Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Jeremiah 22:3
Thus saith the LORD; Execute ye judgment and righteousness, and deliver the spoiled out of the hand of the oppressor: and do no wrong, do no violence to the stranger, the fatherless, nor the widow, neither shed innocent blood in this place.
Jer 22:3
Do no wrong.
Wrong
The meaning of the word wrong is, something that is twisted from the straight line. Do you say you have not done wrong? When you set yourself up as a pattern of goodness, and at the same time turn up your nose at your erring acquaintance, it leads one to think that your angelic profession may cover the filthy rags of human sin. Some people profess too much. If they would acknowledge to some fault and confess that occasionally they are common metal like everybody else, we should respect them. People who will not permit you to think that they have ever done wrong, are often very unfeeling in their dealings with a person that has made a fool of himself. The man who feels himself to be a wrong-doer, is the most compassionately helpful to those that have fallen. When I hear anybody speaking harshly or ridiculing somebody who has done wrong and been found out, I fear that the only way to save them is for God to let them also fall into the mire of iniquity. Bear patiently with wrong-doers, and give them time to repent. Had they possessed your light, your education, your good parents and your virtuous surroundings, they might have lived a nobler life. When a man or a woman has done wrong, do not cast a stone at them; let us, if we can, lead them on to the path of right.
1. Let me urge that you do no wrong in your intentions. Let us weigh well our motives. Before doing any act, we should consider its intent, and ask ourselves, What is my intention? Is it the glory of God, the good of man, or only my own advantage–my own indulgence? When the intention is wholly selfish it is pretty sure to cause disappointment and misery; but when the intention is unselfish, it is likely to result in happiness both to ourselves and others.
2. It is also a matter of course that every true Christian should do no wrong in his practice. We profess much; let us seek to practise what we profess. I do not suppose that we are at present on such a high level as that shown in the spirit of the life of Christ; but let us aim at it, and though we fall, let us rise and try again. A farmer one day went to his landlord, Earl Fitzwilliam, saying, Please, your lordship, the horses and hounds last week quite destroyed my field of wheat. The earl said I am very sorry; how much damage do you think they did? The farmer replied, Well, your lordship, I dont think 50 would make it right. The earl immediately wrote out his order for 50 and handed it to the farmer, saying, I hope it will not be so bad as you think. So they parted. Months afterwards, the same old farmer came to the hall again, and when admitted into the library, said, Please, your lordship, I have brought back that 50. The earl exclaimed, Why, what for? The farmer said, Well, because I find that the trodden field of wheat has turned out to be a better crop than any of the others. So I have brought the money back. The earl exclaimed, This is as it should be; it is doing right between man and man. He tore up the order and wrote another, saying, Here, my good friend, is an order for a hundred pounds; keep it by you till your eldest son is twenty-one and then give it him as a present from me, and tell him how it arose. Now I think the honest farmer sets a good example to us all No doubt the tempter whispered in the ear of his soul, The earl will never miss that 50. Why, farmer, you dont mean to say you are going to give the morley back! But the honest old John Bull of a farmer replied, It would be wrong, you know, for me to keep that 50. Do no wrong to your neighbour, either in competition of business, or in your social and political relationship. Every man has a weak side to his character, and a tendency to do wrong in some direction. In other words, every man is a spiritual invalid who wants a heavenly prescription to restore him to health. Now, when your body is ill, you send for a doctor who counts your pulse and asks where your pain is, and how you feel. If you do not tell him all the truth, he does not know how to treat you. In the same way, when we are spiritually sick, we should confess all the symptoms of our sin-disease to the Great Physician of heaven. Let us be humble and honest enough to tell Him our sins. (W. Birch.)
Fuente: Biblical Illustrator Edited by Joseph S. Exell
That is, Administer justice to all your subjects.
The stranger, the fatherless, and the widow are particularly named, as persons who have fewest friends, and so are most exposed to the lusts of great men, who have a power to oppress them. Two things are observable:
1. That the terms upon which God promiseth mercy to them are such as were in their power to perform.
2. They are the due performance of relative duties, to teach us how much lieth upon mens just performance of the duties of their relations, and more particularly, how much God loveth justice and judgment, without the impartial execution of which no princes, no magistrates, can promise themselves security from temporal judgments; which much commendeth the love of God to human society, injustice being the greatest enemy to it, and justice the great foundation and pillar of it.
Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole
3. Jehoiakim is meanthere especially: he, by oppression, levied the tribute imposed on himby Pharaoh-necho, king of Egypt (2Ch36:3), and taxed his people, and took their labor without pay, tobuild gorgeous palaces for himself (Jer22:13-17), and shed innocent blood, for example, that of Urijahthe prophet (Jer 26:20-24;2Ki 23:35; 2Ki 24:4).
Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
Thus saith the Lord, execute ye judgment and righteousness,…. Judge righteous Judgment; give the cause to whom it belongs, without respect of persons, and without a bribe or corruption; do no unrighteousness to any, by withholding from them what is due unto them, which was what this prince was chargeable with, Jer 22:13;
and deliver the spoiled out of the hand of the oppressor; that was robbed or wronged of his property by one superior to him in power or cunning; [See comments on Jer 21:12];
and do no wrong, do no violence to the stranger, the fatherless, nor the widow: who are not in a situation, and in such a condition and circumstances, as to defend themselves; and whom God has a peculiar regard unto; and therefore they who are his deputies and vicegerents, as kings and civil magistrates are, ought to protect such persons, and neither grieve and injure them themselves, nor suffer others to do it:
neither shed innocent blood in this place; to grieve and wrong the above persons is a very great evil, but to shed the blood of innocent per tons is a greater still; and this is aggravated by being committed by such who are set over men to secure and preserve their properties and their lives; and such heinous sins as these the present reigning king of Judah was guilty of; which is the reason of their being mentioned; see Jer 22:17.
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
He says, first, Do judgment and justice This belonged especially to the king and his judges and governors; for private individuals, we know, had no power to protect their property; for though every one ought to resist wrongs and evil doings, yet this was the special duty of the judges whom God had armed with the sword for this purpose. To do judgment, means to render to every one according to his right; but when the two words, judgment and justice, are connected together, by justice we are to understand equity, so that every one has his own right; and by judgment is to be understood the execution of due punishment; for it is not enough for the judge to decide what is right, except he restrains the wicked when they audaciously resist. To do judgment, then, is to defend the weak and the innocent, as it were, with an armed hand. (33)
He then adds, Rescue the spoiled from the hand of the oppressor He repeats what we observed in the last chapter; and here under one thing he includes the duty of judges, even that they are ever to oppose what is wrong and to check the audacity of the wicked, for they can never be induced willingly to conduct themselves with moderation and quietness. As, then, they are to be restrained by force, he says, “Rescue the spoiled from the hand of the oppressor.” Of the word גזול, gesul, we have spoken before; but by this form of speaking God intimates that it is not enough for the judge to abstain from tyranny and cruelty, and not to stimulate the wicked nor favor them, except he also acknowledges that he has been appointed by God for this end — to rescue the spoiled from the hand of the oppressor, and not to hesitate to face hatred and danger in the discharge of his office.
The Prophet now adds other things which he had not mentioned in the preceding chapter; defraud not, (34) he says, the stranger and the orphan and the widow It is what is often said in Scripture, that it is not right to defraud any one; for God would exempt all from wrong, and not only strangers, orphans, and widows; but as orphans have no knowledge or wisdom, they are exposed, as it were, to plunder; and also widows, because they are in themselves helpless; and strangers, because they have no friends to undertake their cause; hence God, in an especial mannel, requires a regard to be had to strangers, orphans, and widows. There is also another reason; for when their right is rendered to strangers, orphans, and widows, equity no doubt shines forth more conspicuously. When any one brings friends with him, and employs them in the defense of his cause, the judge is thereby influenced; and he who is a native will have his relations and neighbors to support his cause; and he who is rich and possessing power will also influence the judge, so that he dares not do anything notoriously wrong; but when the stranger, or the orphan, or the widow comes before the judge, he can with impunity oppress them all. Hence if he judges rightly, it is no doubt a conspicuous proof of his integrity and uprightness. This, then, is the reason why God everywhere enumerates these cases when he speaks of right and equitable judgments. He further adds, Exercise no violence, nor shed innocent blood in this place These things also were matters belonging to the judges. But it was a horribly monstrous thing for the throne of David to have been so defiled as to have become, as it were, a den of robbers. Wherever there is any pretense to justice, there ought to be there some fear or shame; but as we have said, that tribunal was in a peculiar manner sacred to God. As, then, the king and his counsellors were become like robbers, and as they so occupied the throne of David that all impiety prevailed, and they hesitated not to plunder on every side, as though they lived in a house of plunder; this was, as I have said, a sad and shameful spectacle. (35)
But we ought the more carefully to notice this passage, that we may learn to strengthen ourselves against bad examples, lest the impiety of men should overturn our faith; when we see in God’s Church things in such a disorder, that those who glory in the name of God are become like robbers, we must beware lest we become, on this account, alienated from true religion. We must, indeed, detest such monsters, but we must take care lest God’s word, through men’s wickedness, should lose its value in our esteem. We ought, then, to remember the admonition of Christ, to hear the Scribes and Pharisees who sat in Moses’ seat. (Mat 23:2.) Thus it behoved the Jews to venerate that royal throne, on which God had inscribed certain marks of his glory. Though they saw that it was polluted by the crimes and evil deeds of men, yet they ought to have retained some regard for it on account of that expression, “This is my rest for ever.”
