Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Leviticus 16:33
And he shall make an atonement for the holy sanctuary, and he shall make an atonement for the tabernacle of the congregation, and for the altar, and he shall make an atonement for the priests, and for all the people of the congregation.
33. all the people of the assembly ] An unusual expression, contrasting them with the priests who were also members of it.
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
A summary of what was done on the day of atonement.
The day was intended as an occasion for expressing more completely than could be done in the ordinary sacrifices the spiritual truth of atonement, with a fuller acknowledgment of the sinfulness and weakness of man and of the corruptible nature of all earthly things, even of those most solemnly consecrated and devoted to the service of God. It belonged to its observances especially to set forth, by the entrance of the high priest into the holy of holies, that atonement could only he effected before the throne of Yahweh Himself (compare Mat 9:6; Mar 2:7-10; Heb 4:16, etc.); and, by the goat sent into the wilderness, that the sins atoned for were not only forgiven, but carried wholly away. See Lev 16:22 note. The rites were a solemn gathering up of all other rites of atonement, so as to make them point more expressively to the revelation to come of Gods gracious purpose to man in sending His Son to be delivered for our offences, and to rise again for our justification; to be our great high priest forever after the order of Melchisedec, and to enter for us within the veil Rom 4:25; Heb 6:20. The Day of Atonement expanded the meaning of every sin-offering, in the same way as the services for Good Friday and Ash Wednesday expand the meaning of our litany days throughout the year, and Easter Day, that of our Sundays.
Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible
And he shall make an atonement for the holy sanctuary,…. The holy of holies, just in the same manner as Aaron had done,
Le 16:16;
and he shall make an atonement for the tabernacle of the congregation; the court of the tabernacle, and the holy place, and all in them, as Aaron did, in the places referred
and for the altar; see Le 16:18:
and he shall make an atonement for the priests; for himself and for his family, and for all the priests, as Aaron did by his bullock of the sin offering, Le 16:6:
and for all the people of the congregation of Israel; the whole body of the Israelites, and with them the Levites, as Aben Ezra observes, for they are not called priests; indeed every priest was a Levite, but not every Levite a priest; wherefore these were included not among the priests, but in the congregation of Israel. These several atonements, according to Ben Gersom, were separate and distinct, and did not hinder one another, or interfere with one another.
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
(33) And he shall make an atonement.Like Aaron, the successor to the pontificate is to perform the service of expiation as detailed in this chapter, a summary of which is here given.
Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)
33. The holy sanctuary The holy of holies, as distinguished from the tabernacle of the congregation, the apartment of the priests. “The holy things were rendered unclean, not only by the sins of those who touched them, but by the uncleanness, that is, the bodily manifestation, of the sin of the nation; so that they required a yearly expiation and cleansing through the expiatory blood of sacrifice.” Keil and Delitzsch. “Thus was the sanctuary cleansed from the defilement of priests and worshippers, and the communion of the Church with its Lord re-established. Alike priests and worshippers could now again have sacrificial access to and fellowship with God. It still remained to cleanse from personal guilt and sin. This was effected by the so-called ‘scapegoat.’” Dr. Edersheim. The human nature of the Word made flesh in which he tabernacled ( ) (Joh 1:14) and wrought out the work of human redemption, being absolutely holy, never needed purification, since in both flesh and spirit he was “holy, harmless, and undefiled.”
Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
“And he shall make atonement for the holy sanctuary; and he shall make atonement for the tent of meeting and for the altar; and he shall make atonement for the priests and for all the people of the assembly.”
The solemn responsibility of ‘The Priest’ is made clear. On this Day he is to make atonement for the sanctuary, for the tent of meeting and for the altar, and for the priests and all the people as described above.
Fuente: Commentary Series on the Bible by Peter Pett
DISCOURSE: 133
DUTIES REQUIRED ON THE GREAT DAY OF ATONEMENT
Lev 16:29-30; Lev 16:33. And this shall be a statute for ever unto you, that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, ye shall afflict your souls, and do no work at all, whether it be one of your own country, or a stranger that sojourneth among you. For on that day shall the priest make an atonement for you, to cleanse you, that ye may be clean from all your sins before the Lord And he shall make an atonement for the holy sanctuary, and he shall make an atonement for the tabernacle of the congregation, and for the altar; and he shall make an atonement far the priests, and for all the people of the congregation.
