Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Esther 1:20
And when the king’s decree which he shall make shall be published throughout all his empire, (for it is great,) all the wives shall give to their husbands honor, both to great and small.
20. decree ] Heb. pithgam, a loan-word from Old Persian patigma ( patigam, to come to, arrive). It occurs in its Aramaic form ( pithgm) in Ezr 4:17; Ezr 5:7; Ezr 5:11.
kingdom ] The usual translation of the Heb. word. By rendering ‘empire’ (here only in O.T.) the A.V. introduces a distinction which does not exist in the original.
for it is great ] In point of fact the Persian rule at this time extended over more than half of the known world. The LXX., however, do not appear to have found the words in their text.
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
Est 1:20
All the wives shall give to their husbands honour, both to great and small.
Wives to honour their husbands
All the wives too are included, for they are all to give honour to their husbands, both to the great and small. Well, the great, the really great, will get the honour easily, and could do very well probably without the helpful edict. Where there is real greatness, which, in Christian speech, we may translate into real goodness, it is the wifes joy to render what it is the husbands pride to wear. But the honour is to be given both to the great and small! Ay, theres the rub. If this insurrectionary torch should go through the land, what will become of the small ones?–the selfish, the spiteful, the meddlesome, the rude, the mean, the silly, the helpless, the good-for-nothing? They are all to have honour! As if a decree could really get it, or keep it from them. Wouldnt the better plan be, in that case, and in many a case besides, that the small shall try to grow larger? Let them be ashamed of their littleness, and rise out of it into something like nobleness. Let them love and help their wives, and care for their children, and honour will come as harvest follows sowing. But unless they do something like that, one fears that all the edicts that can be devised and promulgated will leave them as it finds them–small. (A. Raleigh, D. D.)
Love is the law
1. And does not this history teach us that the great law of domestic happiness is love? No Persian decrees are required to execute the mandates of love, nor can any royal commandment make a household happy without it. The true way for all queens to rule is to stoop to conquer. Let their husbands call themselves as much as they please the lords of creation, and let them seem to hold the reins, but it is theirs to tell them how to drive. This is the more excellent way. The dispute about the sphere of the sexes is as unphilosophical as it is unscriptural. It is Gods will that man should be the head and woman the heart of society. If he is its strength, she is its solace. If he is its wisdom, she is its grace and consolation. Domestic strife is always a great evil, but it becomes doubly so when it occurs before company, as happened with the king of Persia, and when professed friends come in and make bad worse. It is then the wound becomes incurable.
2. Let us learn to guard against all excesses, not only in feasting and in the loss of time, but of feeling and passion. How inconsiderate, how rash, how sinful was Herods oath and terrible decree against John the Baptist! And scarcely less wicked were the kings unjust and cruel proceedings against his wife. It was a maxim with General Jackson to take much time to deliberate–to think out the right resolution–but when once the resolution was taken, then to think only of executing it.
3. How emphatic a lesson is here of human vanity! The great monarch of such a vast empire is not able to govern himself. And all the grandeur of half a years feasting is spoiled by the disobedience of his queen. This was the dead fly in his pot of ointment.
4. Alas! that so lovely a place as a garden should have been the scene of such revelry and sinning. A garden is associated with some of our holiest and saddest thoughts. Sin fastened on our race in a garden. It was in a garden the curse was pronounced, and there too the great promise of a Redeemer was given. And it was in a garden the Messiah entered the lists of mortal combat to bruise the old serpents head. Instead, then, of making our gardens the scenes of sinful mirth and dissipation, as did the Persian king, let us make them oratories for pious breathings to heaven–let them give us thoughts of God and of the love and sufferings of His Son Jesus Christ. It is to Him we owe all our pleasures in the creatures and gifts of providence, as well as the hope of eternal life. And so also let the garden be a preacher to us of our frailty. (W. A. Scott, D. D.)
The husband to bear rule in his house
This is truly a Divine appointment, but it is not made in an arbitrary manner, like, for instance, a positive institution of the Jews, which might be this way or that way with equal propriety–the thing deriving its sacred character chiefly from the fact of the appointment. Even a Divine appointment could not make the wife supreme, human nature continuing what it is. For one thing, woman is weaker than man physically, and supremacy goes with strength. All kinds of force have their ultimate source in God, and when He makes man permanently stronger than woman, no doubt He means some corresponding authority to rest where the permanent strength does. No doubt strength may be abused, is most shamefully abused in some instances, by the husband. But the way to prevent the abuse of strength is not, surely, to attempt to transfer its proper responsibilities to weakness? Weakness may be abused as much as strength, and in some ways even more. Again, there are many things of less or more importance which come to require a single ultimate decision. One must say how this thing is to be. Practical action must be taken one way or other. Who shall decide? Is the husband to submit to the wife? He decides with whom God has lodged the responsibility. But the truth is that in a properly regulated, or rather a properly inspired home, the question of authority in its bald form never arises. The husbands rule and the wifes obedience are alike unconscious, and alike easy. The sweet laws of nature, the good laws of God, make them one. This leads us to say, on the other hand, with equal emphasis, that the authority of the husband is clearly a limited authority. Common sense ought to teach a man that there is a large sphere of the practical family life where he ought to leave the wife and mother practically supreme. His interference at all (whatever may be the abstract right) will not help the industry, the order, the peace of the household. But, rising higher, look at the grand fact that the authority of the husband over the wife has, and must have, clear and strong, and altogether impassable limits. (A. Raleigh, D. D.)
