Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Daniel 11:31
And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily [sacrifice], and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate.
31. And arms i.e. forces ( Dan 11:15 ; Dan 11:22) (coming) from him shall stand up ] or (following the interpunction expressed by the Heb. accents), shall stand up at his instance (Isa 30:1, Heb.); ‘stand up,’ i.e. be set on foot, organized (cf. in the causative conj. Dan 11:11). The ‘arms’ are the armed force sent by Antiochus to take possession of Jerusalem (see the next note).
and they shall pollute the sanctuary (even) the stronghold ] The Temple at this time was fortified with high walls, which were broken down by the soldiers of Antiochus, but afterwards rebuilt ( 1Ma 4:60 ; 1Ma 6:7 ): hence it is called a ‘stronghold.’ For the facts, see 1Ma 1:29 ff. Apollonius ( 2Ma 5:24 ), coming with an armed force, but lulling with friendly words the suspicions of the people, fell upon the city suddenly on a sabbath-day; and having obtained possession of it, took women and children prisoners, demolished many of the houses and fortifications, and strengthening the citadel (which overlooked the Temple), established in it a Syrian garrison. Cf. 1Ma 1:34 ; 1Ma 1:36-37 , ‘And they put there [in the citadel] a sinful nation [the Syrian garrison], transgressors of the law ( ), and they strengthened themselves therein. And it became a place to lie in wait in against the sanctuary ( ), and an evil adversary unto Israel continually. And they shed innocent blood round about the sanctuary, and defiled the sanctuary ’ (comp. Dan 2:12).
and shall take away the continual (burnt-offering)] cf. Dan 8:11, where the expression is similar, and the reference is the same. Apollonius had not been long in possession of Jerusalem when Antiochus, wishing to unify his empire, and to assimilate as far as possible its different parts, determined to bring it all under the influence of Hellenic culture; and accordingly issued in Judah instructions to obliterate every trace of the ancient religion. All the Jewish sacrifices were to be abolished in the Temple; sabbaths and other festivals were to be disregarded; ceremonial observances (such as the prohibition to eat unclean food) were to be discontinued; the rite of circumcision was prohibited, under pain of death; books of the law were to be destroyed, and anyone found with them in his possession was to be punished with death. Special commissioners ( ) were appointed for the purpose of carrying out these directions. Not only, however, were Jewish institutions to be thrown aside, heathen ones were to take their place; the Temple was to be transformed into a sanctuary of Zeus Olympios ( 2Ma 6:2 ), heathen altars and shrines were to be set up, swine’s flesh and unclean beasts were to be sacrificed; and officers were appointed to see that all these injunctions were duly carried out ( 1Ma 1:41-53 ). The suspension of the Temple services (to which the words of the present verse allude) began in December, b.c. 168, and continued for rather more than three years (see p. 119).
and they shall set up the abomination that causeth appalment ] i.e. the heathen altar erected on the altar of burnt-offering. See 1Ma 1:54 , ‘And on the 15th day of Chisleu [December] they builded an abomination of desolation ( , the same expression which is used in the LXX. here) upon the altar,’ and ( 1Ma 1:59) ‘on the 25th day of the month they sacrificed upon the (idol-) altar ( ), which was upon the altar (of God) ( )’: cf. also Dan 6:7. A statue of Zeus Olympios was most probably associated with the altar [383] . On ‘causeth appalment,’ see on Dan 8:13; and cf. the parallel passages Dan 9:27, Dan 12:11.
[383] Cf. the tradition in the Mishna ( Taanith iv. 6 ), Euseb. ( ap. Sync. 542, 21 ), and Jerome (on Dan 11:31, ‘Jovis Olympii simulacrum’), referred to by Grtz, Gesch. 11. 2, p. 314 f.
In explanation of the somewhat peculiar expression used, an ingenious and probable suggestion has been made by Nestle ( ZATW [384] 1884, p. 248; cf. Bevan, p. 293). The Heb. for ‘that causeth appalment’ is shmm (Dan 8:13, Dan 12:11), or mshmm (Dan 9:27, Dan 11:31); and according to Nestle, the ‘abomination that causeth appalment’ is a contemptuous allusion to Ba‘al shmayim (‘Baal of heaven’), a title occurring often in Phnician, and (with shmn for shmayim) Aramaic inscriptions, and in the Syriac version of 2Ma 6:2 found actually for the of the Greek; the altar (with probably the accompanying statue of Zeus) erected by Antiochus upon the altar of burnt offering being termed derisively by the Jews ‘the abomination that causeth appalment,’ the ‘abomination’ being the altar (and image?) of Zeus (Baal), and shmm being a punning variation of shmayim [385] .
[384] ATW. Zeitschrift fr die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 1881 ff.
[385] ‘Abomination of desolation’ (Greek versions of Dan., 1Ma 1:54 ) is not a possible rendering of the Heb. ‘Abomination that maketh desolate’ is possible; and, if correct, must imply that the heathen emblem standing in the court of the Temple was regarded as bringing with it the desertion and desolation of the sanctuary (cf. 1Ma 4:38 ; and see also above, on Dan 8:13, and p. 151).
