Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Isaiah 49:23
And kings shall be thy nursing fathers, and their queens thy nursing mothers: they shall bow down to thee with [their] face toward the earth, and lick up the dust of thy feet; and thou shalt know that I [am] the LORD: for they shall not be ashamed that wait for me.
23. thy nursing fathers ] thy guardians; i.e. of course, the guardians of her children (in spite of ch. Isa 60:16); see Num 11:12 ; 2Ki 10:1; Est 2:7 &c. The figure appears to express the permanent relation of the kingdoms of the world to the glorified people of God.
lick up the dust of thy feet ] An extravagant, but thoroughly Oriental, metaphor for abject self-humiliation (cf. Mic 7:17; Psa 72:9). Gesenius quotes from a Persian poem the following sentiment of a prince to his conqueror: “When I shall have the good fortune to kiss the dust of thy feet, then I shall believe that fortune flatters me,” &c. Comp. ch. Isa 45:14, Isa 60:14.
for they shall not be ashamed &c. ] Strictly a relative sentence, “they that wait on Whom shall not be ashamed”; which is perhaps hardly English. Render as R.V. and they that wait for me shall not be ashamed.
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
And kings shall be thy nursing fathers – Margin, Nourishers. That is, they would patronize the church of God; they would protect it by their laws, and foster it by their influence and become the personal advocates of the cause of Zion. The idea is properly that of guarding, educating, and proriding for children; and the sense is that kings and princes would evince the same tender care for the interests of the people of God which a parent or a nurse does for a child. It is needless to say that this has been already to a considerable extent fulfilled, and that many princes and monarchs have been the patrons of the church, though doubtless it is destined to a more ample fulfillment still in the brighter days of this worlds history, when the gospel shall spread everywhere. It is remarkable that, in the Sandwich and South Sea Islands, the Christian religion has been uniformly, almost, taken under the protection of the kings and chiefs since its first introduction there, and has been carried forward and extended under their direct authority.
They shall bow down to thee with their face toward the earth – A posture indicating the profoundest reverence. This is the common posture of showing great respect in the East.
And lick up the dust of thy feet – An act denoting the utmost possible respect and veneration for the church and people of God.
For they shall not be ashamed that wait for me – They who worship me shall not be ashamed of the act requiring the deepest self-abasement, to show their reverence for me. Even those of most elevated rank shall be willing to humble themselves with the profoundest expressions of adoration.
Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible
Isa 49:23
And kings shall be thy nursing fathers
Princes and rulers should promote the will of God
I.
PRINCES, OR RULERS, AS SUCH, ARE THE POSITIVE SERVANTS OF GOD, AND THEREFORE ARE BOUND TO PROMOTE, ABOVE ALL THINGS, THE INTERESTS OF HIS REVEALED WORD, AND THE HONOUR OF HIS NAME, IN THE WELFARE OF HIS CHURCH AND PEOPLE. It must be a self-evident proposition, that all who are entrusted with the ruling authority are bound to promote the best interests of the people over whom they preside. But the question is, in what do the best interests of a people consist? Do they consist in the extension of territory; the multiplicity of resources; the advancement of the arts and sciences; of wealth and honour; business and trade? We deny the assertion. As our Lord speaks of a man, so we of a nation, prince, or ruler. What is either he or they profited if they gain the whole world and lose their own soul? Or what shall a man, or any number of men, give in exchange for their soul? The soul, then, in all its vast, interesting, immortal, and eternal concerns, is the chief business of man.
1. From whence does the kingly office, or ruling authority proceed? Does it proceed from the people? No. It proceeds from God.
2. We must not omit to notice the manner in which the Lord speaks of princes and rulers in His Word. They are always spoken of in reference to their accountability to Him, and as bound to the execution of His will, and the promotion of His glory.
3. It may be useful here to adduce what is the estimate of our own Church on this subject.
II. SUCH A DISCHARGE OR DISREGARD OF THIS OBLIGATION WILL ALWAYS YIELD A SURE TEST OF THEIR OWN STATE AND THE CHARACTER OF THEIR GOVERNMENT, AND WHERE IT PREVAILS IT WILL BE VISIBLE, MORE OR LESS, IN ALL THEIR WAYS AND WORKS. We are to judge of the character and condition of princes and rulers, as such, as we do of private individuals and professing Christians, as such, and of the character of their government as we do of the general tenor of a mans life.
