God Num 16:13 – thou make Num 20:4 – why Deu 33:16 – the good Jdg 11:5 – to fetch Psa 103:7 – He made Psa 105:26 – sent Pro 8:33 – refuse Hos 12:13 – General Zec 3:6 – the Mar 8:31 – rejected Luk 20:2 – who Joh 9:29 – know Act 7:38 – with the 1Co 1:27 – General Heb 12:25 – refuse
Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
5
Act 7:35. Stephen does not include the conversations between God and Moses about his (Moses’) fitness for the commission: that record is in Exodus 3, 4. But he remind his hearers that the very man who the Hebrew resented was the one God sent to rule over them. He is getting his speech shaped up for application to his hearers.
Fuente: Combined Bible Commentary
Act 7:35. This Moses. Very impressively and with marked emphasis, Stephen, in Act 7:35-38, four times repeats the demonstrative pronoun thus: This Moses, This is that Moses, This is he, etc., whom the children of Israel refused, but whom God marked with such distinguished honour. By men rejected, but by God exalted to be ruler and deliverer; the miracle – worker in Egypt, in the Red Sea, in the desert; the one among men whom the great Prophet (the Messiah) afterwards to be raised up, should resemble; the friend of the Angel of the wilderness from whom he received the sacred law: this was he whom our fathers chose to thrust from them! [Might not those judges of the Sanhedrim conclude from this awful lesson of the past, that it does not follow that God rejects him whom they had rejected?]
The parallel between the great Hebrew lawgiver and his own crucified Master, scarcely veiled at first, except by the studied concealment of the name of Jesus Christ, as the argument proceeds, becomes closer and more marked. The choice of the titles which Stephen gives to Moses is evidently suggested by the striking parallel ever in his mind. They rejected Moses as ruler and judge; but God sent him to be their ruler, and designing him for an office far higher than that of judge, caused him to become redeemer of the whole nation.
Fuente: A Popular Commentary on the New Testament
Act 7:35-36. This Moses, whom they refused Namely, forty years before: probably not they, but their fathers did it, and God imputes it to them. So God frequently imputes the sins of parents to those of their children who are of the same spirit. The same did God send to be a ruler and deliverer Which is much more than a judge. By the hand That is, by the means; of the angel See on Act 7:30. He brought them out Though for a while he hesitated, he afterward complied, and at length led them forth in triumph, a willing people listed under his banner; after he had showed wonders and signs in the land of Egypt Which were afterward continued for the completing their deliverance, according as the case called for it; in the Red sea, and in the wilderness, forty years During which space they were every day miraculously fed with manna from heaven, and conducted by a pillar of fire and cloud, and had a variety of other astonishing miracles wrought in their behalf continually. Thus Stephen is so far from blaspheming Moses, that he extols him as a glorious instrument in the hand of God in the forming of the Old Testament Church. But it does not at all derogate from his just honour, to say that he was but an instrument, and was excelled by Jesus, whom he encourages these Jews yet to receive and obey; not fearing, if they did so, but that they should be accepted, and obtain salvation by him, as the people of Israel were delivered by Moses, though they had once refused him.
Fuente: Joseph Bensons Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
See notes on verse 30
Fuente: McGarvey and Pendleton Commentaries (New Testament)
7:35 This Moses whom they refused, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge? the same did God send [to be] a ruler and a deliverer by the {m} hand of the angel which appeared to him in the bush.
(m) By the power.
Fuente: Geneva Bible Notes
The very man whom the Israelite leaders had rejected as their ruler and judge (Act 7:27) God sent to fulfill that role with His help (cf. Act 3:13-15). Moses proceeded to perform signs and wonders in Egypt, at the Red Sea, and in the wilderness.
The third reference to 40 years (cf. Act 7:23; Act 7:30; Act 7:36) divides Moses’ career into three distinct parts. These stages were (1) preparation ending with rejection by his brethren, (2) preparation ending with his return to Egypt, and (3) ruling and judging Israel. The parallels with the career of Jesus become increasingly obvious as Stephen’s speech unfolds.
"Jesus too had been brought out of Egypt by Joseph and Mary, had passed through the waters of Jordan at his baptism (the Red Sea), and had been tempted in the wilderness for forty days." [Note: Neil, p. 111.]
As Moses became Israel’s ruler and judge with angelic assistance, so will Jesus. As Moses had done miracles, so had Jesus. The ultimate prophet that Moses had predicted would follow him was Jesus (cf. Act 3:22).
"Stephen naturally lingers over Moses, ’in whom they trusted’ (Jn. Act 7:45-47), showing that the lawgiver, rejected by his people (35), foreshadowed the experience of Christ (Jn. i. 11)." [Note: Blaiklock, p. 76.]