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
And arms shall stand on his part – Up to this verse there is a general agreement among commentators, that the reference is to Antiochus Epiphanes. From this verse, however, to the end of the chapter, there is no little diversity of opinion. One portion suppose that the description of Antiochus and his deeds continues still to be the design of the prophet; another, that the Romans are here introduced, and that a part of the predictions in the remainder of this chapter are yet to be fulfilled; another, as Jerome, and most of the Christian fathers, suppose that the reference is to Antiochus as the type of Antichrist, and that the description passes from the type to the antitype. In this last class are found Bishop Newton, Gill, Calvin, Prideaux, Wintle, Elliott (Apocalyapse, iv. 137, following), and others; in the former, Grotius, Lengerke, Bertholdt, Maurer …. In this same class is found the name of Porphyry – who maintained that the whole referred to Antiochus, and that the allusion was so clear as to prove that this portion of the book was written after the events had occurred.
The reason suggested for the change in the supposed reference, as alleged by Bishop Newton on the Prophecies, p. 296, is, substantially, that what follows can be applied only in part to Antiochus. Whether this portion of the chapter can be shown to refer to him, we shall be able to determine as we proceed. Nothing can be clearer than the allusion up to this point. The word rendered arms, in the verse before us ( zeroym – singular zeroa), means, properly, the arm – especially the lower arm below the elbow; and then comes to denote strength, might, power; and thence, is applied to a military force, or an army. See Dan 11:15. Such is undoubtedly the meaning here, and the reference is to the military force which Antiochus would employ to wreak his vengeance on the Jews – particularly by the instrumentality of Apollonius. Others would apply this to the Romans, and suppose that they are introduced here; but this construction is forced and unnatural, for
(a) the reference in the previous verses was, undoubtedly, to Antiochus, and the narrative seems to proceed as if there were no change.
(b) There is nothing in the statement which does not agree with what was done by Antiochus.
As a matter of fact, as attested by all history, he detached Apollonius with twenty-two thousand men, on his mortified return to his own land, to attack and lay waste Jerusalem, and Apollonius did all that is here said would be done. Bishop Newton concedes (p. 294) that this interpretation might be admitted, if the other parts were equally applicable to Antiochus; but, says he, the difficulty, or rather impossibility of applying them to Antiochus, or any of the Syrian kings, his successors, obliges us to look out for another interpretation. Accordingly, he says that Jerome and the Christians of his time contend that these things apply to Antichrist; and he himself adopts the view proposed by Sir Isaac Newton, that it refers to the Romans, and that the allusion is to the fact that, at the very time when Antiochus retreated out of Egypt, the Romans conquered Macedonia, putting an end to the reign of Daniels third beast, and that the prophet here leaves off the description of the actions of the Greeks, and commences a description of those of the Romans in Greece. As, however, all that is here said is strictly applicable to what was done by Antiochus, such an interpretation is unnecessary.
And they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength – The sanctuary of strength seems to refer to the fortifications or defenses that had been set up to protect Jerusalem, or the temple. At various points the temple was defended in this manner, not only by the walls of the city, but by fortifications erected within, and so as to prevent an army from approaching the temple, even if they should penetrate the outer wall. Compare 1 Macc. 1:36. The temple itself might thus be regarded as fortified, or as a place of strength – and, as a matter of fact, when Titus ultimately destroyed the city, the chief difficulty was to obtain possession of the temple – a place that held out to the last. When it is said that they would pollute the sanctuary of strength, the reference is to what was done by Apollonius, at the command of Antiochus, to profane the temple, and to put an end to the sacrifices and worship there.
Compare 1 Macc. 1:29, 37-49; Jos. Ant. b. xii. ch. v. Section 4. The account in the book of Maccabees is as follows: Thus they shed innocent blood on every side of the sanctuary and defiled it, insomuch that the inhabitants of Jerusalem fled because of them, wherefore the city was made a habitation of strangers, and became strange to those who were born in her, and her own children left her. Her sanctuary was laid waste like a wilderness, and her feasts were turned into mourning, her sabbaths into reproach, her honor into contempt. As had been her glory, so was her dishonor increased, and her excellency was turned into mourning. Moreover, king Antiochus wrote to his whole kingdom that all should be one people, and every one should leave his laws; so all the pagan agreed, according to the commandment of the king. Yea, many Israelites consented to his religion, and sacrificed unto idols, and profaned the Sabbath. For the king had sent letters by messengers unto Jerusalem and the cities of Judah, that they should follow the strange laws of the land, and forbid burnt-offerings, and sacrifices, and drink-offerings, in the temple; and that they should profane the sabbaths and festival days, and pollute the sanctuary and holy people; set up altars, and groves, and chapels of idols, and sacrifice swines flesh and unclean beasts; that they should also leave their children uncircumcised, and make their souls abominable with all manner of uncleanness and profanation, to the end they might forget the law, and change all the ordinances.
And shall take away the daily sacrifice – That is, shall forbid it, and so pollute the temple and the altar as to prevent its being offered. See the quotation above. This occurred in the month of June, 167 b.c. See Jahn, Heb. Commonwealth, p. 267.
And they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate – Margin, or, astonisheth. The Hebrew word meshomem will bear either interpretation, though the usage of the word is in favor of the translation in the text. The passage will also admit of this translation – the abomination of desolation of him who makes desolate, or of the desolater. See Gesenius, Lexicon 3. The idea is, that somehow the thing here referred to would be connected with the desolation, or the laying waste of the city and temple; and the sense is not materially varied whether we regard it as the abomination that makes desolate, that is, that indicates the desolation, or, the abomination of the desolater, that is, of him who has laid the city and temple waste. On the meaning of the phrase abomination of desolation, see the notes at Dan 9:27. The reference here is, undoubtedly, to something that Antiochus set up in the temple that was an indication of desolation, or the result of his having laid the temple in ruins.