1. There will be deep humiliation before God, coupled with free and ingenuous confessions both of individual and national guilt (2Sa 7:1-29).
2. There will also be a desire to seek the guidance and acknowledge the hand of God in everything.
3. There will also be a fixed determination to banish all wicked men from their presence, and to exclude them from their councils.
4. There will be an anxiety to fill all the offices of the Church and State with men that fear the Lord, love the truth, and who will labour with heart and hand in the same cause for the advancement of true godliness. If the foregoing statements are based on the authority of Divine truth, the following deductions will ensue as some of their most obvious results
(1) It is not an easy office to be exalted to a throne, or to be entrusted with the affairs of a kingdom!
(2) How obvious is the connection between the Church and State! An established religion, nationally considered, is nothing more than that form of godliness, according to Gods revealed will, which is selected, supported, and maintained by the State, for the general benefit of all.
(3) How great is the guilt of ungodly princes and rulers, and how earnestly should we pray for them that God may bless and direct them in all His ways! (R. Shittier.)
They shall not be ashamed that wait for Me
Waiting upon God
I. WAITING UPON GOD signifies–
1. A patient expectation of the fulfilment of His Word, whether it be prophecy or promise.
2. A regular attention to the means of grace.
II. THE RESULT OF WAITING UPON GOD. Not disappointment and humiliation, but prayers answered, and hopes fulfilled.
1. The penitent.
2. The Christian relying upon the providential help of a covenant-keeping God.
3. The believer waiting for the accomplishment of Gods purpose in his sanctification.
4. The Christian waiting for the coming of Christ. (T. Blackley, M. A.)
Wait
This is the one word which the Divine wisdom often seems to utter in rebuke of human impatience. Man is eager, hurried, impatient, but God is never in haste. The Divine proceedings are slow–everywhere slow.
I. We see it in the realms of NATURE AND PROVIDENCE.
1. The history of the earth.
2. The movement of the seasons. The changes of day and night, &c., how slow, how gradual, how imperceptible!
3. The history of all life and growth.
II. REVEALED RELIGION includes much in harmony with these facts.
1. The long interval between the promise of a Saviour and His advent.
2. The manner of His coming (Luk 17:20).
3. The history of revealed religion since the advent.
4. The spiritual history of the individual believer.
5. The events which make up the story of a life. With regard to much in our history, we are expected to wait for the revelations of the world to come. (R. Vaughan, D. D.)
Fuente: Biblical Illustrator Edited by Joseph S. Exell
Verse 23. With their face toward the earth – “With their faces to the earth”] It is well known that expressions of submission, homage, and reverence always have been and are still carried to a great degree of extravagance in the eastern countries. When Joseph’s brethren were introduced to him, “they bowed down themselves before him with their faces to the earth,” Ge 42:6. The kings of Persia never admitted any one to their presence without exacting this act of adoration; for that was the proper term for it. Necesse est, says the Persian courtier to Conon, si in conspectum veneris, venerari te regem; quod illi vocant. “It is necessary, if thou shouldest come in sight, to venerate thee as king; which they call worshipping.” – NEPOS in Conone. Alexander, intoxicated with success, affected this piece of oriental pride: Itaque more Persarum Macedonas venerabundos ipsum salutare, prosternentes humi corpora. “The Macedonians after the manner of the Persians, saluted their monarch with the ceremony of prostration.” – CURTIUS, lib. viii. The insolence of eastern monarchs to conquered princes, and the submission of the latter, is astonishing. Mr. Harmer, Observ. ii. 43, gives the following instance of it from D’Herbelot: “This prince threw himself one day on the ground, and kissed the prints that his victorious enemy’s horse had made there; reciting some verses in Persian, which he had composed, to this effect: –
“‘The mark that the foot of your horse has left upon the dust, serves me now for a crown.
“‘The ring which I wear as the badge of my slavery, is become my richest ornament.
“‘While I shall have the happiness to kiss the dust of your feet, I shall think that fortune favours me with its tenderest caresses, and its sweetest kisses.'”