But we yet see that the king was sharply and severely reproved, as he deserved. Hence most foolishly does the Pope at the present day seek to exempt himself from all reproof, because he occupies the apostolic throne. (36) Were we to grant what is claimed, (though that is frivolous and childish,) that the Roman throne is apostolic, (which I think has never been occupied by Peter,) surely the throne of David was much more venerable than the chair of Peter? and yet the descendants of David who succeeded him, being types and representatives of Christ, were not on that account, as we here see, exempt from reproof.
It might, however, be asked, why the Prophet said that he was sent to the whole people, when his doctrine was addressed only to the king and the public judges? for it belonged not to the people or to private individuals. But I have said already that it was easy for the common people to gather how God’s judgment ought to have been dreaded, for they had heard that punishment was denounced even on the house of David, which was yet considered sacred. When, therefore, they saw that those were summoned before God’s tribunal who were, in a manner, not subject to laws, what were they to think but that every one of them ought to have thought of himself, and to examine his own life? for they must at length be called to give an account, since the king himself and his counsellors had been summoned to do so. It now follows, —
(33) The verb here is different from that in Jer 21:12, though rendered in our version the same — “execute.” It is עשה, to do, to act, but is used in a wide sense, like facio in Latin. To do judgment is to judge or condemn, that is, the guilty; to do justice is to justify or acquit, that is, the innocent. Perhaps the best rendering would be, “Administer judgment and justice;” the former to the guilty, and the latter to the innocent.
Blayney’s version can by no means be approved, “Do right and justice,” as the distinctive character of the two acts is not expressed. “Do judgment and justice,” are all the Versions and the Targum. — Ed.
(34) So it is rendered by Blayney; by the Vulg. and Targ., “Make not sad;” by the Sept., “Tyrannize not over;” and by the, Syr., “Wrong not.” The verb means to press down, to depress, and hence to oppress. With this the next verb is connected by ו in many copies, and by all the Versions except the Arab., and by the Targum; and it means to do wrong by force or violence, outrageously to injure, or to deal unjustly with, to plunder. They were not to press them down by denying them their rights, nor violently to take their things away from them, or to plunder them.
We may render the passage as Gataker does, “And the stranger, the orphan, and the widow oppress not, wrong not,” or plunder not. A similar passage is in Jer 7:6. The word rendered there “oppress” is different, עשק, and more general in its meaning, including the two ideas here — oppression by denying them their rights, and by plundering them. — Ed
(35) There is first in this passage a general direction, “Administer ye judgment and justice;” and then there is a specification which refers first to justice and then to judgment, the order, as is commonly the case, being reversed. It was an act of “justice” to rescue the plundered from the hands of the plunderer. Then they were forbidden to administer wrong, “judgment,” so as to depress and plunder the stranger, the orphan, and the widow, and to shed innocent blood. See Psa 94:6. It shews a bad state of society when the wicked and the guilty are not punished; but it is still worse when the helpless are oppressed, and the innocent are condemned. — Ed.
(36) Poor Peter never had any throne, therefore the Pope’s throne cannot be apostolic. The Pope’s throne is a heathen throne, both materially and spiritually. The seat itself is a chair of some heathen hero or deity, and the power claimed to be exercised was never claimed nor possessed by Peter. The Pope is quite as much an impostor as Mahomet, only his blasphemy is greater and more detestable. — Ed.
Fuente: Calvin’s Complete Commentary
(3) Execute ye judgment.As the Hebrew verb is not identical with that in Jer. 21:12, and implies a less formal act, it might be better to render it, do ye judgment . . .
Do no wrong . . .The Hebrew order connects both verbs with the substantivesto the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, do no wrong, no violenceand gives the latter the emphasis of position. The whole verse paints but too vividly a reign which presented the very reverse of all that the prophet describes as belonging to a righteous king.
Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)
3. Execute judgment The original here is not the same as in Jer 21:12. The phrase there has an official import; here the sense is, do right a command of universal application.
Fuente: Whedon’s Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
Jer 22:3 Thus saith the LORD; Execute ye judgment and righteousness, and deliver the spoiled out of the hand of the oppressor: and do no wrong, do no violence to the stranger, the fatherless, nor the widow, neither shed innocent blood in this place.
Ver. 3. Execute ye judgment and righteousness. ] Make good laws, and see that they be well executed. This the prophet presseth quasi ad fastidium, ever and anon, over and over, as the likeliest means to prevent future judgments; so Phineas found it. See Jer 21:12 .
Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
Execute ye, &c. See note on Jer 7:5.
judgment and righteousness. Figure of speech Hendiadys = judgment, yea, righteous judgment.
spoiled = robbed.
no. nor. neither. Note the Figure of speech Paradiastole.
stranger = sojourner.
fatherless, nor the widow. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Species), for all afflicted ones.
innocent blood. See note on Jer 7:6.
Fuente: Companion Bible Notes, Appendices and Graphics
Execute: Jer 5:28, Jer 9:24, Jer 21:12, Exo 23:6-9, Lev 19:15, Deu 16:18-20, Deu 25:1, 2Sa 23:3, Job 29:7-17, Psa 72:2-4, Mic 3:11, Zec 7:9-11
do no wrong: Jer 22:17
do no violence: Deu 10:18, Deu 24:7, Deu 27:19, Job 22:9, Job 24:9, Job 29:12, Psa 68:5, Psa 94:6, Pro 23:10, Isa 1:23, Eze 22:7, Mal 3:5, Jam 1:27
neither: Jer 22:17, Jer 7:6, Jer 26:16, Deu 19:10-13, 2Ki 24:4, Psa 94:21, Pro 6:17, Isa 1:15-20, Joe 3:19
Reciprocal: Exo 22:21 – vex a stranger Lev 19:13 – shalt not Deu 24:17 – pervert 1Ch 22:13 – Then shalt Psa 82:3 – do Pro 31:9 – General Isa 1:17 – seek Isa 16:3 – execute Jer 4:1 – then shalt Jer 22:15 – and do Jer 23:5 – and shall Jer 26:15 – ye shall Eze 18:7 – hath spoiled Eze 34:7 – General Eze 45:9 – remove Act 24:25 – righteousness
Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
Jer 22:3. The conduct described in this verse is what should have been the practice all along. Instead, the strong had been permitted to overcome the weak and the rich were suffered to defraud the poor through bribery and other means.
Fuente: Combined Bible Commentary
Jer 22:3-5. Thus saith the Lord, Execute ye judgment, &c. That is, administer justice to all your subjects. The stranger, the fatherless, and the widow are particularly named, as persons who have the fewest friends, and therefore are the most exposed to the tyranny, injustice, and oppression of the great. And do no wrong, do no violence, &c. Compare Jer 22:17, where we find Jehoiakim charged with these sins. For if ye do this thing indeed If ye will, not in pretence, but reality, do what is just and right to every one, and see that inferior magistrates, acting under you do so too; then shall there enter, &c. See the note on Jer 17:25, where, instead of the gates of this house, the text reads, the gates of this city. And the context here shows, that the prophecy is directed, not only to the kings court in particular, but likewise to the whole city of Jerusalem, one part of which was called the city of David; and the whole looked upon as a royal city, and the place of their kings residence. Kings sitting upon the throne of David, &c. There shall then be a succession of kings, and that uninterrupted, reigning in Judah, of Davids line, kings who shall enjoy a perfect tranquillity, and live in great state and dignity. But if ye will not hear these words That is, if ye will not so hear as to obey them. I swear by myself, saith the Lord That is, I resolve absolutely upon it; for God is not in Scripture said to swear, unless as speaking after the manner of men, and according to the actions of men; so that whenever this expression is employed, it is only to signify, that God would not revoke the thing spoken of, but that it should be immutable. Here, therefore, it implies that the sentence pronounced should certainly be executed, and that nothing could reverse it but the peoples sincere repentance, which condition is expressed in the foregoing part of the verse. See Heb 6:17. This house shall become a desolation This palace, of the kings of Judah shall fare no better than other habitations in Jerusalem, sin as certainly effecting the ruin of the houses of princes as those of mean men.
Fuente: Joseph Bensons Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
22:3 Thus saith the LORD; Execute ye judgment and {a} righteousness, and deliver him that is laid waste out of the hand of the oppressor: and do no wrong, do no violence to the stranger, the fatherless, nor the widow, neither shed innocent blood in this place.
(a) This was his ordinary manner of preaching before the kings from Josiah to Zedekiah which was about forty years.
Fuente: Geneva Bible Notes
Jeremiah instructed the king and his administrators to practice justice in their decisions regarding civil matters (cf. Jer 21:12). They should protect the weak and vulnerable and should not shed innocent blood. Social justice has always been important to Yahweh.
"Who within our society are represented by the ones robbed by extortioners or by the sojourner, orphan, and widow? Is it the poor, the migrant, the alien? Is it the Third World worker who provides delicacies for our table, or cheap products for our market, but barely ekes out an existence for himself and his family? Is our concern for justice limited to ourselves and those like us? Or do we practice justice even toward those who have no advocate?" [Note: Drinkard, p. 299.]