The inhabitants of Meroz (a village 12 miles from Samaria) hung back, and gave no help in the day of battle, although it was Yahweh who called them. Hence, the curse pronounced by the Angel of the Lord.

Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible

Jdg 5:23

Curse ye Meroz . . . because they came not to the help of the Lord.

The doom of Meroz

I. The sin of the men of meroz is described in very remarkable terms, although we have grown so familiar with them as scarce perhaps to notice their strange character: They came not to the help of the Lord. Everywhere we read of the Lords coming to the help of man; but man coming to the help of the Lord seems strange. The Lord employs instruments for the executing of His purposes, though He needs them not. The tribes of Israel were summoned to this war, and the inhabitants of Meroz declined the summons. Well; but God had entered into marriage covenant with Israel. The kingdom of Israel was His kingdom. The interests of Israel were His interests; and He had bound up with them the glory of His own name. Accordingly it is not now said of the men of Meroz that they came not to Deborahs help, nor to Baraks help, nor even to the help of Israel, but that they came not to the help of the Lord.

1. A little more specifically, the sin of the men of Meroz had in it unbelief–criminal distrust of the word and promise and power of the living God. No doubt it was largely cowardice that led them to refuse their aid. But whence the cowardice? They did not believe that the Canaanites could be subdued. They would keep on good terms with the oppressors to save their own heads.

2. But besides criminal unbelief–that root and strength of all other iniquities–the sin of the men of Meroz had in it a vile preference of their own ease, and fancied present interest before the authority and honour and interest of the God of Israel.

3. And thus, further, their sin was nothing less than enmity, war, against the living God. Doubtless they would be fain to say, What have we done so much against Him? we have but sat still in our quiet homes. Aye, and therein fought against Him. Oh, there is no possible medium between the love of the adorable God and the hatred of Him–between willing, active service rendered to God and hostility, war, against Him–He that is not with Me is against Me; and he that gathereth not with Me scattereth abroad.

4. It was to the help of the Lord against the mighty they refused to come–against the mighty. Had the enemy, that is to say, been a feeble, contemptible one in numbers and strength, they might have had some plausible pretext for leaving the struggle to others. But all was in reality at stake.

II. Notice the judgment of the Lord against the men of Meroz for this sin. I think there can be very little doubt that there must have been some special aggravation in the case of Meroz which has not been placed on record–perhaps its having been in the immediate neighbourhood of the field of action, together with some more emphatic treachery of dealing in its refusal of aid. Lessons:

1. First, a lesson of duty–very urgent duty. It will help to bring both the duty and the urgency of it better out if it is borne in mind that, from the fall of our race downwards, the Lord has had a controversy, so to speak–a quarrel in this fallen world–a war with mighty adversaries, Satan, sin, the world that lieth in the wicked one–His gracious purpose having all along been in that war to call a people out of the world for the glory of His own name–an innumerable multitude of all kindreds and peoples and tongues, to be washed, and sanctified, and justified, in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by the Spirit of our God.

2. Observe a second lesson of a different character, one of precious and varied encouragement to all such as are disposed humbly, yet resolutely and prayerfully, to offer themselves to the help of the Lord against the mighty. See, for example, how He will condescend to receive and welcome your aid (Jdg 5:9). And see the grateful mention, if I might so speak with reverence, which God makes of particular services (Jdg 5:14).

3. Once more, we have a lesson here of solemn warning–duty, encouragement, warning. For observe that it is by no means any and every kind of help and service that will suffice to separate us from the class, and save us from the curse, of the inhabitants of Meroz. A man may come, for example, with a help so stinted and grudging as to make it quite manifest that it is but the covering up of a desire to be let alone altogether. Or he may come with a help not so stinted in the simple amount of it, yet not offered to the Lord Himself, which is the hinge, you will carefully observe, of this whole matter, they came not to the help of the Lord–Ye did it, or, ye did it not, to Me. Assuredly, by how much the Lord has revealed His condescension and grace, in making offer to us of so marvellous a oneness of cause and interest and blessedness with Himself, by so much the more aggravated a judgment and doom must the contempt and rejection of that grace bring with it. (C. J. Brown, D. D.)

Co-operation in Gods cause required of all

I. From the earliest periods of time God has been graciously pleased to provide for the deliverance of His people from the thraldom and bondage into which they have been brought by sin.

II. In the prosecution of this work Jehovah meets with much and mighty opposition.

III. The people of God are required to co-operate with Jehovah in reference to His designs as to the children of men.

IV. Among those who are thus summoned to the help of the Lord, there are some who disregard the call.

V. To withhold our co-operative aid in reference to the designs of God to bring the world from the bondage of sin to His own blessed service is most criminal and destructive. (W. Roby.)

Why was Meroz cursed?

What had Meroz done to deserve the punishment of God? In the first place, Meroz had omitted to do a positive and plain duty. They did not join with the enemy, but they refused to help the people of God. Then again, the sin of Meroz was a sin of lukewarmness, carelessness. Supposing England to have been overrun by an hostile army. Supposing that at last, gathering all her strength to repel her enemies from her fair country, one town in an important position refused to join in the battle at a critical moment, so that the enemies of England were not crushed as we desired to see them. Surely all England would ring with words of hatred for the people that could so act. Meroz was guilty of lack of patriotism, but a lack of patriotism in the case of the children of Israel was also a lack of proper religious zeal. Well, then, in the third place, Meroz let slip an opportunity; it neglected a crisis in its life. The war led up to the gates of Meroz, the opportunity was given to them of striking a blow for God against sinners. The opportunity was refused.

1. From the conduct of the people of Meroz, then, we may take three great warnings; and in the first place a warning against sins of omission. People are apt to think a very great deal too little about sins of omission. We are all of us apt to slur over the good things which we have left undone, and to think that the only thing hateful in the sight of God or offensive to Him whom we call our heavenly Father are the gross sins which attract perhaps the observation and hatred of others, and from which our own consciences do naturally recoil. How very often do you hear a person say in a satisfied way that they have never done harm to anybody. Such persons who say that are in great danger. They seem to see no sins though there may be many in their lives; but they have forgotten altogether that the object of their own crisis, the very object of their coming into the world, was not to do no sin, but to glorify God by their lives. Neglecting prayers. When we lift up our hands to God on high and call Him our Father, when we have that mighty privilege and that great duty accorded to us and yet neglect it, is it no sin, I say, to go day by day with careless prayers, or neglected prayers, to God? Surely there is some sin in neglecting our Church and our duties of public worship. And then again, while we think of habits of evil and so forth, we are inclined not to think half enough about encouraging habits of good, doing what is right as well as avoiding what is wrong. Then again, faith–a great duty to us. Yet how many go on through life without ever troubling themselves to look into the matters of their faith, or how many dare to live on through life with a sort of lurking or lingering doubt at their hearts, which chills all their acts of devotion and makes their lives unlovely in the sight of God. The curse of God came down on Meroz; doomed to judgment was the city, not because it did that which was wrong in opposing the people of God, but because she neglected a plain duty that God had put before her plainly.

2. Then we see, in the second place, that the sin of Meroz was a sin of lukewarmness. We are warned very frequently and very earnestly in Holy Scripture about the sin of lukewarmness, not being eager to take the part of God, not being eager to proclaim ourselves His children and to show ourselves worthy of the membership of His Church. There are many warnings to this effect, notably, the character of Esau in the Old Testament. And then you remember, surely, those awful denunciations in the Book of the Revelation against the lukewarm Laodicea. We are inclined to be very hot and earnest and keen about matters of business, or about matters of pleasure, or about matters of politics, or perhaps we may even add about matters of Church partisanship. But how about true religion? Oh, we say, Let us take that easy. Our fathers did, perhaps, before us, why should not we? Do not let us take any trouble about that. That will come all right in the end.

3. And again, in the last place, we notice that the sin of Meroz was neglecting to seize an opportunity, letting a crisis in its history pass by without making use of it. The opportunity was given for striking a blow for God, and it was let slip by. We are in danger in this way. There are crises in every man and womans life, crises in the lives of all of us, which God gives to us; some of very vital importance–opportunities, which may perhaps never come again, of striking some blow for God, or of gaining some great spiritual victory over the sins which beset us. It is very important to remember this. (Cecil Hook, M. A.)

Coming to the help of the Lord

1. Meroz is never again mentioned in Scripture, and its exact site is unknown. Its sin resulted in its extinction. What was that sin?

(1) It was, first, an act of selfishness. The inhabitants of Meroz cared only for their own interests. The yoke of Jabin did not apparently lie so heavily upon them as upon the northern tribes. They could see no advantage to be gained for themselves by a military revolt, and they would run no risks in connection with it.

(2) It was, therefore, a neglect of duty. They did not fight against their brethren, but they would not fight for them. It was a purely negative sin, a sin of omission, but it was none the less a distinct and positive No to the call of duty.

(3) This refusal was an act of impiety. It betrayed a sad lack of patriotism and a contemptible indifference towards national freedom and honour. These miserable lovers of case had the souls of slaves, and were unworthy of their ancestral traditions. Their indifference was, moreover, impious. It implied a disregard of God, whose worship they were bound to uphold.

2. Meroz has perished; but did none of its inhabitants escape? Have they not had a numerous progeny and become a great people spread over the face of the earth? Their descendants are not unknown among ourselves. Is there nothing in our life that corresponds to the sin of Meroz? Consider our position in relation to the gospel of Christ, and we shall see. Our Lord has summoned us to the conquest of the world. All souls are His–His by right of creation and redemption, as they should also be by willing submission. That submission is hindered by mens ignorance and error, by reckless indifference and deliberate sin, by calculating worldliness not less than by unbridled self-indulgence. Against these foes the whole force of the gospel is directed. Every man, be he learned or ignorant, an Englishman or a Hindoo, is interested in that fact, and needs the help of which it is at once the pledge and the source. Christ, and Christ only, is the Saviour of the world; even as, on the other hand, every man belongs unto Christ, and is bound by the most stringent and absolute obligation to Him who is Lord of all. Christ comes not to this conquest alone, but as Captain of the Lords host. He summons His people to His side, gives them spear and shield, and equips them for the fight. We have, of course, the power of refusal. Our Lord asks for willing service, and will have no pressed men in the ranks. You can escape this service if you are so minded, meeting Christs call and your brothers need with a flat denial.

Multitudes do so fail, and why?

1. Some are influenced by a false intellectualism. Let us, as far as it is in our power, know the best that has been thought and said, come in contact with master minds, understand their working, see things as with their eyes, and catch the glow of their enthusiasm. To gaze on the fair forms of truth and beauty, to listen to the harmonies of perfect music, is a pure delight, and imparts an added charm to life. But such an aim touches only a small part of our duty. The knowledge of Christ–the crown of all science–can only be acquired by the obedience of faith and love; while no amount of self-culture or of aesthetic worship will justify us in ignoring the sins and sorrows of mankind, or in neglecting the opportunities we possess of meeting the terrible pressure of human need.

2. Other men are absorbed in business. Their main aim is to get on in the world, to become rich and prosperous, to make good bargains, and to ensure at any rate a steady increase of their capital or their savings. Coal, steam, and iron have their devout, if not their disinterested, worshippers. Money, which is designed to be a means, becomes an end in itself–committed to men in trust, it is hoarded or used as if it were their own, and they do nothing to rescue the heathen, because they are themselves the slaves of covetousness, which is idolatry.

3. A third class make no response to the call of Christ because of their love of pleasure. They care only for amusement, for sensuous excitement, or something to relieve the weariness and ennui of life, and to make it bright, eager, and thrilling. Enslaved and befooled by passion, all that is within them doth condemn itself for being there.

4. Yet others are prevented from joining us in our campaign because of their theological laxity. One religion, they urge, is as good as another, and to convert the heathen is a superfluous, if it be not an impossible, task. And similarly when men excuse their indifference to this great work on the ground of the coldness, the worldliness, and the strife of the Churches at home. The best of Christians are no doubt imperfect, the ideal of their life is but inadequately realised, and many who profess to be Christs are sadly inconsistent. We deplore the fact, but it does not exempt us from a plain duty. Still the Saviour asks, What is that to thee? follow thou Me. (James Stuart.)

Religious

indifference:–

I. The Lords people identified with their Lord. Observe the bearing of this principle on–

1. Sympathy (Act 9:4).

2. Power (Eph 1:22).

3. Life and grace (Joh 15:1-27.).

4. Reproach (Luk 10:16).

II. The sin of Meroz. This disregard of Gods people implies–

1. Ignorance of Gods love to His children.

2. An imperfect sense of the scheme of Divine government. By human means, etc.

3. An imperfect sense of personal responsibility–Cain (Gen 4:9).

4. Indifference to Gods truth and honour–Pilate.

5. Selfishness–Balaam.

6. Indecision–Peter in the judgment hall.

III. The sin remains. It is ever displaying itself in new forms.

1. The Church at home indifferent to the evangelisation of the heathen.

2. Wealthy congregations indifferent to poorer localities.

3. Women of ease and leisure to their burdened and weary sisters.

4. Parents unwilling to give their sons for the ministry.

5. Indifference to the conversion of souls.

IV. The result is that punishment comes upon the defaulters.

1. Of old it was, If the Lord be God, etc. (1Ki 18:21). Not less solemn and critical is the question now, What think ye of Christ? Not to confess Him is to deny Him (Mat 10:33).