These expressions therefore of the prophet are only general poetical images, taken from the manners of the country, to denote great respect and reverence: and such splendid poetical images, which frequently occur in the prophetical writings, were intended only as general amplifications of the subject, not as predictions to be understood and fulfilled precisely according to the letter. For the different kinds of adoration in the east, see the note on Isa 44:17.
Fuente: Adam Clarke’s Commentary and Critical Notes on the Bible
Kings shall be thy nursing fathers, and their queens thy nursing mothers; kings and queens shall have a sincere affection and tender regard unto thee and thy children, which was in some sort fulfilled by Cyrus, Ahasuerus, and some few others of the Persian kings or queens, but much more truly and fully by those many kings and emperors of the Gentile world, which after Christs time did both themselves embrace the true religion, and also set it up in their several dominions.
They shall bow down to thee with their face toward the earth, and lick up the dust of thy feet; they shall highly reverence and honour thee, and shall most humbly and readily submit themselves unto thee, which was not verified in any of the Persian kings, but only in these kings who were converted to the Christian faith and church. The expressions are borrowed from the practice of the Eastern people in their prostrations and adorations, when they bowed so low as to touch and kiss the ground, whereby they did or might seem to lick up the very dust of the ground which was about or under the feet of those whom they adored.
They shall not be ashamed that wait for me; their hopes and expectations shall not be disappointed, but abundantly satisfied.
Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole
23. lick . . . dustthat is,kiss thy feet in token of humble submission.
for they . . . not . . .ashamed . . . wait for meThe restoration of Israel shall be inanswer to their prayerful waiting on the Lord (Isa 30:18;Isa 30:19; Psa 102:16;Psa 102:17; Zec 12:10;Zec 14:3).
Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
And kings shall be thy nursing fathers, and their queens thy nursing mothers,…. Who shall show favour and respect to the church and people of God, grant them liberty, and protect and defend them in their religious privileges: for this is to be understood not figuratively of apostles and apostolical men, as Jerom, who are kings and priests unto God, and who feed the church with the milk of the word, and the breasts of ordinances; but literally of the kings and queens of the earth; and is thought to have had its fulfilment, at least in part, in Cyrus, Ahasuerus, Esther, and others; but more so in Christian kings and queens, as Constantine and Helena, Theodosius and Placilla, and others; and will have a far greater accomplishment in the latter day glory; see Isa 60:3:
they shall bow down toward thee with their faces toward the earth; which expresses the great veneration and respect these great personages shall have for the church of God, and their entire submission and subjection to the Gospel of Christ, and the ordinances of it, and to the laws and discipline of his house; for they shall now become members of the Christian church, and be entirely under the government of it, as to religious things; see Re 3:9
and lick up the dust of thy feet; the allusion is to the eastern nations, especially the Persians, who, in the adoration of their kings, used to kiss the ground they stood on, and seemed to lick, if they did not, the dust that was about them; and it expresses the very low submission of kings and princes to the church, and their high veneration of it; their willingness to do the meanest office for the good of it, and their great regard and affection for the meanest of its members, the dust of Zion; see Ps 72:9:
and thou shalt know that I am the Lord; the King of kings, and Lord of lords, who has the hearts of all men, even of kings, in his hands, and can turn them, and bring them to a thorough submission to his will; and who is able to accomplish all his promises, and is true and faithful to them; this will be known and owned by the church, when the above things have their accomplishment:
for they shall not be ashamed that wait for me; or for my salvation, as the Targum; for favours from him; for the light of his countenance; for the discoveries and application of pardoning grace; for the performance of promises; for answers of prayer; for his spiritual coming, and for eternal glory and happiness; these shall not be ashamed of him for whom they wait, nor of their hope and expectation of him, nor at his coming.
