Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Joel 2:16

Gather the people, sanctify the congregation, assemble the elders, gather the children, and those that suck the breasts: let the bridegroom go forth of his chamber, and the bride out of her closet.

16. An expansion of the injunctions contained in the rest of Joe 1:14 a.

sanctify an assembly ] i.e. hold a sacred religious meeting.

gather the elders ] the old men (R.V. marg.). All are to take part in the great public act of national humiliation and supplication, neither old men nor children are to be excepted; even the newly married bride and bridegroom, who might deem themselves entitled to claim exemption from such duties (cf. Deu 24:5), are to come forth from their retirement for the purpose.

closet ] rather, pavilion; the idea suggested by ‘closet’ is too modern. The reference is no doubt to the special nuptial tent (cf. 2Sa 16:22), still, in Arabia, erected for the consummation of a marriage. In Arabic a common phrase for ‘to marry a wife’ is ‘to build over her’ (sc. a tent, with reference to this custom). The later bridal bed, with its canopy, appears to be a survival of the more primitive ‘tent’ [40] . upph is a rare word in Hebrew: in Psa 19:5 it is spoken of also as the bridegroom’s. Here der (‘chamber’), in the parallel clause, appears to be merely a poetical synonym of it [41] .

[40] See W. R. Smith, Marriage and Kinship in Early Arabia, pp. 167 170, 291; Wellhausen’s essay, Die Ehe bei den Arabern in the Gttingen Nachrichten, 1893, No. 11, p. 444 f.; and Levy’s Neuhebr. Wrterbuch, s. v. (1:348), and (2:92).

[41] Cf. Jdg 14:18, where should probably be read for , “before he went into the bride-chamber”

Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

Sanctify the congregation – ^o: Do what in you lies, by monishing, exhorting, threatening, giving the example of a holy life, that the whole people present itself holy before its God , lest your prayers be hindered, and a little leaven corrupt the whole lump.

Assemble the elders – ^o: The judgment concerned all; all then were to join in seeking mercy from God. None were on any pretence to be exempted; not the oldest, whose strength was decayed, or the youngest, who might seem not yet of strength. The old also are commonly freer from sin and more given to prayer.

Gather the children – ^o: He Who feedeth the young ravens when they cry, will not neglect the cry of poor children. He assigns as a reason, why it were fitting to spare Nineveh, the six-score thousand persons that could not discern between their right hand and their left Jon 4:11. The sight of them who were involved in their parents punishment could not but move the parents to greater earnestness. So when Moab and Ammon 2Ch 20:1-4, 2Ch 20:13, a great multitude, came against Jehoshaphat, he proclaimed a fast throughout all Judah, and Judah gathered themselves together to ask help of the Lord; even out of all the cities of Judah, they came to seek the Lord. And all Judah was standing before the Lord, their little ones also, their wives, and their children. So it is described in the book of Judith, how with great vehemency did they humble their souls, both they and their wives and their children – and every man and woman and the little children – fell before the temple, and cast ashes upon their heads and spread out their sackcloth before the Face of the Lord (Judith 4:9-11).

Let the bridegroom go forth – He says not even, the married, or the newly married, he who had taken a new wife, but he uses the special terms of the marriage-day, bridegroom and bride. The new-married man was, during a year, exempted from going out to war, or from any duties which might press upon him Deu 24:5. But nothing was to free from this common affliction of sorrow. Even the just newly married, although it were the very day of the bridal, were to leave the marriage-chamber and join in the common austerity of repentance. It was mockery of God to spend in delights time consecrated by Him to sorrow. He says, In that day did the Lord God of hosts call to weeping, and to mourning, and to baldness, and to girding with sackcloth. And behold joy and gladness – surely this iniquity shall not be purged from you until ye die, saith the Lord God of Hosts Isa 22:12-14. Whence, in times of fasting or prayer, the Apostle suggests the giving up of pure pleasures, that ye may give yourselves to fasting and prayer 1Co 7:5.

: He then who, by chastisement in food and by fasting and alms, says that he is doing acts of repentance, in vain doth he promise this in words, unless he go forth out of his chamber and fulfill a holy and pure fast by a chaste penitence.

Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible

Verse 16. Gather the children] Let all share in the humiliation, for all must feel the judgment, should it come. Let no state nor condition among the people be exempted. The elders, the young persons, the infants, the bridegroom, and the bride; let all leave their houses, and go to the temple of God.

Fuente: Adam Clarke’s Commentary and Critical Notes on the Bible

Gather the people, assemble the elders: see Joe 1:14.

Gather the children; though they understand little what is done, yet their cries under the affliction of a fast ascend, God hears, and with pity looks on their tears.

