Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Exodus 16:2

And the whole congregation of the children of Israel murmured against Moses and Aaron in the wilderness:

2. murmured ] Exo 15:24, Exo 17:3.

Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

2, 3. The people’s murmurings: they would rather have died suddenly by Jehovah’s hand in Egypt, in the enjoyment of plenty, than have been thus brought, by the fault of their leaders, to a lingering and painful death in the wilderness.

Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

Murmured – The want of food was first felt after six weeks from the time of the departure from Egypt, see Exo 16:1 : we have no notice previously of any deficiency of bread.

Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible

Verse 2. The whole congregation – murmured] This is an additional proof of the degraded state of the minds of this people; See Clarke on Ex 13:17. And this very circumstance affords a convincing argument that a people so stupidly carnal could not have been induced to leave Egypt had they not been persuaded so to do by the most evident and striking miracles. Human nature can never be reduced to a more abject state in this world than that in which the body is enthralled by political slavery, and the soul debased by the influence of sin. These poor Hebrews were both slaves and sinners, and were therefore capable of the meanest and most disgraceful acts.

Fuente: Adam Clarke’s Commentary and Critical Notes on the Bible

For want of meat, as appears from the following verse, their provisions brought out of Egypt being now spent.

Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole

2. the whole congregation . . .murmured against Moses and AaronModern travellers through thedesert of Sinai are accustomed to take as much as is sufficient forthe sustenance of men and beasts during forty days. The Israeliteshaving been rather more than a month on their journey, their store ofcorn or other provisions was altogether or nearly exhausted; andthere being no prospect of procuring any means of subsistence in thedesert, except some wild olives and wild honey (De32:13), loud complaints were made against the leaders.

Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible

And the whole congregation of the children of Israel murmured,…. For want of bread; for the Targum of Jonathan says, that day the dough ceased they brought of Egypt, on which, and the unleavened cakes they had lived thirty days; and for a longer space of time it was not sufficient, as Josephus g and other Jewish writers h observe; and now it was all spent, and they were in the utmost distress for bread, and fall a murmuring as they were used to do, when in any distress, even the whole congregation of them, at least the far greater part; some few might be excepted, as Caleb and Joshua, and some others: and they

murmured against Moses and Aaron in the wilderness; in the wilderness of Sin, where they were, and where no corn was to be had to make bread of; and their murmuring was not only against Moses, as before when they wanted water, but against Aaron also, who were jointly concerned in bringing them out of Egypt. It is a common case, when things do not go so well as to be wished for in church or state, for people to murmur against their governors, ecclesiastic or civil, and lay all the blame to them.

g Antiqu. l. 2. c. 15. sect. 1. h Seder Olam Rabba, c. 5. p. 17.

Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible

Here, in this arid sandy waste, the whole congregation murmured against Moses and Aaron on account of the want of food. What they brought with them from Egypt had been consumed in the 30 days that had elapsed since they came out (Exo 16:1). In their vexation the people expressed the wish that they had died in Egypt by the flesh-pot, in the midst of plenty, “ by the hand of Jehovah, ” i.e., by the last plague which Jehovah sent upon Egypt, rather than here in the desert of slow starvation. The form is a Hiphil according to the consonants, and should be pointed , from for (see Ges. 72, Anm. 9, and Ewald, 114c.). As the want really existed, Jehovah promised them help (Exo 16:4). He would rain bread from heaven, which the Israelites should gather every day for their daily need, to try the people, whether they would walk in His law or not. In what the trial was to consist, is briefly indicated in Exo 16:5: “ And it will come to pass on the sixth day (of the week), that they will prepare what they have brought, and it will be double what they gather daily.” The meaning is, that what they gathered and brought into their tents on the sixth day of the week, and made ready for eating, would be twice as much as what they gathered on every other day; not that Jehovah would miraculously double what was brought home on the sixth day, as Knobel interprets the words in order to make out a discrepancy between Exo 16:5 and Exo 16:22. , to prepare, is to be understood as applying partly to the measuring of what had been gathered (Exo 16:18), and partly to the pounding and grinding of the grains of manna into meal (Num 11:8). In what respect this was a test for the people, is pointed out in Exo 16:16. Here, in Exo 16:4 and Exo 16:5, the promise of God is only briefly noticed, and its leading points referred to; it is described in detail afterwards, in the communications which Moses and Aaron make to the people. In Exo 16:6, Exo 16:7, they first tell the people, “ At even, then shall ye know that Jehovah hath brought you out of Egypt; and in the morning, then shall ye see the glory of the Lord.” Bearing in mind the parallelism of the clauses, we obtain this meaning, that in the evening and in the morning the Israelites would perceive the glory of the Lord, who had brought them out of Egypt. “Seeing” is synonymous with “knowing.” Seeing the glory of Jehovah did not consist in the sight of the glory of the Lord which appeared in the cloud, as mentioned in Exo 16:10, but in their perception or experience of that glory in the miraculous gift of flesh and bread (Exo 16:8, cf. Num 14:22). “ By His hearing ” ( ), i.e., because He has heard, “ your murmuring against Jehovah (“Against Him” in Exo 16:8, as in Gen 19:24); for what are we, that ye murmur against us? ” The murmuring of the people against Moses and Aaron as their leaders really affected Jehovah as the actual guide, and not Moses and Aaron, who had only executed His will. Jehovah would therefore manifest His glory to the people, to prove to them that He had heard their murmuring. The announcement of this manifestation of God is more fully explained to the people by Moses in Exo 16:8, and the explanation is linked on to the leading clause in Exo 16:7 by the words, “when He giveth,” etc. Ye shall see the glory of Jehovah, when Jehovah shall give you, etc.

Fuente: Keil & Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament

2. And the whole congregation. Moses says not that some of the people only murmured, but that they were all gathered into mobs as in a conspiracy, or, at any rate, as they were arranged by hundreds and thousands, that they murmured with one consent. Yet the universal term admits of exception; nor need we suppose that all to a man were comprehended in this impious rebellion. The best remedy for their hunger would have been to pray to God, whom they had found to be in all respects a bountiful Father, and whom they had heard to have wonderfully provided for their parents, when the Egyptians and inhabitants of Canaan were wasting with hunger in such rich and fertile places. If they had only been persuaded that the earth is made fertile by God’s blessing, it would at the same time have occurred to them, that it is His peculiar office to feed the hungry, and immediately they would have directed their prayers to Him; now, their unbelief betrays itself in their turbulent clamor. It is indeed astonishing that wretched men, whom their necessity should have humiliated, rose insolently against God, and that their hunger, so far from bending their hearts to gentleness, was the very incentive of their arrogance. But this is too common with the wicked, (because they do not trust that God is reconciled to them,) to neglect prayer, and to cry out in confusion, to utter their curses, and to rush, like mad dogs, furiously here and there. This was the case of the Israelites in the wilderness of Sin. The want of all things, which presents itself to them, is an invitation to them from God, that they may feel His power, by which He created the world out of nothing, to be independent of all foreign assistance for the maintenance of mankind. But despair seizes upon their faithless minds, so that they reject His aid and beneficence. And not only so, but their malignity and ingratitude instigates them to quarrel with Moses; and this is the sum of their complaint, that they were dragged away from abundance of bread and meat, that they might perish in the desert of hunger. Therefore they call Moses and Aaron, by whose hand and means they had been delivered, their murderers.

Fuente: Calvin’s Complete Commentary

(2) The whole congregration . . . murmured.This is the third murmuring. The first was at Pi-hahiroth, on the appearance of the host of Pharaoh (Exo. 14:11-12); the second was at Marah, when the water proved undrinkable (Exo. 15:24); the third, in the wilderness of Sin, was brought about by no special occurrenceunless it were the exhaustion of the supplies of grain which had been brought out of Egyptbut seems to have resulted from a general dissatisfaction with the conditions of life in the wilderness, and with the prospects which lay before them.

Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)

2. The whole congregation murmured The stores that they had brought from Egypt were now exhausted, although they obtained much sustenance from their herds and flocks; but they saw nothing to eat in this barren waste, and looked forward with terror to the long journey that was yet before them . A month’s experience of the desert had broken the courage of the whole host, and there was a general disaffection and rebellion, though there were doubtless individual instances of patience and of faith . The present suffering blotted out of remembrance the wonderful experiences of the Red Sea and of Marah . So short was their memory of God’s goodness!

Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Chapter 16 God Provides Manna and Quails for His People – The Sign of the Seventh Day ( Exo 16:2-36 ).

In this chapter God provides both meat and ‘bread’ for His people. The passage continues to reveal chiastic patterns, a pattern which also appears in Leviticus and predominates in the book of Numbers (see our commentary). The chapter can be divided into two. Up to Exo 16:15 it deals specifically with the promise of bread from heaven and the provision of the manna and the quails, and the remainder deals with various provisions and especially the institution of the Sabbath. This is then concluded in the final few verses by describing the storing up of the manna as a memorial.

The Promise of Bread From Heaven and the Provision of the Manna and the Quails ( Exo 16:2-15 ).

a The people murmur and wish that they had died in Egypt where they had flesh and bread, rather than being brought into the wilderness to be killed with hunger (Exo 16:2-3)

b Yahweh promises food from heaven which the people can gather every day (Exo 16:4-5).

c They will know that Yahweh has brought them out of the land of Egypt (Exo 16:6).

d They will see the glory of Yahweh for He has heard their murmuring, He will give them flesh and bread (Exo 16:7-8 a).

e Yahweh has heard their murmurings (Exo 16:8 b).

e Yahweh has heard their murmurings (Exo 16:9).

d They look towards the wilderness and see the glory of Yahweh Who has heard their murmurings and will give them flesh and bread (Exo 16:10-12 a).

c They will know that He is Yahweh their God (Exo 16:12 b).

b Food comes from heaven in the form of quails and manna (Exo 16:13-15 a).

a They are told that it is the food which Yahweh has given them to eat (Exo 16:15 b).

The point behind the chiasmus is to stress how what Yahweh has promised He fulfils In ‘a’ they began by fearing that they would be killed with hunger and in the parallel finished up with a the food that Yahweh has given them to eat. In ‘b’ they were promised food from heaven, and in the parallel they receive food from heaven. In ‘c’ they will know that Yahweh has brought them out of the land of Egypt, and in the parallel they will know that He is Yahweh their God. In ‘d’ they were promised that they would see the glory of Yahweh and they did see the glory of Yahweh for He has heard their murmuring, and in the parallel they look towards the wilderness and see the glory of Yahweh Who has heard their murmurings. In ‘e’ we are simply informed that Yahweh has heard their murmurings.

Exo 16:2

‘And all the congregation of the children of Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron in the wilderness.’

On arrival in the wilderness of Sin the children of Israel again murmur against Moses and Aaron (compare Exo 15:24; Exo 17:3; Num 14:2; Num 14:36; Num 16:11; Num 16:41; Num 17:5; Num 17:10; Deu 1:27), this time because of lack of food. Their murmuring is prominent in the passage (Exo 16:8-9; Exo 16:12). It was an indication of hearts that were inward looking and servile, and had no confidence in God, and was a continuing problem. This is in stark contrast to the continual revelation of God’s power and provision. The one thing that is made clear is that they deserved nothing at His hand, and yet He continually provided for them. He was like a father watching over a petulant child (compare Deu 1:31). Murmuring is an indication of poverty of spirit.

Exo 16:3

‘And the children of Israel said to them, “Would that we had died by the hand of Yahweh in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the flesh pots, when we ate bread to the full. For you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill this whole assembly with hunger.” ’

After leaving Elim they had moved along the coast of the Gulf of Sinai and again found the going tough. They found this wilderness life not to their liking. The land was barren, and shortage of pleasant food, having to preserve their supplies, shortage of water, and the constant trudging, not knowing what lay ahead, was more than they had expected. And when they arrived in the Wilderness of Sin things were no better. So they vented their feelings on Moses and his mouthpiece Aaron. They looked back with longing to what they thought of as the good and plentiful food of Egypt. It would have been better to have died there than to die here. It is easy in such circumstances to remember and exaggerate the best things and forget the worst.

Moses here suffers the common lot of leaders of large caravans who tend to be blamed for any shortcomings on the journey. It did not bode well for the future. But we must remember in mitigation that they had been slaves for many years and had lost any sense of enterprise or initiative.