2. So with our employment of gifts and opportunities. The buried talent and the hidden pound, or their ill-using, involve the darkness that is without.

3. So of the brotherhood. We are to love it, to promote and defend it. There may be flaws, but this does not justify separation. It calls for prayer and the active operation of faith, sincerity, and truth. They shall prosper that love thee.

V. Shun indifference and indecision. They bring men to perish, like Balaam, with the ungodly. Be decided as Paul, though, it bring the loss of all things. What is there so noble as to fill up that which is behind of the sufferings of Christ for His bodys sake, which is the Church? (Col 1:24). (H. W. Dearden, M. A.)

The moral of the curse of Meroz

In a way that in some respects reminds us of the German prophetess Velleda, of the British queen Boadicea, and of the French peasant girl Joan of Arc, does Deborah revive the national spirit, and summon the people to repel the national foes. In this verse she utters true scorn for those who were inactive and self-contained in a time when the nation was in its throes for liberty and independence.

I. Our work for Christ is very analogous to war.

1. In its fierce opposition.

2. In its reverses of victory and defeat.

3. In its call for a sacrifice.

II. Neglect of such work involves us in a curse.

1. The reproachful cry of the worlds sin and sorrow.

2. Conscious separation from God. Common aim and common work are indispensable for true fellowship.

3. Loss of the rewards of true service.

4. Rebuke of Christ: Ye did it not. (U. R. Thomas.)

Inaction

Notice, first of all, that the sin for which Meroz is cursed is pure inaction. There are in all our cities a great multitude of useless men and of men perfectly contented with their uselessness. Consider some of the various points which uselessness assumes.

I. The first source of the uselessness of good men is moral cowardice. The vice is wonderfully common. The fear is concentrated on no individual, but is there not a sense of hostile or contemptuous surroundings that lies like a chilling hand upon what ought to be the most exuberant and spontaneous utterance of life? Men do not escape from their cowardice by having it proved to them that it is a foolish thing to be afraid. Nothing but the knowledge of Gods love, taking such possession of a man that his one wish and thought in life is to glorify and serve God, can liberate him from, because it makes him totally forget, the fear of man.

II. The second cause of uselessness is false humility. Humility is good when it stimulates, it is bad when it paralyses, the active powers of a man. If conscious weakness causes a man to believe that it makes no difference whether he works or not, then his humility is his curse. Remember–

1. That man judges by the size of things; God judges by their fitness.

2. That small as you think you are, you are the average size of moral and intellectual humanity.

3. That such a humility as yours comes, if you get at its root, from an over-thought about yourself, an over-sense of your own personality, and so is closely akin to pride.

III. The third cause of uselessness is indolence. There is only one permanent escape from indolence and self-indulgence–the grateful and obedient dedication to God through Christ, which makes all good work, all self-sacrifice, a privilege and joy instead of a hardship, since it is done for Him. (Bp. Phillips Brooks.)

Zeal lacking

Take a heretic, a rebel, a person that hath an ill cause to manage; what he is deficient in the strength of his cause he makes up with diligence; while he that hath right on his side is cold, indiligent, lazy, inactive, trusting that the goodness of his cause will not fail to prevail without assistance. So wrong prevails, while evil persons are zealous and the good remiss. (Bp. Jeremy Taylor.)

Fuente: Biblical Illustrator Edited by Joseph S. Exell

Verse 23. Curse ye Meroz] Where Meroz was is not known; some suppose it was the same as Merom, nigh to Dotham. The Syriac and Arabic have Merod; but where this was is equally uncertain. It was certainly some city or district, the inhabitants of which would not assist in this war.

Curse ye bitterly] oru aror, curse with cursing – use the most awful execrations.

Said the angel of the LORD] That is, Barak, who was Jehovah’s angel or messenger in this war; the person sent by God to deliver his people.

To the help of the LORD] That is, to the help of the people of the Lord.

Against the mighty.] baggibborim, “with the heroes;” that is, Barak and his men, together with Zebulun and Naphtali: these were the mighty men, or heroes, with whom the inhabitants of Meroz would not join.

Fuente: Adam Clarke’s Commentary and Critical Notes on the Bible

Meroz; a place then, no doubt, eminent and considerable, though now there be no remembrance of it left, which possibly might be the effect of this bitter curse; as God curseth Amalek in this manner, that he would utterly blot out their remembrance, &c., Exo 17:14; Deu 25:19. And this place above all others may be thus severely cursed, either because it was near the place of the fight, and therefore had the greatest opportunity and obligation to engage with and to assist their brethren; and their denying their help was a great discouragement to all their brethren, whose hearts, no doubt, were greatly afflicted, and might have utterly fainted at this great miscarriage, and scandalous example; or for some other great aggravation of their cowardice and treachery, which may easily be imagined, though it be not here expressed.

Said the angel of the Lord: she signifies that this curse proceeded not from her spleen or ill will towards that place, nor from her own private opinion or affection, but from Divine inspiration; and that if all the rest of the song should be taken but for the breathings and expressions of a pious and devout soul, but liable to mistake, yet this branch of it was immediately dictated to her by the Lord, by the ministry of an angel; otherwise she neither would nor durst have uttered so bitter a curse against them.

Of the Lord; either, first, Of the Lords people; for God takes what is done for or against his people as if it was done to himself: see Isa 63:9; Zec 2:8; Mat 25:45. Or, secondly, Of the Lord himself, who though he did not need, yet did require and expect their help and concurrence; and he expresseth it thus, to show the sinfulness and unreasonableness of their cowardly desertion of this cause, because it was the cause of God, and they had the call of God to it, whom they knew to be able easily to crush that enemy whom they dreaded, and who had promised to do it.

Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole

23. Curse ye Meroza villageon the confines of Issachar and Naphtali, which lay in the course ofthe fugitives, but the inhabitants declined to aid in theirdestruction.

Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible

Curse ye Meroz, said the angel of the Lord,…. Not Barak, as the Targum and Jarchi, but Deborah herself said this under a spirit of prophecy, not from her own spirit in a revengeful way, but from the Spirit of God; or this was suggested to her by an angel, not a created, but the uncreated one, the Angel of the covenant, by whom she was inspired, and an impulse made by him on her to denounce a curse on Meroz; which some say was a star, Sisera’s star; others the name of a mighty man p, so Jarchi; but rather it is some name of a city or place near where the battle was fought, so Kimchi, Ben Gersom, and Ben Melech: some take Meroz to be the same with Merom, at the waters of which Joshua fought with Jabin, Jos 11:5 and supposed to be the same with the waters of Megiddo, and the river Kishon, where this battle was fought; and Jerom q, under the word Merom, observes, that there was in his time a village called Merrus, twelve miles from the city Sebaste near Dothaim, and that Meroz here is the name of a place is clear from what follows:

curse ye bitterly the inhabitants thereof; or “curse cursing” r; repeat it, give them curse upon curse, curse them most vehemently: the reason of which follows:

because they came not to the help of the Lord; that is, of the people of the Lord, whose cause was the Lord’s; for though he stood in no need of their help, yet their negligence and neutrality were highly resented by him, and therefore repeated:

to the help of the Lord against the mighty; the mighty Canaanites, and their mighty kings, and mighty hosts; or “with the mighty” s, Barak and his 10,000: now though others, who did not come into their assistance, are only discommended, being at a distance, yet those are cursed, being very near, and saw the peril their brethren were in, and yet would not lend an helping hand.

p T. Bab. Moed Katon, fol. 16. 1. q De loc. Heb. fol. 93. D. r “maledictie maledicendo”, Pagninus, Montanus. s “cum fortibus”, Pagninus, Tigurine version; so Patrick.

Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible

The enemy, or at all events Sisera, might have been destroyed in his flight by the inhabitants of Meroz; but they did not come to the help of the Israelites, and brought down the curse of God upon themselves in consequence. That this is the thought of Jdg 5:23 is evident from the context, and more especially from the blessing pronounced upon Jael in Jdg 5:24. The situation of Meroz, which is not mentioned again, cannot be determined with certainty Wilson and v. Raumer imagine that it may be Kefr Musr on the south of Tabor, the situation of which at all events is more suitable than Marussus, which was an hour and a half to the north of Beisan, and which Rabbi Schwarz supposed to be Meroz (see V. de Velde, Mem. p. 334). The curse upon the inhabitants of this place is described as a word or command of the angel of the Lord, inasmuch as it was the angel of the Lord who fought for Israel at Megiddo, as the revealer of the invisible God, and smote the Canaanites. Deborah heard from him the words of the curse upon the inhabitants of Meroz, because they did not come to help Jehovah when He was fighting with and for the Israelites. “ Among the heroes,” or mighty men, i.e., associating with the warriors of Israel.

Fuente: Keil & Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament

CHAPTER 5Jdg. 5:23-31

THE MISERABLE END OF THE WICKED

CRITICAL NOTES. Jdg. 5:23. Curse ye Meroz, etc.] (See above p. 285.) No fellow creature may presume to pronounce a curse on another, at their own instance, from any cause whatever. This passage cannot be pleaded as an example, for the prophetess expressly declares it was the doing of the Angel-Jehovah. The sin was one of omission; but though it seemed to be nothing more than neutrality, it implied in reality covert sympathy with the enemy, and a real abandonment of connection with the covenant God.

Jdg. 5:24. Blessed above women shall Jael the wife of Heber the Kenite be, etc.] This is put in opposition to the curse on Meroz. Though only allied to Israel, and but a woman, she did most material service for Gods Church in destroying its worst enemy (see on Jdg. 4:11; Jdg. 4:17-18). The women in the tent refer to those in her circle of lifedwellers in tents, or shepherdesses. Womens fitting place is the tent (Pro. 7:11; Tit. 2:5), as mens place is the battlefield. The name of her husband is also given, to distinguish her the better. She is praised for making the fullest use of her opportunity.

Jdg. 5:25. He asked water; she gave him milk, etc.] Put the verb in the singular, he asksshe gives. She must have known it was Sisera. For, on his first appearance, she hails him with the address, Turn in, my lord, turn in; fear not. Then she covered him with the sleeping rug (Jdg. 4:18-19). And now when he asks water, she not only gives milk, but the best the house could afford. She brought forth butter in a lordly dish.] She carries him butter. the more solid forms of milkcurdled milk (Gesenius); cream (Lias); good superior milk (Keil), who says the word is here synonymous with or sweet, rich milk. a costly bowl used by noblesone reserved for distinguished guests. The Chaldee and Sept. render it phial, not a bottle, but a shallow drinking bowl.

Jdg. 5:26. She puts her (left) hand to the nail, etc.] or tent pinthe peg with which the tent was fastened. It was most likely of iron, like a nail driven into the wall (Isa. 22:23; Isa. 22:25). And her right hand to the (heavy) workmans hammer.] The mallet of the hand workers. she smites with the hammer, or hammers Sisera, smites off his head, when she had pierced and stricken through his temples. Cassel makes it, she swings it over Sisera, smites his head, crushes through and transpierces his temples. He who sought to crush Israel with nine hundred chariots was himself crushed with one iron nail.

Jdg. 5:27. At (or between) her feet he bows, he falls, he lies down; at (between) her feet he bows, he falls; where he bows, there he falls down dead.] There is an accumulation of words in these two verses to express the deed now done, which marks it with special emphasis. Not that the perpetrator took delight in gratifying a thirst for revenge, but it brings out the thought, that he who had been so long the terror of Israel, now falls dead at a single blow. (Keil.) It is graphically rendered by CasselAt her feet he curls himself and falls, at her feet he lies, curls himself again and falls; and as he curls himself again, fallsdead! Done too by a womans hand!

Jdg. 5:28. The mother of Sisera looked out at a window, etc.] This falling of the curtain on the death-scone, and transferring the readers thoughts the next moment to the gorgeous palace, to tell what is going on there, tends greatly to heighten the effect of the picture. An event so tragic in itself, viewed alone or from any point, becomes tenfold more terrible in the light of the awful contrast here presented. The abruptness of the transition, the appalling character of the contrast, the giving only of bold snatches of statement in the narrative, and leaving much for the imagination to fill up in its own way, all combine to render this one of the most effective dramatic representations it is possible to conceive. The word translated, looked means she bent forward eagerly in looking. Her son was accustomed to return a conqueror, and doubtless she thought he would so return now. But her thoughts seem to have troubled her. She must have heard something of the reports that went, that the mighty God of these Hebrews (of whom all the Canaanites knew but too well in the past), was on this occasion to put forth His power in fighting on their behalf, and if any thing were to occur like what took place in the days of Joshua, she felt there would indeed be reason for alarm. And another thing now disturbed herthe time for returning was fully come, but there was no appearance of her son, nor any tidings from the battlefield. She is in the upper airy room, standing at the window which commands a view of the road to a great distance. She looks keenly and listens, but no object is seen, and the rolling of the chariot-wheels is not heard. No triumphal procession fills up the view, but silence and solitude reign. In spite of her, a sad presentiment steals over the heart that all is not right. It was not accustomed to be thus. She cries through the lattice.] There is more of an anxious heart in that cry than she cares to acknowledge Why does his chariot delay its coming? Why tarry the wheels? The lattice here is the opening through which the cool air is admitted.