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
Such affectionate treatment does the church receive, which is assembling once more upon its native soil, whilst kings and their consorts hasten to serve the re-assembled community. “And kings become thy foster-fathers, and their princesses they nurses: they bow down their face to thee to the earth, and they lick the dust of thy feet; and thou learnest that I am Jehovah, He whose hoping ones are not put to shame.” As foster-fathers devote all their strength and care to those entrusted to them, and nurses nourish children from the very marrow of their own life, so will kings become the shelterers of Zion, and princesses the sustainers of her growth. All that is true in the regal headship of the church will be realized, and all that is false in regal territorialism will condemn itself: “ vultu in terram demisso adorabunt te et pulverem pedum tuorum lingent ” (Jerome). They do homage to the church, and kiss the ground upon which she stands and walks. According to Isa 45:14, this adoration belongs to the God who is present in the church, and points the church itself away from all thought of her own merits to Jehovah, the God of salvation, cui qui confidunt non pudefient ( with an auxiliary pathach, like in Isa 47:15; Ges. 65, 2: with the first person made into a relative as in Isa 41:8; Ges. 123, 1, Anm. 1). Observe, however, that the state will not be swallowed up by the church – a thing which never will occur, and is never meant to occur; but by the state becoming serviceable to the church, there is realized a prelude of the perfected kingdom of God, in which the dualism of the state and the church is entirely abolished.
Fuente: Keil & Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament
23. And kings shall be thy nursing fathers. After having spoken of the obedience of the Gentiles, he shews that this relates not to the common people only, but to “kings” also. He compares “kings” to hired men who bring up the children of others, and “queens” to “nurses,” who give out their labor for hire. Why so? Because “kings” and “queens” shall supply everything that is necessary for nourishing the offspring of the Church. Having formerly driven out Christ from their dominions, they shall henceforth acknowledge him to be the supreme King: and shall render to him all honor, obedience, and worship. This took place when the Lord revealed himself to the whole world by the Gospel; for mighty kings and princes not only submitted to the yoke of Christ, but likewise contributed their riches to raise up and maintain the Church of Christ, so as to be her guardians and defenders.
Hence it ought to be observed that something remarkable is here demanded from princes, besides an ordinary profession of faith; for the Lord has bestowed on them authority and power to defend the Church and to promote the glory of God. This is indeed the duty of all; but kings, in proportion as their power is greater, ought to devote themselves to it more earnestly, and to labor in it more diligently. And this is the reason why David expressly addresses and exhorts them to “be wise, and serve the Lord, and kiss his Son.” (Psa 2:10.)
This shews how mad are the dreams of those who assert that kings cannot be Christians without laying aside that office; for those things were accomplished under Christ, when kings, who had been converted to God by the preaching of the Gospel, obtained this highest pinnacle of rank, which surpasses dominion and principality of every sort, to be “nursing-fathers” and guardians of the Church. The Papists have no other idea of kings being “nursing-fathers” of the Church than that they have left to their priests and monks very large revenues, rich possessions and prebends, on which they might fatten, like hogs in a sty. But that “nursing” aims at an object quite different from filling up those insatiable gulls. Nothing is said here about enriching the houses of those who, under false pretences, hold themselves out to be ministers of the Church, (which was nothing else than to corrupt the Church of God and to destroy it by deadly poison,) but about removing superstitions and putting an end to all wicked idolatry, about advancing the kingdom of Christ and maintaining purity of doctrine, about purging scandals and cleansing from the filth that corrupts piety and impairs the lustre of the Divine majesty.
Undoubtedly, while kings bestow careful attention on these things, they at the same time supply the pastors and ministers of the Word with all that is necessary for food and maintenance, provide for the poor and guard the Church against the disgrace of pauperism; erect schools, and appoint salaries for the teachers and board for the students; build poor-houses and hospitals, and make every other arrangement that belongs to the protection and defense of the Church. But those unnecessary and extravagant expenses for Anniversaries and Masses, for golden vessels and costly robes, which swell the pride and insolence of papists, serve only to uphold pomp and ambition, and corrupt the pure and simple “nursing” of the Church, and even choke and extinguish the seed of God, by which alone the Church lives. When we see that matters are now very different, and that “kings” are not the “nursing-fathers,” but the executioners of the Church; when, in consequence of taking away the doctrine of piety and banishing its true ministers, idle bellies, insatiable whirlpools, and messengers of Satan, are fattened, (for such are the persons to whom the princes cheerfully distribute their wealth, that is, the moisture and blood which they have sucked out of the people;) when even princes otherwise godly have less strength and firmness for defending the Word and upholding the Church; let us acknowledge that this is the reward due to our sins, and let us confess that we do not deserve to have good “nursing-fathers.” But yet, after this frightfully ruinous condition, we ought to hope for a restoration of the Church, and such a conversion of kings that they shall shew themselves to be “nursing-fathers” and protectors of believers, and shall bravely defend the doctrine of the Word.