“By the hand of Yahweh.” This may suggest that they were thinking of the judgment that would have come on them if they had disobeyed Him. But it may simply be a contrast between dying naturally in Egypt and being ‘killed’ (by starvation) by Moses in the wilderness. This is an exaggeration as they had their herds and flocks with them. They could survive if necessary, it was the little luxuries that they missed. We may be puzzled at the situation as we note that they had plentiful supplies of cattle and sheep. But they would not want to eat too many of their beasts. They had the future to think of. It does, however, bring home the fact that they were not really at the last extremity, and that their murmuring was therefore not excusable.

“Flesh pots.” Meat containers.

Exo 16:4-5

‘Then Yahweh said to Moses, “See, I will rain food from heaven for you, and the people will go out and gather a day’s portion every day, that I may prove whether they will walk in my law or not. And it shall be that on the sixth day they shall prepare that which they bring in, and it shall be twice as much as they gather daily.’

Moses had presumably sought Yahweh’s advice. It is noteworthy that His approaches to Yahweh are often assumed rather than stated (Exo 14:15 and here. Contrast Exo 15:25). Yahweh’s reply is that He will send them food from heaven. And this will be provided in such a way that it will be a test for them. This is a second reference to the fact that God was proving them as to whether they would obey His law or not (compare Exo 15:25). The purpose of testing was in order to strengthen them through their experiences. If we would but recognise that in our difficulties God is testing out our obedience, and that through them we are being strengthened if we respond in the right way, we might be more positive in our response to them.

“I will rain food from heaven.” This is described in Exo 16:14 as ‘a small flake, small as the hoar frost on the ground’ which came with the dew. The dew, of course, fell from heaven literally. This ‘manna’ was white like coriander seed and it tasted like wafers made with honey (Exo 16:31). It could clearly be ground and used in cooking and baking.

There have been a number of suggestions as to what the Manna consisted of. The sweet juice of the Tarfa which exudes from the tree and forms small white grains has been suggested, but the quantity required is against this, as are the other descriptions. The same applies to the honeydew excretions on tamarisk twigs produced by certain plant lice and scale insects which at night drop from the trees onto the ground where they remain until the heat of the sun brings out the ants which remove them. In favour is the fact that the Arabic word for plant lice is ‘man’, equivalent to the Hebrew for Manna. But these are seasonal and do not fit all the criteria (see on Exo 16:31). We are not told whether the Manna was seasonal or not, although many consider it was permanent. (The Arabic word may actually have resulted from this story).

More pertinently examples have also been cited of an unidentified white substance which one morning covered a fairly large area of ground in Natal and was eaten by the natives, and also of falls of whitish, odourless, tasteless matter in Southern Algeria which, at a time of unusual weather conditions, covered tents and vegetation each morning. While not being the same as the Manna, or lasting over so long a period, these do indicate the kind of natural phenomena which God may have used to bring about His miracle, for it was clearly a time of unusual weather conditions as demonstrated by the plagues of Egypt. But we must remember that the Manna lasted for forty years (Exo 16:35; Jos 5:12), did not appear on the seventh day, and continued from the Wilderness of Sin to the entry into Canaan in all manner of environments.

“Gather a day” s portion every day.’ This was a test to see if there were those who would disobey and gather too much through fear of its non-arrival on the following day (‘that I may prove them’). Then on the sixth day they were to gather twice as much as there would be none on the seventh day. The reason for this will be explained later (Exo 16:23).

Exo 16:6-8

‘And Moses and Aaron said to all the children of Israel, “In the evening, then you will know that Yahweh has brought you out from the land of Egypt, and in the morning, then you will see the glory of Yahweh, in that he hears your murmurings against Yahweh. And what are we that you murmur against us?”. And Moses said, “So it will be when Yahweh will give you flesh to eat in the evening and bread to the full in the morning in that Yahweh hears your murmurings which you murmur against him. And what are we? Your murmurings are not against us but against Yahweh.” ’

Firstly Aaron, as the mouth of Moses, spoke to the children of Israel telling them that in the evening they would know that it was Yahweh, ‘the God Who is there to act’, Who had delivered them, and that in the morning they would see the revealing of His glory. Then Moses himself declared how Yahweh would reveal the significance of His name and His glory, in that in the evening they would have meat to eat and in the morning they would have bread to the full. This was His direct reply to their longings for the meat and bread of Egypt (Exo 16:3). And it was because Yahweh had heard their murmurings against Him.