The very expression occurs in 1 Macc. 1:54: Now, the fifteenth day of the month Casleu, in the hundred and forty-fifth year, they set up the abomination of desolation upon the altar, and builded idol-altars throughout the cities of Judah on every side. This would seem, from 1 Macc. 1:59, to have been an idol-altar erected over or upon the altar of burnt-offerings. They did sacrifice upon the idol-altar, which was upon the altar of God. At this time an old man, by the name of Athenaeus, was sent to Jerusalem to instruct the Jews in the Greek religion, and compel them to an observance of its rites. He dedicated the temple to Jupiter Olympius; and on the altar of Jehovah he placed a smaller altar, to be used in sacrificing to the pagan god. – Jahn, Heb. Commonwealth, pp. 267, 268. The reference here is, probably, to this altar, as being in itself and in the situation where it was located an abominable thing in the eyes of the Hebrews, and as being placed there by a desolater, or waster. The same language which is used here is applied in Dan 9:27, and in the New Testament, with great propriety to what the Romans set up in the temple as an indication of its conquest and profanation; but that fact does not make it certain that it is so to be understood here, for it is as applicable to what Antiochus did as it is to what was done by the Romans. See the notes at Dan 9:27.
Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible
Verse 31. And arms shall stand on his part] After Antiochus, arms, that is, the Romans, shall stand up: for arms in this prophecy every where denote military power; and standing up, the power in activity and conquering. Both Sir Isaac Newton and Bp. Newton agree, that what follows is spoken of the Romans. Hitherto Daniel has described the actions of the kings of the north and of the south, that of the kings of Syria and Egypt; but, upon the conquest of Macedon by the Romans, he has left off describing the actions of the Greeks, and begun to describe those of the Romans in Greece, who conquered Macedon, Illyricum, and Epirus, in the year of the era of Nabonassar, 580. Thirty-five years after, by the will of Attalus, they inherited all Asia westward of Mount Taurus; sixty-five years after they conquered the kingdom of Syria, and reduced it into a province; and thirty-four years after they did the same to Egypt. By all these steps the Roman arms stood up over the Greeks; and after ninety-five years more, by making war upon the Jews, they polluted the sanctuary of strength,-the temple, (so called by reason of its fortifications,) and took away the daily sacrifice and placed the abomination that maketh desolate, or of the desolator; for that this abomination was thus placed after the time of Christ, appears from Mt 24:15.
In the sixteenth year of the Emperor Adrian, A.D. 132, they placed this abomination by building a temple to Jupiter Capitolinus, where the temple of God in Jerusalem stood; upon which the Jews, under Barchocab, rose up against the Romans. But in this war they had fifty cities demolished, nine hundred and fifty of their best towns destroyed, and eighty thousand men were slain by the sword; and in the end of the war, A.D. 136, were banished Judea on pain of death; and thenceforth the land became desolate. See Observations on Daniel, and Bp. Newton on the Prophecies.
Fuente: Adam Clarke’s Commentary and Critical Notes on the Bible
Arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, i.e. Antiochus shall come with armed power to assist the deserters, and force the faithful Jews by his garrisons.
Shall take away the daily sacrifice; for he polluted the sanctuary by taking away the holy vessels, and forbidding the public worship; but he added a third pollution, by setting up in the temple the
abomination of desolation, i.e. the abominable idol of Jupiter Olympius, with many more, 1Ma 1:21-23,41, to the end; 2Mac v. 24.
Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole
31. armsnamely, of the humanbody; not weapons; human forces.
theyAntiochus’ hostsconfederate with the apostate Israelites; these latter attain theclimax of guilt, when they not only, as before, “forsakethe covenant” (Da 11:30),but “do wickedly against” it (Da11:32), turning complete heathens. Here Antiochus’ actings aredescribed in language which reach beyond him the type to Antichristthe antitype [JEROME](just as in Ps 72:1-20many things are said of Solomon the type, which are only applicableto Christ the Antitype); including perhaps Rome, Mohammed, and thefinal personal Antichrist. SIRISAAC NEWTONrefers the rest of the chapter from this verse to the Romans,translating, “after him arms (that is, the Romans) shallstand up”; at the very time that Antiochus left Egypt, theRomans conquered Macedon, thus finishing the reign of Daniel’s thirdbeast; so here the prophet naturally proceeds to the fourth beast.JEROME’S view is simpler;for the narrative seems to continue the history of Antiochus, thoughwith features only in type applicable to him, fully to Antichrist.
sanctuary of strengthnotonly naturally a place of strength, whence it held out to the lastagainst the besiegers, but chiefly the spiritual stronghold ofthe covenant-people (Psa 48:1-3;Psa 48:12-14). Apollonius”polluted” it with altars to idols and sacrifices ofswine’s flesh, after having “taken away the daily sacrifice”(see on Da 8:11).