She cries.] It denotes feverish impatience, as if she had said, Is he never coming?why linger the steps of his chariot team? How could she fail to be anxious, when he, the pride of his mothers heart, in whom her every hope was built up, who had brought such renown to her house, the invincible Sisera, before whom the wretched Hebrew people had cowered in abject submission these twenty years, not daring to mutter or to peep, was now so long behind his time in returning from battle, and not a single hint has been received regarding the issue of the great conflict? Can it be possible that a stone has been thrown across his path, or that a spoke has been lost to his wheel?

Jdg. 5:29. Her wise (used ironically) ladies] or honourable ladies in waitingnot princesses, as some make it; for Sisera was not king. These courtly sycophants are forward to offer their ingenious suggestions to account for the delay. It is caused by victory, not by defeat. What else in all reason could it be? With so vast an army, and Sisera at their head, how could it be otherwise? What other thought could be entertained? To scatter the down-trodden people would be but the work of a moment. It is the taking of an unusual quantity of spoil that accounts for their non-appearance. To search the bodies of the many slain, and to rob the homes of all their treasures must occupy time. The flattered mother allows herself to be persuaded, and her own second thoughts rise up within her to refute her first fears.

Jdg. 5:30. Have they not been entirely successful? Are they not engaged in dividing the spoil? To every man a damsel, or two damsels.] This allusion, especially as being put in the foreground when describing the expected booty, casts a sad reflection on the character of the speakers, themselves females, and also on the corrupt state of the age when such things were customary. It is similar to the picture given in the Iliad; and generally among those nations that knew not God. To Sisera a booty of dyed (purple) garments-nay robes of double embroidery where gold and silver threads are woven upon the coloured ground.] On such a subject the female mind goes into minute details. Meet for the necks of the spoil; not, made originally for the necks of the spoiled, but now they are stripped of all; nor yet, suitable to put on the necks of the spoil, in reference to the rich garments sometimes worn by the captives; but, as in A. V. costly clothing suitable to adorn the necks of the conquerors.

In weaving such tinsel day-dreams as fancy might suggest, they fill up the time, and one hour succeeds another, when suddenly all is changed. A messenger of doom arrives, and brief but terrible is his report. The great battle is lost, Siseras mighty army is destroyed; while Sisera himself has met with a tragic death, and that too at the hands of a woman! So the curtain falls! * * *

Jdg. 5:31. So let all thine enemies perish, etc.] The prophetess winds up with an expressiveAmen to the solemn visitation of Gods Providence, on the heads of those who dare to oppose His holy designs. It is prophetic as well as imprecatory, implying shall as well as let. It is in harmony with such passages as Rev. 19:3; 1Co. 16:22; Luk. 16:25-26, and those Psalms which invoke destruction on Gods enemies. Such retribution is the appropriate reward of the incorrigibly wicked, and but for the great propitiation which has been made by Christ bearing the desert of our sins, it would still be the tone adopted by the God of Providence in all His dealings with men. But the language implies also the hopelessness of being able to fight against God and prosper, on the one hand, while on the other, those who have God upon their side shall march on their course after all trials and struggles are over, with the brightness and strength of the morning sun mounting up to mid-Heaven.

JAELS ACT

Was the conduct of Jael towards Sisera justifiable?

The deed of Jael towards Sisera, and that of Ehud towards Eglon, are so similar in character, that they must be justified on similar grounds. Much, therefore, of what has been said on the narrative in Jdg. 3:15-30 will apply here (see p. 162166). The case as regards Jael may be stated thus:In her conduct towards Sisera, she seems to have been guilty both of treachery, and of murder, while yet her deed and the circumstances attending it are highly commended by Deborah, when speaking under the influence of the Spirit of God. Deborah is manifestly not speaking of herself. In Jdg. 5:23, it is the voice of the angel of the Lord, that is heard making use of Deborah as the medium for pronouncing the curse on Meroz. It was no feeling of Deborahs own that was expressed. Neither is the blessing, that was now pronounced on Jael, to be regarded as a thing done at her own instance. She was a prophetess, and was acknowledged in this whole transaction by Jehovah, as the medium for conveying the intimations of His will. We cannot, therefore, doubt that the blessing now conferred on Jael was really from God, and signified not only that her act was excusable, but was even meritorious in His sight. Besides, it is admitted on all hands, that the Book of Judges forms part of the inspired canon. Why then except this portion of it? The measure of commendation is most markedBlessed above women shall Jael be, etc. The circumstances are detailed in order, from Jdg. 5:24-27, as if her conduct described in those verses was matter fitted to hand down her name to the praise of future generations, and the whole account is wound up with the expression of an earnest wish by the prophetess, that all Gods enemies should in like manner perish. There can be no doubt that the prophetess regarded the death of Sisera, the enemy of God, as an act of which God approved. For the expression in Jdg. 5:31, was practically sayingAmento Jaels act.

This fact, that Jaels conduct was approved by God, is sufficient to prove that it was not the ruthless act of a bloodthirsty woman. The account must be susceptible of some other interpretation. Sisera was not the personal enemy of Jael, so that the putting him to death could not be an act of personal revenge. As such, it could not have been approved of by God. Nor could it have been an act of pure barbarism, for that could not have been held up to the praise of posterity. It was indeed truly heroic, but, in Scripture, it is always the moral or religious aspect of a thing that renders it praiseworthy. At first sight, indeed, it seems to be the stronghanded act of one who has become ferocious, being stung to madness with a sense of the wrongs inflicted on her people and kindred, by the man who was now wholly in her power. In some such light do most commentators regard it:

Jamieson says: The taking of Siseras life by the hand of Jael was murder. It was a direct violation of all proper notions of honour and friendship, and for which it is impossible to conceive Jael to have had any other motive, than to gain favour with the victors. It was not divinely appointed nor sanctioned. (How does the speaker know?); and the eulogy must be regarded, not as pronounced on the moral character of the woman and her act, but on the public benefits which God would bring out of it. Yet Jaels own name is distinctly held up to honour, and her act is circumstantially detailed in the text.

Fausset holds, that Jaels sympathy with the oppressed, her faith in Israels God, and her bold execution of her dangerous undertaking, deserve all praise; though, as in Ehuds case, there was the alloy of treachery and assassination.

Keil says: Though Jael acted with enthusiasm for the cause of God, and from religious motives, regarded her connection with the people of Israel as higher and more sacred than either the bond of peace with Jabin, or the dealings of hospitality of her tribe, yet her heroic deed cannot be acquitted of the sins of lying, treachery and assassination. But how can we suppose that God would make use of means, which implied lying, treachery, and assassination to execute His holy purposes?

Lias denounces the disgraceful treachery of Jael, and adds, we need not suppose that, because Deborah sung, and sung under the influence of inspiration, we must therefore accept her judgment on a point of morals. Indeed! Is the weight of the Divine Spirits testimony weakened by passing through a human medium? Can we suppose a person to speak under the influence of the Spirit of God, and yet be in error on a point of morals?

The Speakers Commentary says, Deborah speaks of this deed by the light of her own age, which did not make manifest the evil of guile and bloodshed; the light in our age does. Was this deed, then, one of bloodthirstiness?

The Pulpit Commentary calls it an act of patriotic treachery. Oppression rouses the dark passions of the oppressed. It was a case where cruelty was rewarded with treachery. Being for the good of others, the act was less wicked than that which is entirely selfish in its motives.

Dr. Cassel terms it a demon-like deed, done in the spirit of a womans violence which knows no bounds. It also showed womans cunning. Yet her motives were mixed. It would have been treason against the covenant of her house with Israel, had she spared Israels sworn enemy. If spared he might have raised fresh troops, and continued to act as Israels destroyer. The freedom of the sacred nation, with which she had cast in her lot, was now trembling in the balance, and so she makes her decision.

Edersheim calls her a fierce woman with a dark purpose, and refers to the wild and weird character of the Kenites her people, as showing the instincts of a fierce race. To her every other consideration was nothing, so that she might avenge Israel, and destroy their great enemy. If this were Jaels real character, we do not see how it is possible for the Spirit of inspiration to have held her up, as one to be blessed by all future generations.

Far otherwise are we disposed to think of Jael and of her act. At the first glance of the case, it does appear surprising, that so many able and judicious writers should, when speaking of this case, have represented Jael as little better than a monster of wickedness, while Sisera is virtually assumed to be an unfortunate and very ill-used man. Even if Jaels act had been one of bloodthirstiness (which we decidedly believe it was not), are we to determine her character from that one act, done in a moment, under very peculiar circumstances, to have been ferocious and fiendish, while we pass over, and drop only a word of pity for her victim, though he had been guilty of bloodshed and atrocities of all kinds for the long period of twenty years, and that too over the breadth of a whole nation. True, the fact that Sisera should have committed a thousand murders does not justify Jael in committing one. But we protest against an unbroken current of condemnation coming down on the head of Jael for this one act, while not a syllable is said of a just retribution for the frightful villanies committed wholesale, by the wretch whom Jael now crushed.
Many considerations require to be taken into account in order to form a just estimate of Jaels conduct; some general, and some particular:

I. General considerations.
1. The character of the times in which Jael lived. They were stern times; when in private life men had to scorn delights and live laborious days, and in more public life it was customary to use bloody hands, and to look on with unpitying eyes. It was a time when oppression, cruelty, and murder were rampant in the land, and human life had lost half its value. The ear was pained, the soul was sick with every days report of wrong and outrage, with which earth was filled. And stern times lead to stern deeds. It was Israels iron age, and the iron had entered into the soul. Desperate evils lead to desperate remedies.

These Old Testament times were also days, when as yet the great means of propitiating the Divine anger had not been found, and when, in consequence, a certain aspect of severity characterised all Gods dealings with men. The whole tone of life was more stern.

2. No breach of Gods moral law can, under any circumstances, be permitted Right and wrong have certain fixed boundaries in all ages, which are not removable. It can never be right to deceive, or to utter what is false. It must always be wrong to do murder. Treachery cannot at any time be justified. We dare not do evil, that good may come. Neither can we act on the principle, that no faith is to be kept with heretics. Nor may any creature of himself usurp the prerogative, of taking vengeance on a man for his sins against his God, however glaring they may seem, unless he is specially commissioned by God to do so. It may be as clear as the sun, that the man is sinning with a high hand against his God, and deserves to be cut off for his sins, but his neighbour has no right, out of zeal for his God, to take the punishment of that man into his own hand. Vengeance is mine! I will repay saith the Lord. The question is not, what does the man deserve? but, to whom is he responsible?

3. Look now atThe special character of Siseras sin. That Sisera was counted a great sinner before God, and that his tragic death was a retribution sent upon him for his sin, there can be no manner of doubt. But what was the particular phase of his conduct that made his sin so heinous? It was not merely that he was a tyrant and an oppressor. It must always be remembered that the standard by which things are judged, in this stirring history of the times of the Judges, is not what is commonly used between rival nations when they have their victories or their defeats. Everything in the history of this people of Israel, was connected with the honour of Jehovah before all the nations of the earth. They were the people of Jehovah. By them and their history His name was known. To touch them for wanton mischief was to lay unhallowed bands on His sacred property. It was to meddle with His jewelsthose whom He was bound to protect, as being employed to set forth the glory of His name in all the earth.

Of this the nations were fully apprised, from the days of their deliverance from Egyptian bondage onward. They were all duly informed by the wonderful history which God gave to that people, that His name and their name were inseparably bound up together, that what was done to them was done to Him, and that any act of dishonour, oppression, or cruelty shown to them, He, as the head feels for the suffering members, felt as done to Himself. That this people had many sins, and that for these sins, they deserved chastisement was indeed most true. But that did not alter the obligation of the nations to look on them as a sacred people to Jehovah, while He Himself so regarded them. If the jewels had got rusted, and required to pass through a process of refining, that was a matter for their owner himself to decide. But for others to oppress, and grind them to the dust, while they were regarded by Jehovah as His own people, and while they had the honour of His name to maintain on the earth, was to provoke Him to anger and awaken His jealousy for His Holy name.

Hence Siseras sin consisted in the fact, that he, though fully warned as to the character of the God of Israel, and of the relation in which this people stood to their God, did yet, to serve wicked passions or wicked purposes of his own, dare to act as an enemy to Israel and therefore to their God, under whose protection they lay; he dared to touch Gods property, Gods jewels, Gods children; he dared to give the worst of treatment to a people so sacred in the eyes of their God, to treat them with cruelty, oppression, and spoliation, and that for the long period of twenty yearsand all this he did out of enmity to the God of Israel, and in bitter hatred to His name.

4. Another general consideration was that this was the day of final decision. The time of Israels chastisement was over. They had been brought to repentance and renewed trust in their God; and, according to His promise, God arose for their deliverance. In the Person of the Angel-Jehovah, He takes His place at the head of Israel and their army. A summons is given to all to take their sides. Israels God and His people are on the one side; Sisera and his large army are on the other. All who opposed Israel this day also opposed the God of Israel, and were counted by Him as His enemies.

Through all Israel it was known that this was a day for taking sides. From one end of the land to the other the call was heard, Who is on the Lords side? There was an express command for ten thousand men to follow Barak out of Naphtali and Zebulun, yet many more went of their own accord, for all volunteers were accepted. Nay, many who did not volunteer were reproved and put in the list of dishonour for their neutrality or indifference. But Sisera and his army stood in direct opposition. To sympathise with Sisera, therefore, or in any way to help him this day, by allowing him to escape, or otherwise, was to succour the enemy of the God of Israel when he was taking vengeance on him for his sins. It was, indeed, to take the side of Gods enemy against God, when He was vindicating the glory of His great name. Hence the conduct of the people of Meroz was most daring. They allowed Gods enemy to escape, while He was in the act of vindicating His character against His enemies.