“Moses and Aaron.” Aaron speaks but he speaks the words of Moses. Yet his words are slightly enigmatic, so in the second part Moses clarifies them for the people. The repetition is a typical technique of ancient literature to bring home an important point to the listeners

“In the evening then you will know —.” We could paraphrase what follows as – ‘you will know that it is YAHWEH Who has brought you out of the land of Egypt’. The thought is again of ‘knowing Yahweh’ (see on Exo 6:3) as He is revealed in His beneficent provision of meat and plentiful bread in response to their murmurings against Him. Thus will they see His glory.

“What are we that you murmur against us?” They must realise that when they murmur against Moses and Aaron they murmur against Yahweh, for they as the mouthpieces are nothing, it is The Speaker Who matters. Thus Moses can warn them, ‘your murmurings are not against us but against Yahweh’.

“Flesh to eat — bread to the full.” Compare ‘we sat by the flesh pots — we did eat bread to the full’ (Exo 16:3). This is God’s response. They may have both flesh and bread.

Yahweh Fulfils His Promise That They Will See His Glory and Receive Food From Heaven ( Exo 16:9-15 ).

Exo 16:9

‘And Moses said to Aaron, “Say to all the congregation of the children of Israel, “Come near before Yahweh for he has heard your murmurings.”

Aaron again acts as Moses’ mouthpiece. It is a touching sign of Moses’ human weakness that he so often calls on Aaron to speak for him. At times he is bold but at others he feels insufficient (just as the Apostle Peter would be later). In view of the importance and prestige of Moses this delegating of the right to speak God’s instruction (God’s ‘law’) is significant and an evidence of the genuineness of the narrative.

“Come near before Yahweh.” This is a call to an act of worship, humility and submission in view of the fact that Yahweh had heard their murmurings. This would be connected with Yahweh’s visible, but hidden, presence in the cloud that accompanied them (see Exo 16:10; compare Exo 13:21-22) or possibly with the old Tent of Meeting (Exo 33:7-11).

It is clear that the murmuring of the people were not looked on lightly. They were a clear sign of lack of faith and of unwillingness to face even the least hardship. They were indicative of ungrateful hearts and a desire for self-indulgence.

Exo 16:10

‘And so it was that, as Aaron spoke to all the congregation of the children of Israel, they looked towards the wilderness, and behold, the glory of Yahweh appeared in the cloud.’

Being called to worship and humble submission the people look towards the cloud which revealed to them the presence of Yahweh (Exo 13:21-22; Exo 14:19; Deu 1:33), the cloud which led the way before them, which was nearby in the wilderness. Perhaps they had got too used to it and were seeing it as only a symbol. And ‘the glory of Yahweh appeared in the cloud’. In some way Yahweh revealed His glory in the cloud so that its appearance altered and for a while they became aware of His immediate and glorious presence.

Yahweh constantly revealed His presence to them by that cloud, and by the fire at night. It was a hidden presence and yet very real. But now for a time that presence was openly revealed and they saw something of His glory. This cloud would ascend Mount Sinai (Exo 19:16; Exo 24:16) and would later descend on the Dwellingplace (Tabernacle) (Exo 40:34-35), a reminder of the continuing presence of God. They were not aware of the fact but He was preparing them for the greater revelation of His glory on Mount Sinai.

“Looked towards the wilderness.” It was in the wilderness that He had first revealed Himself to Moses (Exo 3:1-2) and to the wilderness that they intended to go to worship Him (Exo 3:18 and often). Thus at this stage it may be they saw the wilderness as being in a sense the dwelling-place of Yahweh.

Exo 16:11-12

‘And Yahweh spoke to Moses saying, “I have heard the murmurings of the children of Israel. Speak to them, saying, ‘In the evening you will eat flesh, and in the morning you will be filled with bread, and you shall know that I am Yahweh your God.’ ” ’

The constant reference to the murmurings (Exo 16:2; Exo 16:7-9; Exo 16:12) shows how important they were seen to be. Their murmurings could not be treated lightly. And yet God graciously responds to them. He has heard their murmurings and yet there is no specific condemnation but an attempt to satisfy their needs. God is very patient with them. He recognises that they have to learn to know Him as the God Who acts.