place . . . abomination thatmaketh desolatethat is, that pollutes the temple (Dan 8:12;Dan 8:13). Or rather, “theabomination of the desolater,” Antiochus Epiphanes (1Maccabees 1:29, 37-49). Compare Da9:27, wherein the antitypical desolating abomination ofRome (the eagle standard, the bird of Jupiter, sacrificed to byTitus’ soldiers within the sacred precincts, at the destruction ofJerusalem), of Mohammed and of the final Antichrist, is foretold. 1Maccabees 1:54, uses the very phrase, “the fifteenth day ofthe month Casleu, in the hundred forty-fifth year, they set up theabomination of desolation on the altar”; namely, anidol-altar and image of Jupiter Olympius, erected upon Jehovah’saltar of burnt offerings. “Abomination” is the common namefor an idol in the Old Testament. The Roman emperor Adrian’serection of a temple to Jupiter Capitolinus where the temple of Godhad stood, A.D. 132; alsothe erection of the Mohammedan mosque of Omar in the same place (itis striking, Mohammedanism began to prevail in A.D.610, only about three years of the time when Popery assumed thetemporal power); and the idolatry of the Church of Rome in thespiritual temple, and the final blasphemy of the personal Antichristin the literal temple (2Th 2:4)may all be antitypically referred to here under Antiochus the type,and the Old Testament Antichrist.
Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
And arms shall stand on his part,…. Powerful armies sent by him into Judea; garrisons of soldiers placed in Jerusalem; mighty generals and commanders who fought for him, as Lysias, Philip the Phrygian, Andronicus, Apollonius, Bacchides, and others:
and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength; the temple, which stood in Jerusalem, a fortified city, and was itself a building strong and stable; and especially it was so called, because here the mighty God had his residence, the symbol of which was the ark of his strength, and here he gave strength unto his people: this holy place, sacred to his worship and service, the commanders and soldiers of Antiochus defiled by entering into it, who were men unholy and unclean; by making it a place of luxury and rioting, of whoredom, and all manner of uncleanness; by bringing things into it which were not lawful, and filling the altar with what was abominable, in the Apocrypha:
“4 For the temple was filled with riot and revelling by the Gentiles, who dallied with harlots, and had to do with women within the circuit of the holy places, and besides that brought in things that were not lawful. 5 The altar also was filled with profane things, which the law forbiddeth.” (2 Maccabees 6)
particularly by erecting a high place upon the altar, and sacrificing swine upon it, as Josephus f relates; with which agrees what is said of Antiochus, in the Apocrypha in is written that he ordered:
“46 And pollute the sanctuary and holy people: 47 Set up altars, and groves, and chapels of idols, and sacrifice swine’s flesh, and unclean beasts:” (1 Maccabees 1)
and shall take away the daily sacrifice; the sacrifice of the lamb in the morning, and in the evening, which the priests were hindered from offering, by the crowds of Heathens in the temple; or prohibited by the order of Antiochus; for he forbad burnt offerings, sacrifice, and libation, to be made in the temple, in the Apocrypha:
“Set up altars, and groves, and chapels of idols, and sacrifice swine’s flesh, and unclean beasts:” (1 Maccabees 1:47)
and Josephus g expressly says, that he forbad the daily sacrifices to be offered, which were used to be offered to God, according to the law: and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate; either a garrison of Heathen soldiers in the temple, which drove the priests and people from it, and made it desolate; or rather an idol in it, it being usual in Scripture to call idols abominations, as they are to God and all good men; the image of Jupiter Olympius, as is thought, which was placed upon the altar of God by Antiochus, on the fifteenth day of the month Cisieu, in the hundred and forty fifth year of the Seleucidae, and is called the abomination of desolations, in the Apocrypha:
“And whosoever was found with any the book of the testament, or if any committed to the law, the king’s commandment was, that they should put him to death.” (1 Maccabees 1:57)
and the temple itself was ordered to be called the temple of Jupiter Olympius, in the Apocrypha:
“And to pollute also the temple in Jerusalem, and to call it the temple of Jupiter Olympius; and that in Garizim, of Jupiter the Defender of strangers, as they did desire that dwelt in the place.” (2 Maccabees 6:2)
and what with this and other things that were done, the temple and city were left desolate; for it is said in the Apocrypha:
“Now Jerusalem lay void as a wilderness, there was none of her children that went in or out: the sanctuary also was trodden down, and aliens kept the strong hold; the heathen had their habitation in that place; and joy was taken from Jacob, and the pipe with the harp ceased.” (1 Maccabees 3:45)
It may be rendered, “the abomination that maketh astonished” h; for it struck the people of the Jews with astonishment; it amazed and stupefied them, when they saw such an idol placed in their temple. The Karaite Jews, who by the others are called Sadducees, give a very foreign interpretation of this passage, which Aben Ezra observes:
“it is marvellous (says he) that the wise men of the Sadducees should explain this of future time, and say that this sanctuary is Mecca, where the Ishmaelites or Turks keep a feast; “the daily sacrifice”, to be removed, their five prayers; and the “abomination” set up is their idolatrous worship.”
Sir Isaac Newton understands all this of the Romans, and their building a temple to Jupiter Capitolinus, where the temple in Jerusalem had stood.
f Antiqu. l. 12. c. 5. sect. 4. g lbid. h “abominationem obstupefacientem”, Montanus; “quae obstupefaciet”, Calvin.