II. These general remarks will prepare us for now looking at the special considerations and motives by which Jael was guided in acting the part which she did on this important occasion:

1. She deeply felt the responsibility of her circumstances. She could appreciate the fact, that the battle was not merely between two human captains, but was really between the Angel-Jehovah and His enemies. She knew that God had now returned to His people, and that, through Deborah, He had given directions about the whole of this battle. She had heard of the terrific thunderstorm, and the mighty movement of the elements of nature against Siseras host, the very stars in their courses fighting against Sisera; and now here was the very man put in her way, against whom all this artillery of the Divine anger had been directedcould she, dared she, let him go in peace? It was no longer the day of forbearance; it was the day of the Lords reckoning with His enemies, when He was laying judgment to the line, and righteousness to the plummet, when every loyal subject of His government, as well as every element in nature, was expected to act as an instrument in His hand to do the part assigned him to do in accomplishing the Lords purpose.

Jael felt that she was now solemnly called on to make her decision, whether for the Lord, or for His enemy. This was, at the moment, the supreme consideration which overshadowed all other thoughts, and she felt that whatsoever sacrifices might have to be made, all other things must give way before it. In reply to the question thus imperiously put before herBe for the Lord, or for His enemyshe goes wholly in for the name, and the people of her God, at the expense of violating the ordinary rules of hospitality, of having abuse poured on her name for the commission of a tragic deed, and of running the terrible risk of awakening the wrath of so powerful a king as Jabin, with whom too her house was at peace. But where the honour of her God was concerned, all other considerations were of no account. For this is she so highly commended. She did not seek this position; it was a most trying one; but it was forced upon her; the alternative was put sharply before her, without the possibility of her avoiding it. The circumstances had to her the force of a call of duty, and she nobly rose with the occasion. But this was only one element in the case. We believe that

2. She felt she was commissioned by God to put Sisera to death. It is not so expressly said in the narrative; but many things must have taken place which are not expressly mentioned in the account given. It is the principle on which Scripture narrative is told, to give it in a very abridged form, with many details left out. The circumstance, therefore, of its not being mentioned in the narrative, is no proof that Jael was not commissioned of God to do as she did. On the other hand, had she not been so commissioned, her act must have been one of murder; and had it been so, it could never have been held up to the admiration of posterity, as this deed undoubtedly has been. Jaels act also corresponds with the now well known fact, that the Lord would deliver Sisera into the hands of a woman. Now when he had been thrown in her way, it may have seemed to her as if this was the finger of Gods Providence pointing out her duty. That alone, however, could not have been regarded as a commission, it was but a confirmation going along with other things. Siseras day was now come. It was the Lords reckoning day with him for his oppression of His people. And all the arrangements made are of the Lord. The sword of Barak is turned against him, and all the instruments that might be of use in his destruction, all along the course which he took, are turned against him. The hailstorm, the lightnings, the winds, the waters of the district, especially the swelling of the brook Kishon, and now the house of a friendly tribe. Jael then felt she was obeying a Divine command in acting as she did. She must have been instigated by some instinctu Dei arcano. to put Sisera to death.

3. She knew that Sisera was now devoted by Israels God to destruction, at the hands of Israel. Siseras destruction was synonymous with Israels deliverance. It was really Gods answer to their prayers. But it was also Gods reckoning with His own enemy. The oppression and cruelty which this proud heathen had exercised towards Israel, though made use of by God for the chastisement of His people, was really meant in a very different sense by the oppressor. His only purpose was to bring down to a state of degrading servitude, or to entire destruction, a people whom he hated both in themselves and in their God. And this was done in the face of all the warnings which Jehovah had given to the nations, not to touch this people. At first God reserved His judgments. He made use of Sisera, first as a scourge to chasten His people; but now the time was come to deal with him as an enemy. The day of retribution for his great sin had come, and he must now know what it is to have the God of Israel for his enemy. Hence the announcement made to Barak was, I will draw unto thee Sisera and his multitude, and I will deliver him into thine hand.

This was virtually saying, that his life was now forfeited to Israel by Gods own arrangement. It was not like the case of a man taking his chances of the battle in the open field. Sisera was now brought forth by God, that he might die for his crimes against Israel and their God. It was in some respects like the position of Cain, when he felt that everyone around him was at liberty to slay him. It is clear, that it could not have been wrong in Barak to put Sisera to death. But Barak only represented the nation, and what was said to him was virtually said to the whole of the oppressed people. What, therefore, was not wrong for Barak to do, could not be wrong for any Israelite to do. Sisera was now fighting against the whole nation, and their God. How could it be wrong in the nation, or any one in the nation, to fight against him? It was acting in self defence to do so, when his purpose was to reduce every Israelite to a state of bondage or death. Had Jael now spared him, how much future oppression and cruelty might have resulted to Israel from the act!

But though every Israelite had some justification, in taking action against Sisera on this occasion, on the ground of self-defence, the chief consideration which justified Jaels deed, was that Sisera was doomed to destruction for the public dishonour he had poured on Jehovahs name, by the treatment he had given to His people. This was a deeper criminality than that of common murder. It was a defiance of the God of Israel, a profanation of the great nameJehovah, and treating with insult and cruelty wholesale the people who represented Him on the earth. Murder is taking the life of a fellow worm, but Siseras conduct was an attempt to rob the great I am of His holy name! For this, sentence was virtually passed on Sisera by the Ruler of Providence, and he was delivered into the hands of Israel to receive a fit retribution for his sins.

4. We believe then that Jaels principal motive in this deed, was to vindicate the honour of Jehovahs name, and serve the interests of His Church in the world, by setting His people free from the yoke of the oppressor. Her act was done not to wreak any private vengeance of her own, but strictly in obedience to a Divine commission given to her, so that she was not at liberty to harbour Sisera, or to do otherwise than she did, for it was the day of the Lords vindication of his own glory in the sight of the heathen. The very existence of Gods cause on the earth seemed to require the death of this man, for had he lived and carried out his schemes successfully, the issue would have been the annihilation of that cause. Preferring the God of Israel to all other gods, she felt that by obeying the commission given to her, she was striking a blow for the redemption of His great and Holy name.

One question still remainsDid Jael mean to deceive Sisera? Why did she go out to meet him, and receive him in so friendly a manner into her tent? She must have known it was Sisera, and that he was a fugitive from the battlefield. For she must have watched with intense interest how the day went, and had the earliest information that could be supplied. She must have known it was Sisera, from having seen him on former occasions, and now he would very likely have given the information himself. Why did she bid him welcome to her tent, and even encourage him not to fear? Nay, why did she act so decidedly in showing him the rites of hospitality, and give him the best which her house could afford; and so offer the strongest assurance, which the member of a nomad tribe could give, that he was safe while under her roof? The chief difficulty is, that all these circumstances are detailed along with the tragic act, and on the whole put together, the blessing seems to be pronounced. Was all this really sanctioned by the Spirit of God, that now rested on Deborah? How can we possibly justify Jael in saying what she did not mean, or speaking falsely to gain the confidence of a man, when she meant to take his life.

If the narrative had been given in full, doubtless the difficulties would have been greatly relieved, if not entirely removed. As it is, some explanations may be given.

(1.) It is not said that she agreed to tell the lie that Sisera put into her mouth, in Jdg. 4:20. She made no reply to his request.

(2.) She acted according to the custom of her race in receiving him into her tent. It was a fixed custom with the Arab races to show hospitality to strangers, especially when in very needy circumstances. No one can repel with honour from the tent a stranger who claims hospitality, nor usually does anyone desire so to do. [Pict. Bible in loco.] But she seems to have impressed on his mind that he was secure while under her roof. How does this consist with her intention to put him to death? The only explanation is to suppose that

(3.) No intention to put him to death was yet formed in her mind. This is not only possible but probable. How many surprises come upon her all at once! How proudly Sisera went forth in the morning! What a huge bannered host gathered around him! What a small army lay on Mount Tabor in opposition! How hopeless for them to cope with such a formidable host as those now collected by the waters of Megiddo! Yet but a few hours pass, and that mighty force of men ranged in battle array, the image of incalculable strength, melts away like the baseless pictures of a dream. A hundred elements as in a moment, come down upon them from all quarters, and a frightful and rapid destruction takes place. The army is utterly ruined, and the general is now a solitary fugitive, flying across the hills for his life. Now he appears full of terror, without a solitary attendant, hungry, weary, and athirst, glad to enter the most humble dwelling for refuge. What a series of striking surprises must Jael have experienced; first to have heard so much of the terrible disaster, and then to have seen the renowned captain of the great army himself at her very threshold in such fearful plight? Is it at all likely, that she should, in a moment, with those mighty rocking changes going on around her, have formed any plot at all in her mind? Had she any time to weigh in her mind what was the best course to pursue in such unparalleled and altogether unexpected circumstances? Is it not far more probable that she would take the usual course adopted towards strangers first, and invite Sisera into her tent, giving him the usual rites of hospitality, and afterwards reflect more at leisure as to what was her duty to do. Having got a little time to reflect, all the circumstances, as we have described them, would rise quickly to her view, pointing to the death of Siserathe enemy of the Lord and his people, by the hand of a woman, as an event arranged by God Himself to take place in connection with the issue of the battle. At the same moment, by some Divine impulse, a commission may have been given her by God to execute the Divine sentence. This thought, that she was now under Divine command, would supersede all other considerations and lead her with calm purpose to inflict the fatal blow.

There seems, in fact, to have been no premeditation to bring about this death; and it is only in this way that we acquit Jael of treachery in her conduct. But, however we explain it, we believe that she herself felt at the time, there were overpowering reasons urging her to act as she did.

MAIN HOMILETICS.Jdg. 5:23-31

CONTRASTS IN THE DAY OF THE LORD

I. Special days of the Lord are needed.

Days of the Lorda phrase so often used by the prophetsare different from common days. They are days when God makes some striking manifestations of His true character, in correction of the erroneous and defective views into which men are ever falling, from the remarkable forbearance which he usually exercises towards them in his Providential rule. By some strong act or acts, God rises up and declares what is due to His own Holy name. Though on ordinary, as well as special occasions, He hates sin with a great hatred, He is by nature so slow to wrath, that even when men sin against Him many times, and that, too, with a high hand, there are for a long while no signs that He is angry, or likely to inflict threatened punishment. He acts as one asleep; though all the time the motive is one of the richest mercy. He has no delight in the destruction, or the misery of His creatures. He wills not that any should perish. His inclination is to give pardons to the penitent, rather than retribution to the incorrigible. Hence He waits long, without measuring out their due deserts to the wicked.
But men misinterpret the Divine silence, and wax bolder in sin. They begin to imagine that God is such an one as themselves, and is practically indifferent to their sins. They begin to regard His threatenings as a dead letter, or that, if they are still to be looked at, His mercies are so great, that they will not allow Him to proceed very far with the work of judgment. Thus they go on adding sin to sin, until the fear of God becomes dissipated before their eyes. There is a letting down of what is due to the name of God. Men get settled down in the idea, that God does not practically feel towards sin, as in His written word He declares He does; and, in their interpretation of the threatened penalty, they either greatly minimise its meaning, or cast it aside altogether.

Days of the Lord are thus needed for the vindication of the Divine character. His Providence must sometimes visibly go as far as His word. It must be seen that He makes no abatement of His claims, because of His long silence, while His character must be cleared from the gross misconceptions which men have formed of it, from the long toleration extended to them in the past.

In the present case, a Day of the Lord was needed

1. To bring men back to just views of what is due to God. (a.) For the Israelites, the long oppression of the Canaanites under Jabin, was a day of the Lord. Then God exhibited practically in His Providence, what He had long told His people so emphatically in His word, that He is a Jealous God, and is much displeased with the sin of their having any other God. He then showed that He could cast them off, notwithstanding His covenant; that He could go over to the side of the enemy, and fight against them, until they were not only defeated, but humiliated and crushed. Yet His faithfulness did not fail, for on their coming back to Him in penitence, He remembered His holy covenant. The end however was gained. They felt at last, and acknowledged it fully, that it was a terrible evil to depart from the living God, that He alone was to be feared and held in reverence, that all the gods of the nations were but dumb idols, while the God of Israels favour was to them all in all. Their ideas of the sacred character of their God, of His majesty, holiness, loving-kindness, truth and justice, became raised to the old standard of highest reverence; and they owned, that His claims on the love and obedience of the whole heart, were His simple due.

(b.) The oppressors also had to pass through a very rigid discipline, in getting a rectification of their views of Israels God. Long had they railed at His name, mocked His weakness, sneered at His laws and observances, and persecuted at will His people. But now what God so great in power as the Ruler of Israel, who is served by the very thunder and lightnings of heaven, by the sweeping whirlwind, and the rushing mighty waters! In the swift, overwhelming, and irremediable overthrow of the mightiest army which Canaan could produce, and that too through means of a mere handful of patriots, aided by the elements of nature, a grand demonstration was made of the fact, that Jehovah was the only true God, and that He was infinitely superior to all other gods which the nations worshipped. Then men learned to say, Verily there is a God that judgeth in the earth, by whom the actions of men are weighed. Let the God of Israel but arise, and His enemies shall be scattered; as smoke is driven, so are they driven; as wax melted before the fire, so do they perish. He cutteth off the spirit of princes; He is terrible to the kings of the earth.