And those that suck the breasts; let your fast be most universal, spare not sucking children, bring them with you; their tears and cries may perhaps move the congregation to greater mourning and earnest supplication to God for mercy, or will be a fit object to present unto the God of mercy to move him to show mercy. So the Ninevites, Jon 3:7,8.

Let the bridegroom go forth of his chamber; let the new-married man leave the mirth of the nuptials, and lay aside his bravery awhile, and afflict himself with the rest.

And the bride out of her closet, or chamber, in which with the virgins she adorned herself or caressed them. That these may more earnestly seek the Lord, let them at this season forbear lawful delights.

Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole

16. sanctify thecongregationnamely, by expiatory rites and purification withwater [CALVIN], (Exo 19:10;Exo 19:22). MAURERtranslates, “appoint a solemn assembly,” which would be atautological repetition of Joe2:15.

elders . . . childrenNoage was to be excepted (2Ch20:13).

bridegroomordinarilyexempted from public duties (De24:5; compare 1Co 7:5;1Co 7:29).

closetor, nuptial bed,from a Hebrew root “to cover,” referring to thecanopy over it.

Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible

Gather the people,…. The common people, all the inhabitants of the land, Joe 1:14; summon them to meet together in the temple, in order to humble themselves before God for their sins, and implore his mercy, and seek his face to remove his judgments, or avert them:

sanctify the congregation; see that they are sanctified and prepared for a fast, as the law directs in such cases; that they may be clean and free from all ceremonial impurities; that their bodies and clothes be washed, and that they abstain from their wives, and from all lawful pleasures, as well as sinful ones:

assemble the elders; both in age and authority; that they, by their presence and example, might influence others to attend such a service:

gather the children and those that suck the breast; who were involved in the common calamity and distress, were obliged to fasting and whose cries might affect parents, and engage them the more to humiliation and repentance for their sins, which brought such, miseries, not only upon themselves, but upon their tender infants; and they might think their cries would move the pity and compassion of God; all which is suggested in the note of Kimchi:

let the bridegroom go forth of his chamber, and the bride out of her closet; where they are adorning themselves and preparing for an interview with each other; or where they are enjoying each other’s embraces and the pleasures of the matrimonial state. The sense is, let them put off their nuptial robes, and deny themselves their lawful pleasures, and betake themselves to fasting mourning, and prayer; see 1Co 7:5. This refers to a custom among the Jews at the time of espousals when the bridegroom and bride were introduced into the nuptial chamber, where the marriage was completed; and, according to the Jewish writes it was not finished before: the blessing of the bridegroom and bride did not complete the marriage but the bringing of them into the chamber did; and then they were said to he married, though as yet they had not cohabited and then, and not before a man might enjoy his wife x: and the marriage chamber was nothing else but a linen cloth or garment spread upon four poles over the head of the bridegroom and bride; this they called y; the word is here rendered a “closet” and the same with the “chamber”; and their leaving and coming out of this signifies their abstaining from the lawful enjoyment of each other, which now they had a right unto.

x Maimon. Hilchot Ishot, c. 10. sect. 2, 4. Schulchan Aruch, par. 2. Eben Hezer, c. 55. sect. 2, 3. y R. Elias Levita, Tishbi in p. 119.

Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible

Proclaim, he says, a meeting עצרה otsare is not properly an assembly, but the deed itself: (6) hence also the word is transferred to festivals. Proclaim, then, a meeting, call the people, sanctify the assembly. The word, sanctify, seems to be taken here in a sense different from what it had been before. The people, in order to engage in holy services, performed those rites, as it is well known, by which they cleansed themselves from their pollutions. No one entered the temple without washing; and no one offered a sacrifice without abstaining from an intercourse with his wife. The Prophet then alludes to these legal purgations when he says Sanctify the assembly.