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
Here is stated what he accomplished by the help of the apostate Jews. , arms, figuratively for help (Dan 11:5), are warlike forces, as Dan 11:15, Dan 11:22. That the plur. has here the masculine form, while in those verses it has the fem. form, furnishes no reason for a difference of meaning, since in its proper sense of arm occurs promiscue with both endings in the plur.; cf. for Gen 49:24; Isa 51:5; 2Ki 9:24. in is not partitive, a part of him, i.e., the host as a part of the king (Hitzig), but out from him, or by his command. , to stand up, not to stand still, as Hitzig, on the ground of the supposition that Antiochus on his return from Egypt placed a standing army-corps in Jerusalem, would interpret it, contrary to the usage of the word, since does not signify to stand still in the sense of to remain behind, though it means to endure, to keep the ground (Dan 11:6, Dan 11:15). It is disputed whether these denote military forces, troops of the hostile king (Hvernick, v. Leng., Maur., Hitz., Klief.), or his accomplices of the apostate party of the Jews, and thus essentially identical with , Dan 11:30 (Calvin, Hengstb. Christol. iii. 1, p. 110, Kran., and others). In favour of the latter view, Kranichfeld argues that the ( those that forsake the covenant), according to Dan 11:30, come under consideration as a support to the king, and the of this verse before us evidently refers to the king’s own army, and therefore would be superfluous. But these two reasons prove nothing. The is not superfluous, even though it were used of the king’s own army. Since in Dan 11:30, Dan 11:32 the king of the north is the subject of the clause, it was necessary in to define in what relation they stood to the king. But the other remark, that the come into view as a support to the king, does not prove that these are the same who desecrate the sanctuary and set up the abomination of desolation. On the contrary, if denotes the causal exit, the cannot be the apostate Jews, but only warlike forces which the king leads forth. If we refer to the apostate Jews, then we must, with Hengstenberg and Gesenius, take in the sense of eo jubente . Moreover, the manifestly stand in contrast to the of Dan 11:32. By his troops (military forces) the king lays waste the sanctuary, and he makes by means of smooth words those who sin against the covenant heathen. Kranichfeld himself recognises this contrast, and therefore will understand as the subject to not merely “those that forsake the covenant” (Dan 11:30), but these along with and including the warlike power of the hostile king. An expedient which the difficulty suggested. is the temple, and ( the strength) is in apposition. This apposition, however, does not say that the temple was fortified (v. Leng., Hitzig, Ewald), but it points out the temple as the spiritual fortress of Israel. The temple is the “ Feste Burg ” (firm tower) of the holy covenant (Dan 11:28), as the dwelling-place of Jehovah, which is a firm fortress to His people; cf. Psa 31:4-5, (3, 4); Isa 25:4; Psa 18:3 (2). is essentially identical with , Dan 8:11. The two following clauses state what the desecration consists in: in the taking away, the removal of the stated worship of Jehovah, and in the placing, setting up of the abomination of desolation, i.e., of the idol-altar on Jehovah’s altar of burnt-offering; see under Dan 8:11. is not the genitive, but an adjective to (without the article after the definite noun, as e.g., Dan 8:13): the desolating abomination, i.e., the abomination which effects the desolation. With reference to the fulfilment, cf. 1 Macc. 1:37, 45, 54.
Fuente: Keil & Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament
Here the angel describes the intestine evils of the Church, and more fully explains what he touched on in the last verse. He says, The arms shall stand up for Antiochus Some explain this of the garrison which that tyrant imposed on Jerusalem But it is seems too far-fetched. I do not hesitate to suppose the angel to refer here to the apostates and forsakers of the Law. Arms, then, shall stand up from him, meaning, he shall not contend in his own strength, but shall rely upon the people’s assistance. Many should offer themselves in obedience to him, and thus Antiochus would find a party devoted to himself at Jerusalem, which should willingly prostitute itself to his will. He afterwards adds, They shall profane the sanctuary of strength The angel here joins together Antiochus and these impious apostates. (2Ma 5:2.) To favor him, the temple is said to be polluted, and this was fulfilled when the statue of Jupiter Olympius was erected there. The tyranny and violence of Antiochus continued long afterwards, as we shall see in its own place. He brought the statue of the Olympian Jove into the temple, for the purpose of overthrowing the worship of God, and then he introduced other corruption’s, which vitiated the purity of God’s service. He might in one moment have overthrown the whole Law, but he first tried to mingle many superstitions with God’s Law, and thus to estrange the Jews by degrees from true and sincere piety. The angel speaks of the sanctuary of power, to shew the faithful that Antiochus is not the conqueror of God, who was never deprived of his power, but continued the guardian and keeper of his temple even unto the end. He uses this epithet for the temple, to assure the pious that God had not given way to the violence of the tyrant. His authority stood untouched and untainted, although his temple was exposed to such foul pollution.