“You shall know that I am Yahweh your God.” The knowing of Yahweh as He is, is a constant theme of Exodus (see Exo 6:3). The provision of meat and bread in the wilderness will be absolute evidence of Who and What He is, the One Who is there and acts.

Notice the reversal in idea of Exo 16:10 and Exo 16:12 compared with Exo 16:6 and Exo 16:7. In Exo 16:6 ‘you shall know that it is Yahweh who–’ and in Exo 16:7 ‘you shall see the glory of Yahweh —’. Here the glory of Yahweh is revealed in Exo 16:10 and they will know that He is Yahweh in Exo 16:12. But the revelation of the glory in Exo 16:10 is not directly that in Exo 16:6 for the latter would be in the morning when the bread from heaven came. Thus He reveals His glory in the cloud, then He reveals His glory in a different way in the giving of the bread from heaven.

Exo 16:13-14

‘And so it was that in the evening quails came up and covered the camp, and in the morning dew lay round the camp, and when the dew that lay had gone up, behold, on the face of the wilderness a small flake (or ‘round thing’), small as the hoar frost on the ground.’

This was the fulfilment of Yahweh’s promise, meat and bread to the full. For the ‘small flakes’ see on Exo 16:4. The quails were a type of partridge, valued as a delicacy. In spring they migrate from Africa to the north and some, although not vast numbers, fly over the Sinai peninsula. They fly low and, tired with their long journey, will often land on the ground exhausted, when they are easy to catch. Here they ‘covered the camp’. Thus were the children of Israel able to fill their flesh pots. This was then followed the next day by the fall of small round flakes to the ground with the morning dew.

Exo 16:15

‘And when the children of Israel saw it, they said to one another, “What is it?” (or ‘it is man’). For they did not know what it was. And Moses said to them, “It is the food which Yahweh has given you to eat.’

“They said ‘man hu”.’ The use of ‘man’ for ‘what’ is Aramaic rather than Hebrew although this may indicate that it was so used in early Hebrew. So the question ‘what is this?’ becomes the derivation for the name. Alternately this may be translated “this is ‘man’.” This might suggest that it resembled something they had known in Egypt, ‘man’ then being the transliteration of an Egyptian word. This would explain why they called this new thing ‘man’ (Hebrew for Manna – see Exo 16:31). Alternately, as mentioned earlier, the Arabic for the plant lice was ‘man’. If this was so in early Hebrew this might explain the name if they recognised that as its source. But reading back from the Arabic is not always wise (even though sometimes it is all we have to help us).

Moses brings home the lesson, reminding them of how they had murmured against Yahweh. “It is the food which Yahweh has given you to eat.’ Rather than forsaking them He had provided in abundance.

Fuente: Commentary Series on the Bible by Peter Pett

Exo 16:2. The whole congregation of the children of Israel murmured The whole congregation seems to denote a more universal murmur, than the words the people imply in Exo 16:24 of the last chapter. The vice grew contagious; and this strangely ungrateful people not only exaggerate, in a shameful manner, their present difficulties, but even revile their Deliverer, for the undeserved preservation which he had vouchsafed to them amid the destruction of the first-born in Egypt. Would to God we had died, &c. Exo 16:3. Nothing can more strongly mark their abject and servile temper. Is this thy gratitude to GOD, O Israel! for his wonderful mercies towards thee? Thy goodness is as a morning-cloud, and as the early dew it passeth away. Hos 6:4.

Fuente: Commentary on the Holy Bible by Thomas Coke

By the whole, may we not, according to scripture in other instances, suppose it meant the greater part. Gen 19:4 ; Num 16:41 .

Fuente: Hawker’s Poor Man’s Commentary (Old and New Testaments)

Exo 16:2 And the whole congregation of the children of Israel murmured against Moses and Aaron in the wilderness:

Ver. 2. And the whole congregation. ] The most part of the people. Diaconos paucitas honorabiles fecit, saith Jerome: sic et veros Israelitas.

Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)