And shall lick the dust of thy feet. This passage is also tortured by the Papists in order to uphold the tyranny of their idol, as if kings and princes had no other way of proving themselves to be sincere and lawful worshippers of God than by adoring that masked prince of the Church instead of God. Thus they consider the obedience of piety to consist in kissing the Pope’s feet with deep reverence. What they ought to think of such barbarous and idolatrous worship, let them learn, first, from Peter, whose seat they boast of occupying, who would not permit such honor to be rendered to him by the centurion. (Act 10:6.) Let them, next, learn from Paul, who tore his garments, and rejected such worship with the utmost abhorrence. (Act 14:14.) What could be more absurd than to imagine that the Son of God appointed, instead of a minister of the Gospel, an object of abhorrence, some king dazzling in Persian luxury and splendor? But let us remember that the Church, so long as she is a pilgrim in this world, is subjected to the cross, that she may be humble and may be conformed to her Head; that if her foes make any cessation of their hostility, still her highest ornament and lustre is modesty. Hence it follows, that she has laid aside her own attire, when she is clothed with irreligious pride.
Here the Prophet means nothing else than the adoration by which princes bow down before God, and the obedience which they render to his Word in the Church. What we have already said must be carefully observed, that, when we speak of rendering honor to the Church, she must never be separated from the Head; for this honor and worship belongs to Christ, and, when it is bestowed on the Church, it still continues to belong undivided to him alone. By the obedience of piety kings do not profess submission, so as to bear the yoke of men, but to yield to the doctrine of Christ. Whosoever therefore rejects the ministry of the Church, and refuses to bear the yoke which God wishes to lay with his own hand on all his people, can neither have any fellowship with Christ nor be a child of God.
For they shall not be ashamed. I consider אשר (asher) to be a conjunction signifying For; (12) and the clause to which it belongs is closely connected with what goes before, and has been improperly disjoined from it by some commentators. By this argument he proves that it is highly proper for princes to submit cheerfully to the government of God, and not hesitate to humble themselves before the Church; because God will not suffer those who hope in him to “be ashamed.” As if he had said, “This is a pleasant and delightful submission.”
I am Jehovah. He connects his own truth with our salvation; as if he had said, that he does not wish men to acknowledge him to be true or to be God, unless he actually fulfill what he has promised. And hence we obtain inestimable advantage; for, as it is impossible that God should not continue to be the same, so the stability of our salvation, which the Prophet infers from God’s own stability, must remain unshaken.
(12) אשר לא יבשו קרי (asher to yeboshu kovai), ‘of whom they that wait for me shall not be ashamed,’ that is, ‘whom Jehovah, they that wait for, they that trust in, shall not be ashamed.’ When the Hebrews introduce any person speaking, the provisional affix, which comes after אשר (asher) and relates to that person, is commonly expressed by them in none but the first, that is, in the person of the speaker. For example, ‘I am Joseph, אשר מכרתם אותי מצרימה (asher mekartem othi mitzraimah,) whom ye sold into Egypt.’” — Rosenmuller.
Fuente: Calvin’s Complete Commentary
(23) Kings shall be thy nursing fathers . . .As a rule kings gave their children to be brought up by their nobles (2Ki. 10:5). Zion should have kings themselves and their queens to rear her children. They shall bow down to her, the true Israel, the true Ecclesia, as the dwelling-place of Jehovah.
Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)
23. Kings shall be thy nursing fathers queens thy nursing mothers This verse teaches that the principles of Messiah’s reign shall take hold of all the highest and the lowest. Affection for Zion shall be the profoundest conceivable. Monarchs, with their subjects, shall bow to Messiah; the former shall become foster fathers, and queens and princesses foster mothers, to the weak, poor, and lowly. The foster father or mother was, and yet is, to great houses throughout the East, a no inconsiderable person. But in last results of the rule of the great Anointed, the heads themselves of houses and nations take earnestly to this service. The divine will is the tie that consentaneously holds all.
Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
Isa 49:23 And kings shall be thy nursing fathers, and their queens thy nursing mothers: they shall bow down to thee with [their] face toward the earth, and lick up the dust of thy feet; and thou shalt know that I [am] the LORD: for they shall not be ashamed that wait for me.