Lastly, he wished the faithful to retain by this teaching a sense of God’s unconquered power in choosing that temple for his dwelling-place, although for a time Antiochus was so insulting, and was permitted to profane it with his impious crew. This instruction urged the pious to look upon God’s power with the eye of faith, although it was then hidden from their view, and was trampled under foot by the impious in the pride of their audacity. Sorrowful indeed was the spectacle of this statue erected within the temple, for God, according to our previous statement, promised to be the defender of that sacred mountain. When the impious were raging thus insultingly, who would not have thought God to be altogether conquered and unable to defend his residence any longer? The angel then here encourages the faithful to cultivate far different thoughts from those suggested by the prospect before them. The temple, then, seemed weak and deprived of every protection, and yet with respect to God it was still a sanctuary of strength. He next adds, And they shall abolish the continual sacrifice, which really occurred; but I pass it over shortly now, as I shall have another opportunity of explaining it suitably and fully. And they shall place, or set up, that abomination which shall cause astonishment For who would not have been astonished when he saw the temple deserted by the Almighty? For if God cared for the temple services, why did he not resist rage like this? Why did he suffer himself to be subjected to such disgraceful indignity? The angel meets such temptations as these by saying, even if the very best men are astonished at such disgrace, yet nothing happens by chance; for God had already foreseen and decreed all things. They would not have been predicted, unless God had wished to prove the people’s faith, and to exact the penalty for their ingratitude. But I cannot complete the subject to-day.
Fuente: Calvin’s Complete Commentary
(31) Arms.A further statement of the assistance which the king obtains in his attacks upon all sacred institutions. The word arms, as in Dan. 11:5, means assistance, especially military assistance, or some other aid, with which is contrasted in the next verse the help given by the apostates.
The sanctuary of strength.In the Hebrew (see Theodotion) there are two nouns in apposition. Apparently the two words are a name for the Temple, which is so called because it was the spiritual support of Gods people, as well as a very powerful fortress. (See Isa. 25:4, &c.; Psa. 31:2-4; and compare 1Ma. 1:44; 1Ma. 6:7; 2Ma. 6:4, which speak of the various deeds of Antiochus upon this occasion.) On the daily sacrifice, and on the abomination of desolation, see the Notes on Dan. 8:13.
Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)
31. R.V., “And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall profane the sanctuary, even the fortress, and shall take away the continual burnt offering, and they shall set up the abomination that maketh desolate.” (See notes Dan 7:24-25; Dan 8:11; Dan 8:13; Dan 9:27.)
Arms shall stand That is, the force which the king sent against the city was sufficient.
The sanctuary of strength Or, better as above, the sanctuary, even the fortress. The temple sanctuary was in any case the real fortress and strength of the city, and it may have literally been fortified at this time. The exact date at which this profanation of the temple by the invading soldiers and the apostate Jews took place is not known, but the abominable heathen altar which was erected on Jehovah’s altar was used for sacrificial purposes December 25, 168 B.C. ( 1Ma 1:54 ); while “indecent orgies” were carried on also in the courts of the temple after, and probably also before, this date. Recent discoveries suggest, however, that the phrase “abomination of desolation” may refer specifically to the Zeus worship (being a play on a well-known technical term designating this worship) rather than exclusively to the altar itself. As Nestle has pointed out there must have been an idol statue in front of this altar of Zeus and, as has long since been noticed, is never used of an altar but is used of an idol (1Ki 11:5, etc.; and see Nestle, in Stade’s Zeitschrift, 1883).
Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
‘And arms will stand on his part, and they will profane the sanctuary, even the fortress, and will take away that which is continual, and they will set up the Abomination that Appals.’
These activities were then followed by the setting of sentries in the temple itself, (‘arms will stand on his part, and they will profane the sanctuary’), and finally the erection of an altar to Zeus in the temple, on which he sacrificed a pig, an ‘Abomination that Appals’, to all Israelites a Desolating Horror. It was the Horror to end all Horrors. This latter took place in December 167 BC. Like his father, who had died in the attempt, he considered that he could do what he liked and get away with it. Compare for all this Dan 8:10-13.
‘Will take away that which is continual.’ The sabbaths, the feasts, the morning and evening sacrifice, the regular temple worship, and all regularly connected with it were banned.
‘The Abomination that Appals’ (The Abomination that Desolates). Jesus would later apply this picture to the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD (Mat 24:15; Mar 13:14; and put in terms the Gentiles could understand, Luk 21:20).
Fuente: Commentary Series on the Bible by Peter Pett
Dan 11:31. And arms shall stand on his part, &c. After Antiochus, arms, that is, the Romans, shall stand up. As mimelech, signifies after the kings in Dan 11:8 so mimennu, may here signify after him. See also Neh 13:21 and Dan 11:23 of this chapter, in the original. Arms, says Sir Isaac Newton, are every where in this prophesy put for the military power of a kingdom; and they stand up, when they conquer and grow powerful. Hitherto Daniel had described the actions of the kings of the north and south; but upon the conquest of Macedon by the Romans, he left off describing the actions of the Greeks, and began to describe those of the Romans in Greece; who conquered Macedon, Illyricum, and Epirus, in the year of Nabonassor 580. Thirty-five years after this, by the will of Attalus, they inherited all Asia westward of mount Tartarus; sixty-nine years afterwards they conquered the kingdom of Syria, and reduced it into a province; and thirty-four years after that they did the like to Egypt. By all these steps the Roman arms stood up over the Greeks; and after ninety-five years more, by making war upon the Jews, They polluted the sanctuary of strength [the temple, so called by reason of its fortifications], and took away their daily sacrifice; and then placed the abomination of desolation: for that this abomination was thus placed after the days of Christ, appears from Mat 24:15. In the 16th year of the emperor Adrian, and of our Lord 132, they placed the abomination by building a temple to Jupiter Capitolinus, where the temple of God in Jerusalem stood; upon which the Jews, under the conduct of Barchocab, rose up in arms against the Romans, and in the war had fifty cities demolished, nine hundred and fifty of their best towns destroyed, and five hundred and eighty thousand men slain by the sword; and in the end of the war, in the year 136, were banished Judaea on pain of death; and thenceforward the land remained desolate. See Sir Isaac Newton’s Observations on Daniel, and Bishop Newton.