Bear rule in his own house.–
Houses should be homes
In his own house–who has a house of his own? The house is a prison until somebody else shares it. The house belongs to all the people that are in it–part to the husband, part to the wife, part to the children, part to the servants, right through all the household line. Develop the notion of partnery, co-responsibility; let every one feel a living interest in the place: then the house shall be built of living stones, pillared with righteousness, roofed with love. It is here that Christianity shines out with unique lustre. Obedience is right for all parties, but the obedience has to be in the Lord; it is to be the obedience of righteousness, a concession to wisdom, a toll paid to honour, which is to be returned in love and gratitude. Christianity has made our houses homes. We owe everything that is socially beneficent to Christianity. (J. Parker,D. D.)
His own house
A man living at a hotel is like a grape-vine in a flower-pot–movable, carried around from place to place, docked at the root and short at the top. Nowhere can a man get real root-room, and spread out his branches till they touch the morning and the evening, but in his own house.
The overruling providence of God
The important thing, in order to our understanding the story, is that we should keep these first links in our hand, and should mark the working of another King. Into the administration of our Lord Jesus Christ no mistake can creep, and so perfect is His grasp that mosaic pavements, golden couches, throngs of noblemen, fawning courtiers, excess of wine, swelling vanity, and a womans firmness, are all, without the slightest knowledge on the part of any actor in the drama, made to bring about a purpose of His, the execution of which is more than four years distant. Had Ahasuerus not been the proud voluptuary he was; had he not made his great feast; had he not in the last day of it let slip or thrown away the reins of sound reason and run his head against a first law of nature; had his vanity taken any other direction than that of wishing to parade the queens beauty; had Vashti been less of a true woman; had the courtiers been honester than they were–then there would have been no vacant place for Esther to fill, and the plot of Haman might have thriven. But we have this song, Surely the wrath of man shall praise Thee: the remainder of wrath shalt Thou restrain. (A. M. Symington, B. A.)
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Fuente: Biblical Illustrator Edited by Joseph S. Exell
And when the king’s decree which he shall make shall be published throughout all his empire,…. As it was proper it should, since the report of the queen’s deed would be made everywhere:
for it is great; the empire consisting of one hundred and twenty seven provinces, Es 1:1, Aben Ezra and Abendana interpret it, “though” it is great, yet the decree should be published throughout; the latter observes, that this may respect the king’s decree; and so the Targum is,
“for his decree is great;”
it respecting a matter of great importance, and relating to a great personage, and would have great effect on the minds of persons, when it was observed that one so great was treated in this manner: and therefore
all the wives shall give to their husbands honour, both to great and small; speaking respectfully to them, yielding a ready and cheerful obedience to all their commands; which would be done to princes and peasants, to high and low, to every rank of men.
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
20. Both to great and small The royal example and decree would thus furnish custom and law for all ranks and classes of people in the empire.
Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
Est 1:20 And when the king’s decree which he shall make shall be published throughout all his empire, (for it is great,) all the wives shall give to their husbands honour, both to great and small.
Ver. 20. And when the king’s decree that he shall make shall be published] But why should any such thing be published at all, unless the king be ambitious of his own utter dishonour? Is there none wiser than other, but that the king must betray his own nest, tell all the empire that he was drunk, or little better, and did in his drink determine that against his fair queen that he so soon after repented? He should have done in this case as a man doth, that having a secret sore, clappeth on a plaster, and then covereth it with his hand, that it may stick the faster, work the better. Had Ahasuerus been wise, the world had been never the wiser for anything that Vashti had done, &c. But Memucan hath some colour for his bad counsel, a goodly veil to cast over it.
All the wives shall give to their husbands honour
Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
decree prescript. Only here and Ecc 8:11.
it is great: i.e. the decree is important.
ALL THE WIVES SHALL GIVE. This is the first of the five Acrostics (App-6), exhibiting in the initials the Divine name. See App-60.
Fuente: Companion Bible Notes, Appendices and Graphics
throughout: Deu 17:13, Deu 21:21
all the wives: Eph 5:33, Col 3:18, 1Pe 3:1-7
Reciprocal: Gen 3:16 – rule Eph 5:22 – submit 1Ti 2:11 – General
Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
Est 1:20-21. All the wives shall give to their husbands honour, &c. None will dare to disobey, when they hear that the greatness of the queen could not preserve her from such a heavy punishment. The saying pleased the king and the princes Partly because their own authority and interest were concerned in it; and especially by the singular providence of God, who designed to bring about his own great work by this small occasion.
Fuente: Joseph Bensons Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
1:20 And when the king’s decree which he shall make shall be published throughout all his empire, (for it is {o} great,) all the wives shall give to their husbands honour, both to great and small.
(o) For he had under him a hundred and twenty-seven countries.