(c.) For all spectators of that generation, how greatly was the standard of the fear of God raised! The shock of this mighty act was felt, not only through all Israel, but among all the surrounding nations. The God of Jacob whom they had begun so generally to despise, now rose up before all as the one great reality, amid a countless number of empty nothings. The whole earth kept silence before Him. There was no God that could deliver after this manner. With what a weight of sanction was the name Jehovah surrounded henceforth for all the men of that age! The shadow of the events of this day extended over forty years. Psa. 9:20; Psa. 83:18; Psa. 94:15; Psa. 78:65-66; Psa. 73:20.

2. Such a day was needed to grant the promised deliverance to His people. The standing promise of Jehovah to Israel was, that He would be their God, and on this footing would secure them in possession of the land. For their sins, He acted for a time, as if he had forgotton this promise, and allowed the enemy to overrun the country, and practically to dispossess Israel of their own territory. But now they were penitent and earnest suppliants at His footstool, and it was in the spirit of the covenant, that He should return to them, when they returned to Him (Lev. 26:40-45; Deu. 30:15). Hence a special time was needed to make a public display of the Divine favour for this people, to prove that they had not been cast off, but that their God was faithful as ever to act the part of their Divine Protector, and deliver them out of the hands of their enemies. Though he visit transgression with the rod, yet He will not suffer His faithfulness to fail.

II. Contrasts of character and destiny in the day of the Lord.
1. Those guilty of indecision on the day of decision. The day of the Lords decision was virtually a day when all things were taken according to the strict rule of justice. The acts or decisions made this day determined their character, and as they now showed themselves, so would they receive treatment in the future. The first case set before us in the paragraph is that of Meroz, who were specially noted this day as holding their hand, when they were called on in the most solemn manner to join in the discomfiture of the enemies of the Lord. They draw back undecided in the day of decision; and by that step they had their character fixed for the future. Though so strongly urged to decide, they yet showed no disposition to do anything; which proved in the most decisive manner, that they were not on the Lords side in heart (see pp. 284, 285).

The destiny of such is to have the curse of the Lord resting on themor to be cursed with a cursei.e. emphatically cursed. As the effect of this curse, the city has long since ceased to be. Its very site is unknown. Its name has become unknown in history; and the only vestige of it which remains to tell that once it was, is this curse of the angel of the Lord, announcing that it should no longer continue to exist in Gods world. Such is the fate of those who, however urgently dealt with by argument, yet doggedly refuse to devote themselves to His service. These people virtually turned their backs on the call which the God of Israel now made to them. And the higher the cause is which is to be served, the blacker is the treason which abandons it. Like the cursed fig tree, Meroz began at once to dwindle away.

2. Those who are zealous for God at all risks. This we believe was the spirit which Jael now exhibited. The principal motive, which influenced her to do the deed, was the Divine commission given her, and the end which she sought to gain was the glory of the Lord, in the breaking of the fetters upon His people, and the establishment of the reign of righteousness in the land. For this motive and end, kept steadily amid, doubtless, a conflict of many other motives, is she marked out for pre-eminent honour. It was at a moment of great peril that she decided, and this increased the virtue of her meritorious act. In any case, we dare not curse those whom the Lord has blessed.

The destiny of those who are ready to risk everything for God is, to have a special Divine blessing resting on them. As Jael highly honoured God by her conduct, so she is now highly honoured of Him. For the stand she made this day, her name has been preserved for everlasting honour, in the one really immortal Book of Time. Among all nations shall it become known, and wherever it is known, it will be with blessings heaped upon it. Them that honour me will I honour. For the sake of one noble act, how many names have found a niche of honour in the Book of God! The good king Melchizedeck, who shows himself for one short hour, and then retires to the darkness; the unselfish Onesiphorus, who did the office of a faithful friend to Christs servant in prison; the God-fearing Obadiah, who acted similarly by the Lords prophets, in the perilous times of the wicked Jezebel; or, to take one case somewhat similar to that of Jael, Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, who, by one stern act, in a time of public sin, turned away the wrath of God from the people, so that they were not all slain (Gen. 14:18-20 : 2Ti. 1:16-18 1Ki. 18:13; Num. 25:7-8).

3. Defiant enemies of the Lord, and their sympathisers. Such were Sisera and his mighty host, together with Siseras household, who awaited his return. They all had a common sympathy in the humiliation of Israel, and in showing contempt for Israels God. In Psalms 83 there is mention made of Gods enemies combining together against His name, and His people aliketo cut off the latter, so that the very name of this people might cease (Jdg. 5:4), and in doing this, they really wished to show their hatred against Israels God. (Jdg. 5:2-5; Jdg. 5:12). Among these enemies, or rather as a parallel case to theirs, are mentioned Sisera and Jabin at the brook Kishon (Jdg. 5:9-10). The kingdom over which Jabin ruled had already felt the power of Jehovahs arm in the past, when Hazor and its king were utterly destroyed in the days of Joshua (Jos. 11:10-11). Besides this crushing blow inflicted on themselves, there was the long series of similar blows inflicted on all the other nations of the Canaanites, North and South, so that the true character of the God of Israel could not be misunderstood by them. Yet they dared to attack the people of God, among whom God had set His name, and wickedly treated them as slaves and the very refuse of the earth. Their custom probably was, and long had been, to blaspheme the name of Israels God and strive to root it out of the earth. And now, on this special day, when it was given forth by public proclamation, that Israels God was risen up out of His place to deliver His people, and that He was about to put Himself at their head to fight their battle, Sisera shows himself a defiant enemy to the last, by mustering a huge host to join issue with Israels mighty king.

All such are necessarily doomed to destruction. They have decided to treat God as their enemy, and after due warning given, and forbearance exercised, the only possible issue of such a conflict is, to bring down the Divine wrath upon them. God sets His face against them, for a moment, and they are ruined. For who can stand before His anger? He looketh on the earth and it trembleth; He toucheth the hills and they smoke. All that were now gathered against the Lord and His anointed, were driven like chaff before the whirlwind. The enemies of the Lord became as the fat of lambs; they were consumed; into smoke did they consume away. (Psa. 7:11-17; Psa. 11:6). Sisera fled from the sword of Barak, and the nail in the hand of Jael did strike him through. (Job. 20:24).

COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS.Jdg. 5:23-31

I. Crucial Testing-days are hastening on for all.

(1.) In this world there are certain times, when God in His Providence applies to every mans character a crucial test; when he is searched as with lighted candles, and the hidden state of his heart is made manifest. The very channels along which his thoughts flow, are seen and known by himself, if not by others, and he stands discovered before his own eye, as to the secret motives by which his conduct is regulated. All props are taken away, and he is left to stand solely on the foundation which he has really chosen. Then it is known whether he has really determined to be for God at all hazards, and whether he has cast in his lot with the Saviour, at the expense of having to renounce all other friends and refuges. Such a time occurs when he is visited with some dangerous illness, which brings him to the borders of the eternal world, and he feels how helpless fellow-creatures are, in view of possible death. It is also a testing season, when he meets with some severe reverse of fortune, when his worldly prospects are dashed, if not altogether blighted, and when his bright sunny hopes all fade like a dissolving view. Also, when for the first time he makes a public profession of religion, and begins to wear Christs Name. Also, when he is called on to choose his appropriate companionshipsreligious or irreligious. And once more, the time when he feels he must decide what habits he will form, those which imply self-denial and the fear of God, or those which include self-indulgence and love of the world, but without Christ and with the loss of a good conscience.

(2.) In the great future. We are informed that after death is the judgmentthat when dead the beggar was carried by the angels into Abrahams bosom,and that the rich man in hell lifted up his eyes being in torment. We are also told, that the penitent thief was at death to go with the Saviour into paradise, while of Judas we are told, that when he committed suicide he went to his own place. Thus, it would appear, that at the moment of quitting this world, the soul has its sentence passed upon it, according to its character for good or evil. Also at the end of time, we are assured that all must appear before the judgment seat of Christ, that every one may receive the things done in his body, etc. Then the fire shall try every mans work of what sort it is.

II. The prosperity of the wicked is short.

It seemed a great triumph for the King of Hazor to grind to the dust that once mighty people, who under Joshua, caused all the nations of Canaan to tremble, and all but annihilated the Hazor of that day. Now he could wreak his vengeance upon them at will, for many years, and doubtless looked forward to their final extinction under the iron rule of Sisera. But He that sitteth in the heavens did laugh, the Lord had them in derision. How soon is the candle of the wicked put out. He was great in power, and did spread himself like a green bay tree. The day of the Lord comes round. And he has passed away, and lo, he is not; yea he is sought for, but he cannot be found. How are they brought into desolation as in a moment! they are utterly consumed with terrors. Yet these men but yesterday were compassed about with pride as a chain, their eyes did stand out with fatness, and they did set their mouth against the heavens.

When they think themselves secure from evil then suddenly destruction comes. They do not watch nor number their days. Witness Belshazzar, Herod, and the fool in Christs parable. How quickly did Abels blood cry for vengeance! and that of Naboth in Jezreel the moment that Ahab went to take possession! Jeroboam was stricken while he spoke (1Ki. 13:4). The pleasures of sin are but for a season.

It is a remarkable fact that in the history of Rome, beginning with the period after the Augustan era, over 500 years, as many as 74 emperors came to the throne, of whom only 19 died a natural death and 55 were murderedhaving an average reign of 6 years only for each!
The prosperity of fools destroys them. It is because some men are so prosperous, that their life is more brief than otherwise it would be. Prosperity exposes to envy and hatred; and to this cause more than to any other did the wearers of the Imperial Purple at Rome hold their short tenure of office. Sometimes the same man will touch the greatest height of prosperity, and the lowest depth of misery, within the space of a few hours. Henry the Fourth of France, when in the zenith of his power, was struck by a blow from a traitorous hand, and despatched in his coach; while his bloody corpse was forsaken even by his servants, and lay exposed an unseemly spectacle to all. There seemed indeed, but a moment between the adorations, and the oblivion, of that great prince, all flesh is grass.

Prosperity also often leads to habits of self-indulgence, which speedily terminate in death. Thus Alexander the Great, could conquer the world, but could not subdue his own evil passions, and quickly they conquered him. We knew a man who was accustomed to earn his bread by the sweat of his brow for many years. Suddenly, through the death of a friend, he came into the possession of a large fortune. He gave up his habits of industry, got into the hands of evil companions, who led him rapidly on the down hill path, and, though in the prime of life, within two years, he was laid in his grave.

III. His supreme folly.

How inexpressibly foolish is it for a man, who has the power of casting his thoughts into the future, and foreseeing the consequences of his acts, to spend a short career of some twenty years like Sisera, in acting the part of a proud tyrant over a helpless people, at the risk of incurring the wrath of that terrible God, who he knew, if it pleased Him, could at any moment rise from His place and consign him to irremediable destruction! Woe unto him that striveth with his Maker! How can it fare with him that striketh against a rock, but that his bones should be broken, and his purpose utterly fail? Who hath hardened himself against God and hath prospered? What infatuation is it for men, when they get a brief moment of power, to rush against the thick bosses of the Almightys buckler! With one ray of that supernatural glory with which He was surrounded, could the ascended Jesus, now at the helm of universal government, and having infinite power at His command, have consumed the proud horseman that was on his way to Damascus to persecute those whom the Saviour loved. Yet the worm dares to rear itself against an Omnipotent arm! In tones of pity it is whispered to Him that it is hard to strike against the solid rocks!

In the grey mist of an early summer morning, a troop of horse are seen stealing over a stretch of Scottish moorland, among the moss-hags and wild heath, when suddenly they came on the object of their search. John Brown, of Priesthill, had just finished earnest and fervent prayers with, and for, his family circle, showing more than usual of the wrestling spirit, and had gone to a little distance from his home to begin work for the day. He was taken back to his house, and in the presence of those most dear to him, was told by the bloody Graham of Claverhouse to go to his prayers, for instantly he must die. The most in-offensive of men, most loyal to his God, most just and true in his dealings with his fellow men, with nothing to lay to his charge, but the one circumstance that he dared to worship God according to his own conscience, is told by a representative of law and order, that, for this great offence, he must die, and at a moments notice! The command was given to firebut not a hand was moved to do the work. The callous-hearted leader then himself walked up to his victim, and shot him through the head! The cruelly-used widow put to him the stinging questionHow will you answer in the future for this days work? to which he repliedTo men I can easily answer, and as for God, I shall take Him in my own hand! We mention this incident, because the names of Sisera and of Claverhouse are fit to be associated together on the same page; and to show the supreme infatuation of both in running such a monstrous career of wickedness, and raising fearful clouds of wrath against them in the future, with scarcely even a shadow of recompense in the present.

IV. His present misery. We cannot think that Sisera could have been a happy man, even at the head of his magnificent army, with myriads of warriors ready to obey his word of command. There was always the consciousness that he was engaged in the work of bloodshed, or trampling down the rights of othersthat he was carrying bitter grief or absolute desolation into the homes of a nation, and that he was running up a fearful reckoning with the God of the Hebrews, if He should ever rise up and call him to account. It is impossible to have any pure happiness within a mans inner nature, while there is a giving way to the darker and viler passions of the heart. Hence it is said, there is no peace to the wicked. Even at the best, there are snares in all their mercies; curses, also, and crosses attend all their comforts; and the curse of God follows them in every avenue of wickedness. They carry about with them their prison wherever they go, so that they are always in chains. And when any sudden flash crosses their path, or when any threatening sound makes itself heard in their ears, they feel as if the messenger were on their track, that is sent to summon them to appear at the bar of the Judge. It is but a troubled happiness which the wicked man has at the best: he draws it from impure springs, and he is liable to be robbed of it, at any moment, by forces over which he has no control.