Fuente: Commentary on the Holy Bible by Thomas Coke
Dan 11:31 And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily [sacrifice], and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate.
Ver. 31. And arms shall stand on his part, ] i.e., Antiochus’s princes and commanders, whom he sent to spoil Jerusalem; such as were Philip the Phrygian, Andronicus, Apollonius, Bacchides, &c., who made havoc of God’s people, and revelled in their ruins.
And they shall place the abomination of desolation.
Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
pollute the sanctuary. By putting up the “abomination” (the Asherah, App-42), which brings on the judgment of “desolation”. The end is marked by the “cleansing of the sanctuary” (Dan 8:14; Dan 9:24). App-89.
take away the daily sacrifice. This marks the middle of the “week”, or the last seven years. See Dan 8:11, Dan 8:12; Dan 9:27; Dan 12:11; and App-89. From this point he is energized by Satan.
place the abomination, &c. This accompanies the taking away of the daily sacrifice (Dan 8:13; Dan 9:27; Dan 12:11; and App-89). Our Lord refers to this verse in Mat 24:15.
Fuente: Companion Bible Notes, Appendices and Graphics
Dan 11:31
Dan 11:31 And armsH2220 shall standH5975 on his part,H4480 and they shall polluteH2490 the sanctuaryH4720 of strength,H4581 and shall take awayH5493 the dailyH8548 sacrifice, and they shall placeH5414 the abominationH8251 that maketh desolate.H8074
Dan 11:31
And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily sacrifice, and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate.
Many of the Jews supported Antiochus IV. Menelaus and other Jews instigated Antiochus IV against their religion and country. Having taken up the false idea from Greek philosophy, that the main object of religion is to maintain political and social order, and that all religions are good enough to keep the masses in check, these apostate Jews had cast off circumcision and the law of Moses in favor of Greek culture. At their head stood Menelaus, who professed the utmost contempt for the religion of his fathers and was ready to commit any crime in order to support his ambition.
“and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength”
Menelaus escorted the leaders of Antiochus IV right into the temple, showing them around and even taking them behind the veil into the most holy of holies. The Syrians had the run of the temple, plundering the vessels from the hidden rooms which housed the treasures of the temple.
Antiocus IV imposed a law that all Jews be restricted from the practice of the Levitical worship. The Jews were forbidden to observe the weekly Sabbath, the annual festivals and circumcision. All available scripture was destroyed and it was made a capital offense to posses any. The daily burnt offerings were forbidden, Jews who would not renounce their monotheistic orthodoxy were severely punished, and hundreds were martyred. Antiochus IV had the temple dedicated to the pagan god, Zeus and swine was offered as a sacrifice upon the temple alter. The blood from the swine was taken and splashed on the alter and on the walls of the temple throughout as a demonstration of contempt and disdain for the Jewish religion and Menelaus the Jewish High Priest supported Antiochus IV during all of this.
“and shall take away the daily sacrifice”
The continual burnt offering at the temple, twice daily, which is described in detail in Exo 29:36-43 was descended upon by the forces of Antiochus IV, led by Apollonius commanding a force of 22,000. The worshippers were attacked and killed, the constant fire on the alter was extinguished and the temple service was discontinued.
“and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate”
In both Biblical and rabbinical Hebrew abomination is a familiar term for an idol (1Ki 11:5; 2Ki 23:13). When Antiochus IV overran Jerusalem, cast down the daily sacrifice and stormed the temple, he had a statue erected of the pagan Greek God, Zeus over the top of the alter and he had the temple dedicated to him and swine were offered on the alter.
Fuente: Old and New Testaments Restoration Commentary
abomination
This is historic — the act of Antiochus Epiphanes. Mat 24:15 refers to Dan 12:11, (See Scofield “Dan 9:27”).
Fuente: Scofield Reference Bible Notes
arms: Dan 8:24, Rev 17:12
they shall pollute: Dan 8:11, Dan 12:11, Lam 1:10, Lam 2:7, Eze 7:20, Eze 7:21, Eze 9:7, Eze 24:21, Eze 24:22
shall take: Dan 8:12, Dan 8:13, Dan 8:26, Dan 9:27
the abomination: Dan 8:13, Dan 9:27, Dan 12:11, Mat 24:15, Mar 13:14, Luk 21:20
maketh desolate: or, astonisheth, Act 13:40, Act 13:41
Reciprocal: Num 28:3 – day by day Deu 27:15 – an abomination 1Ki 11:7 – abomination 2Ki 16:15 – the morning Psa 74:3 – all Jer 51:51 – for strangers Dan 7:21 – General Dan 7:25 – he shall speak Dan 11:36 – and he Heb 10:11 – daily
Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
Dan 11:31. The arms were seen in the historical quotation, which Epiphanes used to further his opposition to the Jews. Abomination that maketh desolate is a descriptive phrase that might be used at different limes. In general it meanB any condition where some abominable character or group of characters threaten the decency and dignity of the service of God. That is why Jesus applies the saying to the presence of the Roman army near the holy city of Jerusalem (Mat 24:15). In the present ease it means the corrupt condition created by Epiphanes about the temple and altar of sacrifice.