Ver. 23. And kings shall be thy nursing fathers. ] Such were David, Solomon, Hezekiah, Josiah, Constantine, Theodosius, Placilla, Queen Elizabeth, &c.
They shall bow down to thee.
They shall bow down to thee, &c.
“ Pietorum sola basiare regum. ”
The ancient Christians also, to honour and hearten their confessors, and such as suffered imprisonment for the truth’s sake, did use to kiss their hands, yea, to cast themselves down at their feet. Tertullian, writing to some of the martyrs, saith, Non tantus sum ut vos alloquar, I am not good enough to speak unto you. He telleth also of some in his time, that they did reptare ad vincula martyrum, creep to the bands of the martyrs in way of honour to them.
a Xenophon, lib. viii. Plutarch., in Alcib.
queens = princesses.
lick up, &c. Denoting subjection and submission, as in Gen 3:14. Compare Psa 72:9 and Mic 7:17.
thou shalt know. Ref to Pentateuch (Exo 6:7). App-92.
wait for me. Reference to Pentateuch (same word as in Gen 49:18).
kings: Cyrus, Darius, Artaxerxes, and other Persian monarchs, as well as Alexander the Great, and his successors, particularly Demetrius, conferred many privileges and immunities on the Jewish people, and were munificent benefactors to their temple. But the prophecy was more remarkably and fully fulfilled in the favour which Constantine the Great, and other Christian princes and princesses from his time to the present day, have shewn to the church of Christ; though it cannot be disputed, that the grand and signal accomplishment of these predictions is yet future. Isa 49:7, Isa 52:15, Isa 60:3, Isa 60:10, Isa 60:11, Isa 60:16, Isa 62:2, Ezr 1:2-4, Ezr 6:7-12, Ezr 7:11-28, Neh 2:6-10, Est 8:1 – Est 10:3, Psa 2:10-12, Psa 68:31, Psa 72:10, Psa 72:11, Psa 138:4, Rev 21:24-26
nursing fathers: Heb. nourishers, Num 11:12
queens: Heb. princesses
bow: Isa 45:14, Isa 60:14, Gen 43:26, Psa 72:9, Rev 3:9
lick up: Mic 7:17
for they: Isa 25:9, Isa 64:4, Psa 25:3, Psa 34:22, Psa 69:6, Rom 5:5, Rom 9:33, Rom 10:11, 1Pe 2:6
Reciprocal: Gen 17:16 – kings Gen 45:19 – commanded Gen 49:10 – the gathering Exo 11:8 – And all Jdg 5:7 – a mother 1Ki 19:18 – the knees 2Ki 3:12 – Israel 1Ch 15:16 – And David 2Ch 17:7 – he sent 2Ch 23:11 – the testimony Ezr 6:4 – the expenses Ezr 6:9 – let it be given Neh 13:22 – I commanded Est 4:14 – whether Est 7:8 – the bed Psa 18:43 – made Psa 22:5 – and were Psa 25:2 – O Psa 31:1 – thee Psa 45:9 – Kings’ Psa 45:12 – rich Psa 66:4 – General Psa 102:22 – General Psa 119:31 – put me Psa 148:11 – Kings Isa 25:3 – General Isa 45:17 – ye shall not Eze 37:6 – ye shall Dan 7:27 – the kingdom and Joe 2:26 – and my Zec 2:11 – many Zec 8:20 – there Zec 9:7 – a governor Mal 1:11 – my name Mat 25:16 – went Act 2:35 – thy foes Act 16:39 – came 1Th 2:7 – as Rev 11:15 – The kingdoms
49:23 And kings {b} shall be thy nursing fathers, and their queens thy nursing mothers: they shall bow to thee with [their] face toward the earth, and lick up the {c} dust of thy feet; and thou shalt know that I [am] the LORD: for they shall not be ashamed that wait for me.
(b) Meaning, that kings will be converted to the gospel, and bestow their power and authority for the preservation of the Church.
(c) Being joined with the Church, they will humble themselves to Christ their head, and give him all honour.
Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
Fuente: Companion Bible Notes, Appendices and Graphics
Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
Fuente: Geneva Bible Notes