V. His preparation for future misery.

(1.) He lives in the neglect of the great end of life. He has no aim in life but that of living for his own pleasure or profit. There is no ever-present conviction with him, that he has to spend his time chiefly for God, and that he is responsible for doing the many duties which God has set before him in His word.

(2.) He is every day provoking God to anger. By direct and positive acts of sin, or by many omissions in the discharge of duty. By forgetfulness of God, casting off His fear, and in many ways by listening to the world, instead of diligently hearkening to the voice of His word. By banishing God from his thoughts, as far as may be, and giving his affections to a thousand other objects rather than to the greatest, kindest, and best of Beings.

(3.) By delaying to take up the great question of the souls reconciliation with God. Every hours delay of this great matter is a slight put on the infinite sacrifice which God has made on mens behalf. It is making light of the offer of boundless love. It is this, which under the name of unbelief, or not believing, is said to form the main ground of mens condemnation in the gospel record.

(4.) Because he is always adding to his account before God, without in any way reducing it. Though, as time passes, he begins to forget the old sins, not one of them is really disposed of, while he hesitates to accept of Gods terms of reconciliation. When a man is hard pressed for money, and is on the verge of bankruptcy, he gets his bill renewed, but he well knows, that this is not a real payment; and, if it should be renewed again and again, there is still no payment made but only more interest added to the capital, making the debt larger and larger. Thus is it always till the Saviour is really embraced, and the debt is finally and really paid, on condition that the sinner gives himself entirely into His hands.

(5.) Because he is wasting on trifles the time which should be given to the saving of his soul. It is as if a man were to cut down, into chips, a strong oaken plank which is thrown to him to enable him to get across a yawning gulf, when there is no other means of escape. Is it wise for a man to busy himself in painting the door, when the house is on fire? or to spend much time at the toilet, when he is not sure whether his head shall stand on his shoulders another day? Is it fit that he should spend all his care in deciding what kind of dress he should wear, and to neglect a deadly cancer that has already begun to eat into his vitals?

(6.) Because he puts worldly enjoyment in the place of the enjoyment of God. Of worldlings it is said, they take the timbril and the harp, and rejoice at the sound of the organ; they spend their days in wealth, and in a moment go down to the grave. But there is no fear of God before their eyes, and no love of God in their hearts. They do not submit themselves to the righteousness of God. The world is in their hearts. God will not dwell in hearts where the world is on the throne. If any man love the world, the love of the Father is not in him. By allowing a usurper to reign over them, the wicked thus banish God from their presence, and when they cross the boundary line between the present and the future world, that condition becomes fixed, and so they remain for ever under the misery of being banished from God, the fountain of all life and joy.

Thus he carries with him the seeds of future misery wherever he goes, in his ungodly habits and preferences, superadded to his acts of transgression, or his omissions of the performance of duty. His only future must be to be deprived of all the smiles of his God, and to lie under His frown. This is misery.

VI. The wickeds fearful end. I saw the wicked buried, says the wise moralistand he might have added

(1.) I thought of his fair beginningthe good start he made in life; a bright morning, full of promise; a buoyant heart and mind full of joyful anticipations.

(2.) Next of his brilliant opening career. How he made several decided successes, as he entered into public life; how the world came around him with its smiles; how the tide of good fortune flowed to him; how he was flattered on every side, and marks of distinction were freely conferred.

(3.) Then I thought of the insidious influence of so many smiles and flatteries; of the danger of carrying so full a cup of temporal good things; of the many snares that Satan planted in his path; and of the persistent temptations with which on all sides he was surrounded.

(4.) I thought how, a little farther on in his career, he had already become the slave of divers lusts and passions which war against the soul; how he had turned a deaf ear to the warning voice of wisdom; how he had forsaken the uphill path which conducts to life and to God, and had chosen to turn aside into the by-paths and flowery meadows of sin, while fortune yet showered her favours upon him with lavish hand. And finally

(5.) I thought how rapidly he had descended from a lofty height into the valley of years, to fall among the thorns and quagmires that lie at the close of a worldlings life. I thought of his desertion by the world, his abandonment by God, his being held by the cords of his sins, his being the prey of an accusing conscience, and at last entering the dark Jordan, without any provision made to save himself from foundering in the sullen waters.

1. At the best his career ends in vanity.

In some form or other, he substitutes the world for God, which in the nature, of the case, must terminate in vanity.

Tis no hyperbole, O man, if thou be told

You delve for dross, with mattocks made of gold.
Affections are too costly to bestow
Upon the fair-faced nothings here below.
The eagle scorns to fall down from on high
(The proverb saith) to pounce upon a silly fly;
And can a Christian leave the face of God
Tembrace the earth and dote upon a clod?

The Romans painted Honour in the temple of Apollo, as representing the form of a man, with a rose in his right hand, a lily in his left, above him a marigold, and under him, wormwood, with the inscription (Levate) consider. The rose meant that man flourishes as a flower, and soon withers; the lily denoted the favour of man, which is easily lost. The marigold showed the fickleness of prosperity. The wormwood indicated that all delights of the world are sweet in execution, but bitter in retribution. Consider what a lesson of vanity is here?

What a deal of pains doth the spider take in weaving her web to catch flies! She runneth much, and often up and down, hither and thither; she wastes her own body to make a curious cabinet, and when she hath finished it, in the twinkling of an eye, the sweep of the besom brings it to the ground, destroying herself and it together, with one stroke. Thus it is with worldly men. They carp and care, toil and moil in this world, which they must soon leave for ever. They waste time and strength to add heap to heap, when quickly all perishes, and they, too, often along with it.Swinnock.

2. Often it ends in anguish.

(1.) It comes unexpectedly. As a thief in the nightwhile they are saying, peace and safety, then sudden destruction cometh. While the mind is weaving webs of schemes, while many agencies are set to work, and a great object in view is on the point of attainment; while a great acquisition is about to be made, and a higher platform is almost gainedat this particular moment, when least expected, the last messenger brings His summons, Thou fool! this night thy soul is required of thee. At midnight a cry was made, Behold the bridegroom cometh, go ye out to meet Him.

A bright morning broke for Sisera over the hills of Israel. Expectation rose high as he surveyed all the plain covered with masses of troopssword and spear, helmet and buckler, the image of colossal strength. The subject nation would become more prostrate than ever; never would victory be more easily won. There was only one issue possible, when such a huge host were to be met by only a handful of undisciplined volunteers under a man who was no general. Golden dreams of new accessions to former glory filled the brain of the great commander, as he marshalled his troops along the banks of the Kishon, while the sun rose high in the heavens. three or four hours elapse, and that magnificent spectacle of living power becomes one vast Aceldama, while the vaunting general himself is reduced to the plight of running as a fugitive before the pursuing foe, and escaping death on the battlefield only to meet it more ignominiously, at the hands of a woman!
The unexpected character of this end reminds us of the capricious cruelty of the insignificant puppet, who ruled over the millions of ancient Persia (Xerxes), who sometimes crowned his footmen in the morning, and beheaded them in the evening of the same day. Also, the Greek Emperor, Andromachus, who crowned his admiral in the morning, and took off his head in the afternoon! How are they brought unto desolation as in a moment? They are utterly consumed with terrors.

(2.) It comes irresistibly. God is Almighty to punish the incorrigible, as well as to pardon the penitent. The sinner has not a friend on the bench on the day when he is summoned to the highest tribunal. Not a single attribute will be his friend. Mercy itself will sit and vote with its fellow-attributes for his condemnation. When his time is come, the wicked is driven away in his wickedness. He shall fly away as a dream, and shall not be found; yea he shall be chased away as a vision of the night. No more power has he to keep back his spirit in the day when God requireth it of him, than has the dry leaf power to defend itself against the rushing tempest. When death comes his soul is forced from him by power of law. His soul is required of him. As a disobedient debtor he is delivered to pitiless exactors; or as a ship which is dragged by some fierce wind from its mooring, and driven furiously to perish on the rocks.Theophylact.

In that dread moment, how the frantic soul
Raves round the walls of her clay tenement,
Runs to each avenue, and shrieks for help,
But shrieks in vain! how wistfully she looks
On all shes leaving, now no longer hers!
O might she stay to wash away her stains,
And fit her for her passage! But the foe,
Like a staunch murdrer steady to his purpose,
Pursues her close through every lane of life,
Nor misses once the track, but presses on;
Till forcd at last to the tremendous verge,
At once she sinks to everlasting ruin!

Terrors take hold on him as waters; a tempest stealeth him away in the night. The east wind carrieth him away, and he departeth; and as a storm hurleth him out of his place. For God shall cast upon him and not spare. Men shall clap their hands at him, and shall hiss him out of his place. On this occasion, Sisera was chased as the chaff of the mountains before the wind, and like a rolling thing before the whirlwind.

(3.) It makes a mockery of hopes. Their inward thought is that their houses shall continue for ever, and their dwelling-places to all generations: they call their lands after their own names. But the expectation of the wicked shall perish. Like sheep they are laid in the grave; death shall feed on them. Their breath goeth forth and they return to the earth; in that very day their thoughts perish. What a mockery did the act of Jael make of all the hopes cherished by the proud leader of the myriads that deployed on the plain of Jezreel! As dreams of the night they vanished away. Like the illusions of the mirage with its visions of silver streams and laden fruit trees, which disappear the moment the enchantment is broken, so is it with the miserable worldling, whom Satan has duped with the hopes of the honours and joys of earth in days to come. Every hope perishes. Bitter disappointment remains their only comforter. Dust is the serpents meat, and the same fare have all the serpents seed.

How can it be otherwise? To the wicked man who clings to his wickedness,

No ray of hope

Dispels the involving gloom; a Deity,
With all the thunder of dread vengeance round him
Is ever present to his tortured thoughts.

Notwithstanding all the diligence and cost, all the art and industry, which the wicked put out in order to perpetuate their names, their hope is, like the spiders web, which at one stroke of the besom is brushed away, and in a moment it comes to nothing. A great king, feeling that he was about to be approached by a greater monarch than himselfthe king of Terrorsgave orders that when he died he should be put into a royal position, sitting in the attitude of a ruling monarch. In a mausoleum specially erected for the purpose, and in a tomb within this, he was placed upon a throne. The Gospel narratives were laid upon his knees; by his side was his celebrated sword; on his head was an imperial crown; and a royal mantle covered his lifeless shoulders. So it remained for 180 years! At length the tomb was opened. The skeleton form was found dissolved and dismembered; the ornaments were there, but the frame had sunk into fragments, and the bones had fallen asunder. There remained, indeed, the ghastly skull wearing its crown stillthe only sign of royalty about this vain pageant of death in its most hideous form.

(4.) There is no mixture of comfort with misery in their death. When death comes to the wicked the day of mercy closes, and with it all that mitigated the bitter cup of life is taken away. God ceases to smile, and all creature sources of happiness become as wells dried up. In Gods frown the whole universe joins, for all are His servants. Sometimes, on this side of time, the dark shadow of the eclipse steals over a man; and, as in the case before us, we see him entering the turbid waters without a single reliable friend to lean on, and without a ray of hope to lighten the gloom. The day of forbearance lasted long; it is now over, and there is no longer mercy mingled with justice. He who would contend with the Almighty at all risks, must now accept the results of his own decision. The wicked man must now eat of the fruit of his own way, and be filled with his own devices.

Those who abuse the day of mercy often die without a single friend to whisper peace at their pillow, or to supply a single consolation in the hour of need. There is no Christian friend to point them to the Saviour, to offer up prayer to Him who is able to save from death and all its consequencesto show marks of sympathy, to close the eyes in death, and take charge of the poor body when the spirit has fled. And yet this is but a trifling element in the case, compared with that which is implied in doing the office of a mediator, when the spirit quits its clay tenement to answer in the presence of the Judge for the deeds done in the body. It will then be every thing for a man to have provided a Days-man to answer to God for him, and to produce reconciliation between an offended God and His offending creature. It is the highest wisdom now to make this provision without the least delay. The prudent man foreseeth the evil and hideth himself.

(5.) It comes with marks of dishonour and degradation. That the most renowned warrior of his age should die at all when he had so many legions to defend himthat he should not be able to fight a stroke on the battlefieldthat he should die as a fugitive, all alone without any of his chosen friends near him, in the dwelling of a supposed friend but a real enemy, above all, that he should die a tragic death at the hands of a woman!all this indicated a marked degree of dishonour and degradation in his death. Save me from the horrors of a jail, were almost the dying words of one of the most gifted men of genius. A profligate nobleman in England, who long stood on a lofty pinnacle in the world of fashion, and was master of an income of the value of 50, 000 per annum, became at length reduced to the deepest distress by his vice and extravagance, and breathed his last moments in a miserable inn, forsaken and forgotten by his former companions. In a similar manner died one of the greatest statesmen whom England ever producedin a small country inn, without a single attendant or comforter, though at one time whole nations were entranced by his eloquence. Now, in this humble dwelling, with none to care for him, or sympathise with his sorrows, he dies of a broken heart! Another bright genius, who long gained the most flattering distinctions in society, writes in old age, I am absolutely undone and broken hearted. Misfortunes crowd on me, and I die haunted by fears of a prison. Forsaken by my gay associates, dispirited and world-weary, I close my eyes in gloom and sorrow.