THE wisdom and piety of the Church in early ages appointed, that a considerable portion of time at this season of the year should be devoted annually to the particular consideration of Our Saviours sufferings; and that the day on which he is supposed to have died upon the cross, should be always observed as a solemn fast. In process of time many superstitious usages were introduced; which, however, in the Reformed Churches, have been very properly discontinued. But it is much to be regretted, that, whilst we have cast off the yoke of Popish superstition, we have lost, in a very great measure, that regard for the solemnities which our Reformers themselves retained; and which experience has proved to be highly conducive to the spiritual welfare of mankind. The Nativity of our Lord indeed, because it is a feast, is observed by almost all persons with a religious reverence; but the day of his death, being to be kept as a fast, is almost wholly disregarded; insomuch that the house of God is scarcely at all attended, and the various vocations of men proceed almost without interruption in their accustomed channel. We are well aware that the Jewish institutions are not to be revived: but, though the ordinances themselves have ceased, the moral ends for which they were instituted should be retained; nor should any means, whereby they may, in perfect consistency with Christian liberty, be attained, be deemed unworthy of our attention.
The great day of annual expiation was the most solemn appointment in the whole of the Mosaic economy. Its avowed purpose was to bring men to repentance, and to faith in the atonement which should in due time be offered. Now these are the sole ends for which an annual fast is observed on this day: and, if they be attained by us, we shall have reason to bless God for ever that such an appointment has been preserved in the Church.
In considering the passage before us there are two things to be noticed;
I.
The objects for which atonement was made
To have a just view of this subject, we must not rest in the general idea of an atonement for sin, but must enter particularly into the consideration of the specific objects for which the atonement was made. It was made,
1.
For the High-Priest
[The persons who filled the office of the priesthood were partakers of the same corrupt nature, as was in those for whom they ministered: and, being themselves shiners, they needed an atonement for themselves [Note: Heb 5:1-3.]: nor could they hope to interpose with effect between God and the people, unless they themselves were first brought into a state of reconciliation with God. Hence they were necessitated to offer first of all for their own sins.
And this is a point which reflects peculiar light on the excellency of the dispensation under which we live. Our High-Priest was under no such necessity: He had no sin of his own to answer for [Note: 1Pe 2:22.]: and hence it is that his atonement becomes effectual for? us [Note: 1Jn 3:5; 2Co 5:21.]: for, if he had needed any atonement for himself, he never could have procured reconciliation for us [Note: Heb 7:26-28.] ]
2.
For the people
[All the people of the congregation were considered as sinners; and for all of them indiscriminately was the atonement offered. None were supposed to be so holy as not to need it, nor any so vile as to be excluded from a participation of its benefits.
But here again we are reminded of the superior excellency of the Christian dispensation. For though, among the Jews, the atonement was offered for all, it did not suffice for the removal of guilt from all: it took off the dread of punishment for ceremonial defilements; but left the people at large, and especially all who had been guilty of presumptuous sin, under the dread of a future reckoning at the tribunal of God. It could not make any man perfect as pertaining to the conscience [Note: Heb 9:9-10.]. The very repetition of those sacrifices from year to year shewed, that some further atonement was necessary [Note: Heb 10:1-4.]. But under the Gospel the reconciliation offered to us is perfect: it extends to all persons and all sins, in all ages, and quarters, of the world. No guilt is left upon the conscience, no dread of future retribution remains, where the atonement of Christ has had its full effect [Note: Heb 9:14.]: there is peace with God, even a peace that passeth all understanding: He perfects, yea, perfects for ever, all them that are sanctified [Note: Heb 10:14; Heb 10:17; Heb 10:21-22.].]
3.
For the sanctuary itself and the altar
[Even the house of God, and the altar which sanctified every tiling that was put upon it, were rendered unclean by the ministrations of sinful men. The very touch or presence of such guilty creatures communicated a defilement, which could not be purged away but by the blood of atonement. The high-priest, even while making atonement for the holy place, contracted pollution, from which he must wash himself, before he could proceed in his priestly work [Note: 4.]. In like manner, the person who led away the scape-goat into the wilderness, and the person who burnt the sin-offering without the camp, must wash, both their persons and their clothes, before they could be re-admitted into the camp [Note: 628.]. What an idea does this give us of the corruption of human nature, when even the most holy actions, performed according to the express appointment of God, were, by a painful necessity, the means and occasions of fresh defilement!
From the atonement required for the sanctuary we learn, that heaven itself, so to speak, is defiled by the admission of sinners into it; and that on that very account it could not be a meet habitation for the Deity, if it were not purified by the atoning blood of Christ [Note: Heb 9:23.].]
A just view of these things will discover to us the connexion between the atonement itself, and,
II.
The duty especially enjoined at the time of that atonement
To afflict the soul is our duty at all times
[As for the penances which men have contrived for the afflicting of the body, they are neither acceptable to God, nor beneficial to man: they tend to keep men from true repentance, rather than to lead them to it. Doubtless such a measure of fasting and bodily self-denial as shall aid the soul in its operations, is good: but still it is the soul chiefly that must be afflicted. That is the principal seat of sin, and therefore should be the principal seat of our sorrows. Indeed, it is the soul alone which possesses a capacity for real and rational humiliation.