Fuente: Combined Bible Commentary
Dan 11:31. And arms shall stand on his part His arms shall so prevail as to make an entire conquest of the Jews, to profane the temple, and cause the daily service performed there to cease: see note Dan 8:11; and compare 1Ma 1:39; and 2Ma 5:2-5. The temple is here called the sanctuary of strength, either because it was fortified after the manner of a castle, or else because it was a token of the divine protection, as being the place God had chosen to be worshipped in. We are informed by Josephus, by the author of the Maccabees, and others, that Antiochuss soldiers entered the temple and plundered it, and that afterward he ordered that the Jews should not be suffered to offer up the daily sacrifices, which, according to the law, they were accustomed to offer; that he compelled them also to omit their worship of the true God, and to pay divine honours to them whom he regarded as gods, and to make shrines in every city and village, and to build altars, and daily to sacrifice swine upon them: see Joseph. Antiq. lib. 12. cap. 5, sec. 4. And they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate In the Scriptures, idols are commonly called abominations. This was a prediction of the great profanation Antiochus should cause to the temple, in placing an idol upon the altar of burnt- offerings: see 1Ma 6:54; 1Ma 6:59. It is probable, that the idol was Jupiter, because we find that they dedicated the temple anew to Jupiter Olympus: see 2Ma 6:2. It is here called the abomination that maketh desolate, because it banished the true worship of God, and his worshippers, from the place.
Fuente: Joseph Bensons Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
Dan 11:31. arms shall stand: an armed force will attack at his instance.profane the sanctuary: refers to Antiochus attack upon the Temple (see 1Ma 1:29 ff.).the abomination that maketh desolate: i.e. the heathen altar which Antiochus built over the altar of burnt offering (see 1Ma 1:54). This expression is quoted in the NT (Mat 24:15, Mar 13:14).
Fuente: Peake’s Commentary on the Bible
11:31 And arms {k} shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary {l} of strength, and shall take away the daily [sacrifice], and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate.
(k) A great faction of the wicked Jews will join with Antiochus.
(l) So called because the power of God was not at all diminished, even though this tyrant set up in the temple the image of Jupiter Olympius, and so began to corrupt the pure service of God.
Fuente: Geneva Bible Notes
Antiochus ordered his general, Apollonius, and a contingent of 22,000 soldiers, into Jerusalem on what he claimed was a peaceful mission. However, when they were inside the city, they attacked the Jews on a Sabbath, when the Jews were reluctant to exert themselves. Apollonius killed many Jews, took many Jewish women and children captive as slaves, plundered the temple, and burned the city. Antiochus’ objective was to exterminate Judaism and to Hellenize Palestine. Consequently he prohibited the Jews from following the Mosaic Law, and did away with the Jewish sacrifices, festivals, and circumcision (1Ma 1:44-54). He even burned copies of their law. As a culminating measure, he installed an image of Zeus, his Greek god, in the temple and erected an altar to Zeus on the altar of burnt offerings (cf. 2Ma 6:2). This was not the first time such a sacrilege had been committed. King Ahaz had set up an idolatrous altar (2Ki 16:10-16), and King Manasseh had installed images of pagan gods (2Ki 21:3-5), in the first temple. Then Antiochus sacrificed a pig, an unclean animal to the Jews, on the altar. This happened on December 16, 168 B.C. The Jews referred to this act as "the abomination that caused desolation" (cf. Dan 12:11), since it polluted their altar and made sacrifices to Yahweh on it impossible (cf. Dan 8:23-25). Antiochus further ordered his Jewish subjects to celebrate his subsequent birthdays by offering a pig to Zeus on this altar.
Jesus Christ indicated that another similar atrocity would befall the Jews in the future (Mat 24:15; Mar 13:14). By the way, Jesus Christ’s explicit reference to "the prophet Daniel" being the writer of this prophecy in these verses should be proof enough that Daniel, rather than a second-century writer, wrote this book. Jesus referred to the coming atrocity literally as "the abomination that causes desolation," the exact words used in the Septuagint version of this verse in Daniel. Thus Antiochus’ actions were a preview of similar atrocities that are yet to befall the Jews. The destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 by the Roman general Titus has seemed to some interpreters to fulfill Jesus’ prediction. However, Titus did not treat the Jews as Antiochus did. Furthermore the Book of Revelation, which dates after the destruction of Jerusalem, predicts the coming of a "beast" who will behave as Antiochus did, only on a larger scale (Revelation 13). [Note: See Mark L. Hitchcock, "A Defense of the Domitianic Date of the Book of Revelation" (Ph.D. dissertation, Dallas Theological Seminary), 2005, for defense of this date.]
"Antiochus thus becomes a type of the future man of sin and his activities foreshadow the ultimate blasphemous persecution of Israel and the desecration of their temple." [Note: Walvoord, Daniel . . ., p. 268.]
"Just as the Saviour had Solomon and the other saints as types of His advent, so also we should believe that the Antichrist very properly had as a type of himself the utterly wicked king, Antiochus, who persecuted the saints and defiled the Temple." [Note: Jerome, p. 130.]