Life ebbs, life ebbs, and leaves me dry,
As the hot desert, empty as the wind,
And hungry as the sea.

How many leave the world thus fallen, fallen from their high estate, who have lived without God, and without Christ while they did live! Shame shall be the promotion of fools. At the last some shall awake to shame and everlasting contempt, and even during the present life there are not wanting illustrations.

(6.) It comes as an absolute ruin. It is the hour when every thing that a man has becomes lost, finally and absolutely losthis property, his friends and relatives, his fame, his character, his works in this life, and all his prospects for the life to come! He stands between two worlds, a ruined and helpless man, no friend near, and an angry God for his enemyall brought upon him by himself It is of all sights the most wretched. Warning was given that the judgment though long deferred lingered not, and the damnation slumbered not. And now he is in the hands of irresistible forces, which inflict upon him a terrible humiliation and utter ruin. God sets his face against him in vindication of His holy law, which he has so deeply transgressed; and now rebukes him in the fearful but just language of Pro. 1:24-30.

His end is ruin. Every thread of lifes schemes is broken; warp and woof together are all torn to shreds. Not a vestige of lifes doings remains to serve as a memorial of the pastnothing save what may serve as material for an accusing conscience. Now the rains have descended, the floods have come, the winds have blown and beaten against such a mans house; it has fallen and great is the fall of it! There was no foundation of rock. He tries to lean on the house which he has built on the sand, but it does not stand; he holds it fast, but it does not endure. It is like a man standing upon ice, or on slippery, shelving rocks. It is now discovered, that during life the wicked man had been carrying omens of sad import in his breast; that, though he stood well before men, he was like a book that is well bound externally, but when opened was found to be full of tragedies.

What a frustration of plans and purposes do we see in the example before us! How many webs were being spun in the loom of fancy, at the time when the awful catastrophe took place! How many vain hopes were buried in that unknown grave! The greatest warrior lies down as the beasts that perish; and there is no blessed resurrection. The name is forgotten, or lives to rot above ground as a warning to others. His destiny otherwise is to be forgotten. (Ecc. 8:10; Psa. 37:10; Psa. 37:36; Psa. 37:38; Psa. 49:19; Pro. 24:20.)

Melancholy as are these examples of spiritual shipwreck, they will, we believe, form but a small minority in the whole population of the globe at the end of time. If the number of the saved did not greatly exceed the number that shall perish, where would be the victory of the Son of God in coming to destroy the works of the Devil? Also, now that a highway has been opened, clear of all obstruction for sinful man to come back to God, where would be the broad evidence that God will have all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth? Meantime the Saviour Himself warns every man to strive earnestly for his own salvation, rather than enquire curiously about the number of the saved. (Luk. 13:23-24).

N. B.The Church in every age has its songs.

The bow of hope that is set over its future is the bow of an everlasting covenant, and gives assurance against devastation in the future. The well whence its contents are drawn is deeper than can ever dry up. The army that is engaged to defend it night and day is incomparably mightier than the united force of all that are in league against it. When faith is strong, its bright days always exceed in number those that are dark; in the hardest struggle it is never more than brought to its knees, and in the end it never fails to come off a conqueror, and more.

Much of its vocation, therefore, even in this world is to sing; and its songs are lyrics rather than elegies. Its days are never so dark as to be altogether without stars, and therefore not without songs. In the times of Genesis, the Church was scarcely yet old enough to have a history, but the Book does not close until we have a prophetic song on the brightness of her future career (Genesis 49). Then says Wordsworth, We have a song of victory in Exodus (chap. 15); we have a song of victory in Numbers (chaps. 23 and 24); we have a song of victory in Deuteronomy (chap. 32); we have this song of victory in Judges; we have a song of victory in the First Book of Samuel (chap. 2); we have a song of victory in the Second Book of Samuel (chap. 22); we have also the song of Zacharias, that of the Virgin, that of Simeon, in the gospel narrative; and all these songs are preludes to the new song, the song of Moses and of the Lamb, which the saints of the Church glorified from all nations, will sing at the crystal sea, when all the enemies of the Church shall have been subdued, and their victory assured for ever (Revelation 14, 15). He might have added that from the days of David more than one-half of all the sacred writings of the Church of God is in the language of songDavid and others in the Psalms, and Isaiah and others in the writings of the Prophets. If the subject is not that of victory, it is for the most part that of victory in the days to come, as not less certain than if it had been already accomplished.

Fuente: The Preacher’s Complete Homiletical Commentary Edited by Joseph S. Exell

(23) Curse ye Meroz.The guilt of Meroz was worse than that of the tribes which held aloof, because, whatever may have been its exact site, it was evidently in the very heart of the country which had been thus inspired to strike a blow for freedom. Possibly it would have been in the power of the inhabitants at least to cut off the retreat of the enemy. We may conjecture, from the ban thus laid on Meroz, that it felt the vengeance of the victorious Israelites, and was destroyed or punished like Succoth and Penuel. Their crime was detrectatio militiae, which the ancients regarded with special indignation. The case of Jabesh Gilead, in Jdg. 21:9-10, may account for the difficulty of ascertaining the site of the town; it is not mentioned elsewhere. By some it is identified with Kefr Musr, a village to the south of Tabor (5 Raumer); by others with Marussus, north of Bethshean. It has been conjectured that the true reading may be Merom, and Dr. Thomson identifies it with Marom, as Eusebius alludes to it under the name Merran, and Jerome calls it Merrom. They, however, place it near Dothan, twelve miles from Shechema very unlikely locality.

Said the angel of the Lord.The Maleak Jehovah, as in Jdg. 3:1. Here, as in that passage, some (referring to Hag. 1:13; Mal. 2:7) suppose that Deborah is herself the angel or messenger of the Lord. However that may be, she certainly speaks as the mouthpiece of Jehovahs messenger (Jdg. 4:4).

Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)

23. Curse Meroz The name of this place occurs here only, and of its history we have no other trace. Perhaps it utterly perished by reason of this awful curse. It would seem to have lain along the route of the flying Canaanites, and its inhabitants culpably neglected to help the leaders of Israel in their pursuit. The apathy of some of the tribes only called forth censure or reproach, (Jdg 5:16-17😉 but the neglects of Meroz were so great as to call forth a bitter curse.

Angel of Jehovah Some think Deborah herself is meant; but the reference is more likely to the Angel who fought for Israel, and perhaps revealed himself to the prophetess.

Among the mighty ones See note on Jdg 5:13.

Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

The Cursed and the Blessed ( Jdg 5:23-27 ).

Jdg 5:23

“Curse you Meroz, said the angel of Yahweh,

Curse you bitterly (literally ‘curse cursing’) its inhabitants,

Because they came not to the help of Yahweh,

To the help of Yahweh against the mighty.’

Meroz is cursed because it was of the tribe of Naphtali. Meroz alone of Naphtali refused to contribute to the action, probably because they feared reprisals from Hazor. But thereby they brought a curse on their own heads, and probably vengeance as well.

Meroz was probably a town a few miles (kilometres) north of Kedesh-naphtali from which Barak came. Note the mention of the angel of Yahweh to demonstrate how closely Yahweh was involved in the action (and how the angel of Yahweh appears distinguished from Yahweh). The expression also indicates Deborah’s source of inspiration.

Jdg 5:24

“Blessed above women shall Jael be,

The wife of Heber the Kenite.

Blessed shall she be,

Above women in the tent.”

In stark contrast to Meroz, the native born Israelites who refused help to Israel, was Jael the Kenite, who gave that help. Indeed she will be blessed above all women who live in tents, that is, semi-nomadic women. Or it may mean that in a tent of women she will be exalted because of what she did.

Jdg 5:25

“He asked water, and she gave him milk,

She brought him yoghurt in a lordly dish.”

This may just be describing how she treated him right royally, but it may be metaphorical for what follows. That was milk indeed! ‘A lordly dish’ – a dish fit for a lord.

Jdg 5:26-27.

“She put her hand to the nail,

And her right hand to the workmen’s hammer,

And with the hammer she smote Sisera,

She smote through his head.

Yes she pierced and struck through his temples.

At her feet he bowed, he fell, he lay.

At her feet he bowed, he fell.

Where he bowed, there he fell down spoiled (become a spoil).”

The picture is triumphant. The nail in the left hand, the hammer in the right, she smote it through his head, yes, she pierced and struck through his temples. And like a beaten foe he fell at her feet (perhaps metaphorically – although it is possible that in his death throes he staggered up and then collapsed). Note the stress ‘she smote — she smote’, ‘he bowed — he bowed’. She had taken her spoil. No woman of her time would have doubted that this man, who violated her tent, deserved what he received, for all would read the implications behind it. There was no law of hospitality that catered for a situation like this.

Possibly significant are the verbs used. To ‘bow’ over a woman was to have intercourse with her (Job 31:10) and ‘to lay’ was used of rape (Deu 22:23; Deu 22:25; Deu 22:28). Perhaps there is here the suggestion of vengeance for previous rape, what he had done to her being connected with his fall. Note how rape is also prominent in Jdg 5:30.

Fuente: Commentary Series on the Bible by Peter Pett

Jdg 5:23-24. Curse ye Meroz, said the angel of the Lord It is plain from the corresponding clause, that Meroz was a city, the inhabitants whereof refused to assist in this war, and therefore are thus solemnly devoted by the angel of the Lord. See Jos 5:14. Against the mighty, at the close of this verse, is rendered by Houbigant, with the mighty; with those warriors of the Lord, who freely offered themselves in this enterprise. From this curse the prophetess passes, by a beautiful transition, to the blessing of Jael, whose exploit is recorded in the foregoing chapter. The passage is so truly elegant and poetical, that our translators have insensibly fallen into two fine heroic lines in the 25th verse:

He asked water, and she gave him milk; She brought forth butter in a lordly dish.
The word translated dish would be more properly rendered bowl (see ch. Jdg 6:38.); a large and capacious vessel, in which she brought him perhaps cream, or the best milk. See AEneid 1: The liquid here presented by Jael to Sisera was butter-milk. Few people, I believe, would think cream very proper drink for one that was thirsty. M. D’Arvieux informs us, that the Arabs make their butter by churning in a leathern bottle; that they drink sometimes sweet milk, and sometimes make froth of it; but that, when it curdles, they put the juice of an herb to it to make it sourer: they also put some of it upon their pilaw, or boiled rice, and eat it mixed together. If then the Kenites made butter as the modern Arabs do, (and there does not appear any refinement in the present Arab custom, which retains strong marks of the ancient simplicity,) the supposing Jael to have been just churning will account for the present passage, and chap. Jdg 4:19. Sisera, being thirsty, asked for water; she opens a bottle (a skin, according to the original), i.e. the leathern bottle with which she had been just churning; and pouring its contents into a bowl, fit to be presented to a man of Sisera’s quality, and doubtless the best in her tent, she offers him this butter-milk to drink. This gave occasion to Deborah to speak of milk and butter both. Sour milk is esteemed by those people as more refreshing than that which is sweet. Thus then, instead of water, she gave him a better liquid; the most refreshing, we may believe, that she had by her. Dr. Pococke, vol. 2: p. 25 says, that during the time of his entertainment by the Arabs, in the Holy Land, they brought cakes which were sour, and fine oil of olives to dip them in: but, perceiving that he did not like this, they served him up some sour butter-milk to drink; and every meal was finished with coffee. This, we are to observe, was the entertainment of people who treated him in the most respectful manner they could; and was produced, when they found that what was before prepared for him was not so agreeable, being desirous of doing every thing they could to accommodate him. So, in the account of Commodore Stewart’s embassy to redeem some British captives, in 1721, we are told, “that butter-milk is the chief dessert of the Moors; and that when they would speak of the extraordinary sweetness of any thing (I suppose agreeableness is meant), they compare it with buttermilk.” Observations, p. 152. The following verses (26, 27) are equally elegant and poetical with Jdg 5:25. The description is so minute, that we, as it were, behold the very action.

REFLECTIONS.Deborah, proceeding in her seraphic song, kindles as she recites the righteous acts of the Lord, and calls up all the faculties of her soul to stretch their utmost powers in uttering his praise. Let Barak now arise, and lead the captive nobles of Canaan bound to his chariot-wheels; and let the meanest of the Israelites who have survived their oppressors trample on the necks of the mighty: yea, Deborah herself, though a woman, shall triumph in the dominion that God has given her. With just praise, she mentions the brave warriors who assisted her; with wonder, the mighty foes who fell before them; and with just indignation, stamps with infamy the coward tribes that sat unconcerned spectators of the war. Note; (1.) They who are zealous for God, shall assuredly hear of it shortly to their everlasting honour. (2.) When we go to war with the enemies of our souls, we had need be determined, since conquest or death eternal must be the issue. (3.) The whole creation is armed to avenge God’s quarrel against his own and his people’s enemies. Jael, the wife of Heber, receives her deserved encomium for that noble deed against the enemy of God and his Israel. Lulled into security by her invitation and treatment, Sisera, without suspicion, drank of her cup, and lay down to sleep; when, stirred up by a divine impulse, her manly soul approached the devoted victim, and, with unrelenting steadiness, she struck the deadly blow. Awaking, at her feet he fell: the shadows of death hung heavy on his eye-lids, he bowed, he fell; he bowed, he fell down dead, not in the bed of honour, nor slain by the devouring sword, but by the hand of a woman, surprised without the power of resistance. The terror of the mighty now lies low, and pride is humbled to the dust: thus will it shortly be with those who now are sunk in sin, and asleep in security; soon the arrows of the Almighty will stick fast in them; they must bow under the stroke of vengeance, and fall, not into the arms of Death only, but into the belly of Hell!