Now as there is no man who does not in many things, yea, in every thing to a certain degree offend, there is no man who does not need to afflict his soul, and to humble himself before God on account of his defects.
But it may be asked. How is this to be done? How can we reach our soul, so as to afflict it? I answer, By meditating deeply on our sins. We should call to mind all the transactions of our former lives, and compare them with the holy commands of God. We should, as far as possible, make all our sins pass in renew before us: we should consider their number and variety, their constancy and continuance, their magnitude and enormity: we should search out all the aggravating circumstances with which they have been committed, as being done against light and knowledge, against mercies and judgments, against vows and resolutions, and, above all, against redeeming love. We should contemplate our desert and danger on account of them, and our utter loathsomeness in the sight of God. This is the way to bring the soul to a broken and contrite state: and this is the duty of every living man.]
But it was peculiarly proper on the great day of atonement
[The exercise of godly sorrow would further in a variety of views a just improvement of all the solemnities of that day.
It would dispose the person to justify God in requiring such services. Those who felt no sense of sin would be ready to complain of the ordinances as burthensome and expensive: but those who were truly contrite, would be thankful, that God had appointed any means of obtaining reconciliation with him
It would prepare the person for a just reception of Gods mercy. An obdurate heart would reject the promises, just as the trodden path refuses to receive the seed that is cast upon it. The fallow ground must be broken up before the seed can be sown in it to good effect
It would lead the person to acknowledge with gratitude the unbounded goodness of God. A person, unconscious of any malady, would pour contempt on any prescription that was offered him for the healing of his diseases: but one who felt himself languishing under a fatal, and, to all appearance, incurable disorder, would accept with thankfulness any remedy which he knew would restore his health. Thus it is the penitent sinner, and he only, that will value the offers of mercy through the blood of atonement
Lastly, it would stimulate him to greater watchfulness and diligence in future. Suppose a person pardoned; if he felt not the evil and bitterness of sin, he would be as remiss and careless as ever: but, if his heart had been altogether broken with a sense of sin, if he had groaned under it as an intolerable burthen, he would be doubly careful lest he should subject himself again to the same distress and danger: and the more assured he was of pardon and acceptance with God, the more desirous he would be to render unto God according to the benefits received from him ]
The reflections to which this subject will naturally give rise, are such as these:
1.
How vain is the idea of establishing a righteousness of our own!
[If the most holy actions of the most holy men, done expressly according to the divine appointment, rendered the persons unclean, yea and the very sanctuary of God and the altar itself unclean, so that the washing of water and the sprinkling of blood were necessary for their purification, who are we, that we should be able so to live as to claim a reward on the ground of merit? Let us lay aside this vain conceit, which, if not corrected, will infallibly issue in our own destruction. We need one to bear the iniquity of our holy things [Note: Exo 28:38.], no less than the iniquity of our vilest actions: and, from first to last, we must receive eternal life as the free unmerited gift of God through Jesus Christ [Note: Rom 6:23.].]
2.
How transcendent must be the efficacy of our Redeemers blood!
[All these sacrifices which were repeated from year to year could never purge the conscience of one single individual: but the blood of Jesus Christ, once shed on Calvary, is sufficient to cleanse the whole world. Stupendous thought! Let us endeavour to realize it, and to get the evidence of it in our own souls ]
3.
How blessed is the issue of true repentance!
[Men imagine that to afflict the soul is the way to be miserable: but the very reverse is true: to sow in tears is the sure way to reap in joy [Note: Psa 126:5.]. How beautifully was this represented on the day of atonement! It was on that day (every fiftieth year) that the Jubilee was to be proclaimed [Note: Lev 25:9.]. What a blessed termination of the day was this! What a balm to every afflicted soul! Think of the joy which pervaded the whole country, when every man was rendered free, and all returned to their lost inheritance [Note: Lev 25:10.] ! Such shall be the happy experience of all who afflict their souls for sin and rely upon the atoning blood of Christ. They that go on their way weeping, bearing precious seed, shall doubtless come again with rejoicing, bringing their sheaves with them [Note: Psa 126:6.].]
Fuente: Charles Simeon’s Horae Homileticae (Old and New Testaments)
Lev 16:33 And he shall make an atonement for the holy sanctuary, and he shall make an atonement for the tabernacle of the congregation, and for the altar, and he shall make an atonement for the priests, and for all the people of the congregation.
Ver. 33. For the holy sanctuary. ] For all the sins of your holy services, it being the manner that either makes or mars an action.
Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
Lev 16:6, Lev 16:16, Lev 16:18, Lev 16:19, Lev 16:24, Exo 20:25, Exo 20:26
Reciprocal: 1Ch 23:13 – sanctify Eze 45:18 – and cleanse