Fuente: Commentary on the Holy Bible by Thomas Coke

XXVIII

DEBORAH’S SONG (Concluded); MIDIAN AND GIDEON

Jdg 5:23-8:35

DEBOBAH’S SONG Concluded

In Jdg 5:23 a curse is denounced on Meroz and in Jdg 5:24 a blessing pronounced on Jael. Now, is this imprecation on the one hand or this benediction on the other hand merely an expression of Deborah’s personal enthusiasm and aroused patriotism, or must we attribute it to the inspiration of God?

Ans. The whole context shows that she is not only speaking as a prophet under inspiration (compare Jdg 4:9 , “Jehovah will sell Sisera into the hand of a woman”), but quoting the very words of Jehovah, Jdg 5:23 .

2. Then would you approve the morality of Jael’s apparent violation of the laws of hospitality held so sacred in the Orient, and of what seems on its face to be assassination?

Ans. Yes, what Jehovah himself commands and blesses is not to be judged by man according to human standards. The avenger of blood was not an assassin but commissioned as a sheriff. So the case of Ehud. So the destruction of the Canaanites. So the flood. So the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.

3. But may not Jehovah in a governmental sense avail himself of wicked instruments overruling the evil but not approving it, as in the case of Joseph’s brethren, Gen 42:21 ; Gen 45:5 , of the remarkable case of the Assyrian, Isa 10:5-15 , and in the case of the betrayers and crucifiers of Christ, Act 2:23 ?

Ans. This is all true but cannot under a fair construction of our text apply in the case of the inspired curse on Meroz and the inspired blessing on Jael, especially since it was “the angel of Jehovah” who curses and blesses and Deborah only quotes Jdg 5:23 . Compare the blessing on Jael with the blessings on Mary, the mother of our Lord, Luk 1:41-42 , by Elisabeth and Mary’s own saying, Luk 1:48 .

4. But is not the doctrine dangerous in the hands of fanatics as in the assassination of William of Orange and Henry of Navarre?

Ans. All doctrines are dangerous in the hands of fanatics and are liable to fearful abuse. To assume, without warrant, to act in Jehovah’s name in either blessing or cursing or to cloak private revenge under religious sanction is a blasphemous usurpation of divine prerogative. See Rom 12:19 . God only can bless or curse. See specially the case of Balaam, Num 22:5-6 , and Num 23:7-8 ; Num 23:11-12 ; Num 23:20 ; Num 24:10-12 . It devolves upon him who assumes to bless or curse or slay in God’s name to give miraculous proofs as signs of his credentials.

5. But is it ever true that an individual or a people may dispense with ordinary forms of law?

Ans. It is true that under extraordinary conditions in which ordinary forms of law are not available the law of self-preservation may justify a father in protecting his family from burglary, assassination, and dishonor, and there have been extraordinary cases where there was no law to protect life or property, the right to social government inhering in the people justified extraordinary means of social protection, until ordinary forms of legal protection should be created. This doctrine also is liable to terrific abuses, but it is a true doctrine under the real conditions which demand it.

6. What can you say of the morality of Deborah’s exultation over the hopeless waiting of Sisera’s mother for the return of her son?

Ans. It is of a piece with the rest. A mother watching through the lattice for the return of a son who for twenty years has ground an oppressed people to powder, and who is delighting herself with the expectation of a robber’s spoils and of captive maidens to be devoted to bondage and dishonor, cannot reasonably hope that the delivered people will condole with her disappointment. Nor can it be evil to rejoice at that disappointment. See Rev 19:1-8 . The joy of Deborah was a righteous joy. The sentimental deprecation of some commentators on this point is sickly, namby-pamby, goody-goody gush, very far from piety. It is such a weakness as would weep over the ultimate downfall of the poor devil!

MIDIAN AND GIDEON JUDGES 6-8

7. What the occasion of the next oppression of Israel, how long the oppression, who the oppressor and where his territory?

Ans. See Jdg 6:1 , and map.

8. Trace the origin of the Midianites and show their kinship to Israel and the past connection of Joseph and Moses with them and what part of them was associated with Israel in travel and settlement in Canaan.

Ans. Examine Gen 25:2 ; Exo 3:1 ; Exo 18:1-27 ; Num 10:29-32 ; Num 12:1 ; Num 22:4-7 ; Num 31:1-12 ; Jdg 1:16 ; Jdg 4:11-17 ; Jdg 4:24 , and then make your own reply.

9. Why are Midianites used synonymously with Ishmaelites both here (Jdg 8:24 ) and in Gen 37:25 ; Gen 37:28 ?

Ans. They were close akin, occupied the same territory and had the same customs of desert life, were intermingled as one people.

10. What other tribes or nations were associated with Midian in this invasion of Israel?

Ans. Consult Jdg 6:3 , and Jdg 8:24 , and reply.

11. What characteristics show them to be the true children of the East?

Ans. (1) Their methods of travel and making war, Jdg 6:5 .

(2) Their ornaments, Jdg 8:24-26 .

12. What the sweep of the invasion and the extent of the desolation wrought?

Ans. Consult Jdg 6:2-6 and answer.

13. To whom did Israel cry for help and the method of response?

Ans. Consult Jdg 7:7-10 , and reply.

14. After the rebuke of Israel’s sin through a prophet how does Jehovah intervene?

Ans. He comes to call and qualify a human deliverer, Jdg 6:11 .

15. Comparing Jdg 6:11 , with Gen 15:1 ; Gen 18:2 ; Gen 21:17 ; Exo 3:2 ; Exo 23:20 ; Exo 23:23 ; Exo 33:2 ; Jos 5:13 ; Jdg 13:3-7 , what are these appearances of the “angel, or Word of Jehovah”?

Ans. They were real Theophanies or pre-manifestations of our Lord. Compare Joh 8:5-6 and Heb 9:26-27 .

16. State the circumstances of Gideon’s call, its miraculous sign, its commemoration, the meaning of Jehovah-Shalom and cite other significant combinations of “Jehovah” with a modifying word and the meaning of each.

Ans. For all but the last item see Jdg 6:11-24 . For the last item see Gen 22:14 ; Exo 17:15 ; Jer 23:6 . On the last item: Jehovah-Jireh The Lord Will Provide, Gen 22:14 . Jehovah-Nissi The Lord our Banner, Exo 17:15 . Jehovah-Shalom The Lord our Peace, Jdg 6:24 . Jehovah-Tsidkenu The Lord Our Righteousness, Jer 3:6 .

17. How does the New Testament comment on Gen 18:1-8 , and Jdg 6:18-19 ?

Ans. Heb 13:2 .

18. Compare in the following cases the different ways in which men receive God’s call to service.

(1) Moses, Exo 3:10-11 ; Exo 4:10-13 .

(2) Gideon, Jdg 6:15 .

(3) Samuel, 1Sa 3:4-10

(4) Saul, 1Sa 10:22 .

(5) Jonah, Jon 1:3 ; Jon 3:2-3 .

(6) Isaiah, Isa 6:8 .

(7) Jeremiah, Jer 1:6 .

(8) Amo 7:14-16 .

(9) Paul, Act 26:19 ; Gal 1:15-16 .

19. How was Gideon directed to make a square issue and fulfil it?

Ans. Jdg 6:25-27 .

20. Explain different renderings in common and revised versions of “cut down the grove,” “cut down the Asherah” in Jdg 6:25 .

Ans. Form your own answer.

21. Wherein the great courage of Gideon in this act?

Ans. It was against his own family and city.

22. What the reply of Gideon’s father to the demand of the city that Gideon be delivered up to die?

Ans. Jdg 6:31 .

23. What new name was given to Gideon and of what was it a standing memorial?

Ans. The name of Jerubbaal and it is a standing memorial of the fact that throughout his life Gideon was against Baal and that if Baal could not defend himself he was no god.

24. Compare this case with the remarkable case in 1Ki 18:17-20 .

Ans. Form your own answer.

25. How did both sides respond to Gideon’s issue?

Ans. Jdg 6:33-35 .

26. What the two confirmatory signs of victory given to Gideon?

Ans. Jdg 6:36-40 .

27. What and why the two eliminations of Gideon’s army?

Ans. Jdg 7:2-8 . The first elimination was this: God said, “These 32,000 you have here are too many. The battle must be the Lord’s battle and you have too many men.” The first elimination was to send home every man that was afraid. You know men get scared when they jam right up against a formidable army. The first elimination was that every one of the 32,000 that was scared might fall out, and 22,000 fell out. God looked at the 10,000 and said, “There are still too many. Now bring the 10,000 down to the creek and let me see them drink water,” and every one but 300 when they got there laid down their equipments and kneeled down and deliberately took a drink. But the 300 waded in and lapped up the water as they marched through, and never stopped walking. God said that the 300 that lapped the water like a dog were his crowd. Why? They had before them, after the battle, a march that would try the souls of men. Gideon will never let up pursuing them, across the Jordan and way out into Midian, and soldiers that have to lay aside their equipments and lie down and grunt, they never will overtake a fleeing enemy, and he needed people that wouldn’t lose time. I once heard an infidel say that that was the sorriest test he ever heard of. I always thought it a remarkable test. It was precisely the kind of a test that was made by an old Indian fighter. He said, “I am going to pursue the Indians into the mountains; whoever cannot load your gun as you go must drop out; you must be able to load your gun as you go.”

28. What additional sign of victory?

Ans. Jdg 7:9-14 . Gideon and one man marched up and took a close look at the enemy and heard one of them say, “I have dreamed. I dreamed that we would be destroyed by the sword of Gideon.” There is the mighty spirit of God sending a dream to a man as he sent a dream to Pharaoh.

29. What the arms of Gideon’s 300, his method of battle, the war cry and the result?

Ans. Jdg 7:16-23 . Army trumpets, lamps, and pitchers. The trumpets to blow, the pitchers to hide the light until the time came. They put the light down deep in the pitchers so they could slip up to the enemy, then at a signal they broke the pitchers and the 300 trumpets blew and the war cry came from three directions, “The sword of the Lord and of Gideon.” You see he divided his men into three companies; let a big crowd of men wake up in the night with 100 lights burning on the right, 100 on the left and 100 behind and three divisions shouting, “The sword of the Lord and of Gideon,” it would scare them nearly to death. The result was that they just ran until they dropped. That great big army, a multitude, running away before trumpets, lamps, and pitchers and the war cry.

30. What great sermon by great men have been preached from two texts in this paragraph?

Ans. I will give you two and let you think of a dozen more. Spurgeon has a sermon, indeed a series, on “Lamps and Pitchers.” Then John A. Broadus preached at the convention at Atlanta on “The Sword of the Lord and of Gideon.”

31. What other cases can you cite of using insignificant weapons to achieve great victories?

Ans. I will tell you of a few and you must think of some more. The ox-goad in the hands of Shamgar, the jawbone of an ass in the hands of Samson, and the sling and pebble in the hands of David.

32. What precautions of Gideon to cut off the retreat of the enemy?

Ans. He sent a rapid messenger to the tribe of Ephraim and they fell into line and captured two of the kings and killed a great multitude of the people.

33. Considering the case of Ephraim in dealing with Joshua, Gideon, and Jephthah, what the description of that tribe by a later prophet, and what the meaning of the metaphor?

Ans. Hos 7:8 : “Ephraim is a cake not turned.” You read those three passages about Ephraim and you will think of that prophets metaphor. He was just cooked on one side. Did you ever eat a piece of bread that was cooked on one side and raw on the other? That is the description of Ephraim.

34. What kings commanded the Midianites, and their fate?

Ans. Zabah and Zaimunna, who were slain by Gideon.

35. State the case of the cities of Succoth and Penuel and give your judgment of Gideon’s punishment of them.

Ans. When Gideon’s men came with their tongues out from thirst, having come all the way from the battlefield east of the Jordan, they said, “We are soldiers of Gideon and dying of hunger and thirst; feed us,” and those cities from financial and prudential reasons thought maybe the other side was going to capture them, so they went against the starving army and refused them bread and drink. Gideon said that when he came back he was going to make scourges out of the bushes with thorns and punish them and plough up their foundation. Later he did exactly what he said he was going to do.

36. What great sin did Gideon commit?

Ans. I wish that he had stopped without committing that sin. He commanded that the earrings, raiment, and the chains that were about their camels’ necks (as is characteristic of desert people) should all be poured into a sack and out of that he would make an ephod. What is an ephod? It is a garment like a Mexican blanket with a hole in it to put down over the head. The one for the high priest, on the breast, had a plate and two jewels, one on each side, and it was worn when the priest went to consult the oracles; whenever a question came up the high priest put on this robe and the oracle would answer. And the record says, “All Israel went a whoring after the ephod of Gideon.”

37. How long did peace last from this deliverance?

Ans. Forty years; it was just a day or two that that fight lasted and forty years of peace followed one brief fight.

Fuente: B.H. Carroll’s An Interpretation of the English Bible