He afterwards adds, Bring together the old, gather the young sucking the breasts. With regard to the old, we have said before that they are separately named, because they ought to have taken the lead by their example; and further a greater guilt belonged to them, for we know that it is a duty incumbent on the old to govern others, and, as it were, to hold the reins. But when the old themselves become dissolute, and restrain not the lusts of the young, they are doubly culpable before God. It is no wonder then that the Prophet bids here the old to be called; for it became them to be the leaders of others in confessing their repentance. But what follows seems strange. He would have the young, sucking the breasts, to be assembled. Why are these brought in as involved in guilt? Besides, the people were to own their repentance; and yet infants are without understanding and knowledge; so that they could not humble themselves before God. It must, then, have been a mockery and a vain show; nay, the Prophet seems to encourage the people in hypocrisy by bidding young infants to assemble together with men and women. To this I answer, that children ought to have been brought together, that those grown up and advanced in years might through them perceive what they deserved; for the wrath of God, we know, reached to the very infants, yea, and to brute animals: when God puts forth his hand to punish any people, neither asses nor oxen are exempt from the common scourge. Since, then, God’s wrath comes upon brute animals and upon young infants, it is no wonder that the Lord bids all to come forth publicly and to make a confession of repentance; and we see the same to have been the case with brute animals; and when, if the Lord grants, we shall come to the Prophet Jonah, we shall then speak on this subject. The Ninevites, when they proclaimed a fast, not only abstained themselves from meat and drink, but constrained also their oxen and horses to do the same. Why? Because the very elements were involved, as it were, with them in the same guilt: “Lord, we have polluted the earth; whatever we possess we have also polluted by our sins; the oxen the horses, and the asses, are in themselves innocent, but they have contracted contagion from our vices: that we may therefore obtain mercy, we not only offer ourselves suppliantly before thy face, but we bring also our oxen and horses; for if thou exercises the fullest severity against us, thou wilt destroy whatever is in our possession.” So also now, when the Prophet bids infants to be brought before God, it is done on account of their parents. Infants were in themselves innocent with regard to the crimes of which he speaks; but yet the Lord could have justly destroyed the infants together with those of advanced age. It is then no wonder that in order to pacify God’s wrath the very infants are summoned with the rest: but as I have already said, the reason is on account of their parents, that the parents themselves might perceive what they deserved before God, and that they might the more abhor their sins by observing that God would take vengeance on their children, except he was pacified. For they ought to have reasoned from the less to the greater: “See, if God exercises his own right towards us, there is destruction not only hanging over us, but also over our children; if they are guilty through our crimes, what can we say of ourselves, who are the authors of these evils? The whole blame belongs to us; then severe and dreadful will be God’s vengeance on us, except we be reconciled to him.”

We now then perceive why infants were called, together with their parents; not that they might confess their penitence, as that was not compatible with their age, but that their parents might be more moved, and that such a sight might touch their feelings, and that dread might also seize them on seeing that their children were doomed to die with them for no other reason, but that by their contagion and wickedness they had infected the whole land and everything that the Lord had bestowed on them.

He afterwards subjoins, Let the bridegroom go from his closet, or recess, and the bride from her chamber. It is the same as though the Prophet had bidden every joy to cease among the people; for it was of itself no evil to celebrate nuptials; but it behooved the people to abstain from every rejoicing on seeing the wrath of God now suspended over them. Hence, things in themselves lawful ought for a time to be laid aside when God appears angry with us; for it is no season for nuptials or for joyful feasts, when God’s wrath is kindled, when the darkness of death spreads all around. No wonder, then, that the Prophet bids the bridegroom and the bride to come forth from their chamber, that is, to cast aside every joy, and to defer their nuptials to a more suitable time, and now to undergo their delights, for the Lord appeared armed against all. It would have been then to provoke, as it were, His wrath, to indulge heedlessly in pleasures, when he wished not only to terrify, but almost to frighten to death those who had sinned; for when the Lord threatens vengeance, what else is indifference but a mockery of his power? “I have called you to weeping and wailing; but ye have said, ‘We will feast:’ as I live, saith the Lord, this iniquity shall never be blotted out.” We see how extremely displeased the Lord appears there to be with those who, having been called to weeping and fasting, did yet indulge themselves in their pleasures; for such, as I have said, altogether laugh to scorn the power of God. The Prophet’s exhortation ought then to be noticed, when he bids the bridegroom and the bride to leave their nuptials, and to put on the same mournful appearance as the rest of the people. He thus shook off heedlessness from all, since God had appeared with tokens of his wrath. This is the sum of the whole.

(6) That is, restraint. Literally it is, Proclaim a restraint. And as it means a restraint generally from labor as well as from food, it is applied to designate a feast-day, when men are detained or restrained from labor. — Ed.

Fuente: Calvin’s Complete Commentary

Joe 2:16. Sanctify the congregation We read in Exo 19:10 of God’s commanding the people to sanctify themselves. This sanctification consisted in their solemn preparation to come before God, by washing themselves and their clothes, cleansing themselves from all legal impurities, &c. as may be seen in Joe 2:14-15 of that chapter. In like manner, the prophet here exhorts the people to a solemn attendance at the temple of God; to fast, and mourn, and pray before him; and therefore commands the people to be sanctified; that is to say, to prepare themselves for this humiliation, as well by cleansing themselves from all legal impurities, as by contrition of heart; and by abstaining from all sensual pleasures, however innocent and allowable at other times, as is much more than intimated by the last clause of the verse. Absolute self-denial is but a reasonable preparation to keep a day of solemn humiliation before God for national sins or calamities. This kind of abstinence was even recommended among the heathens, as a necessary preparation for solemn worship. See Herod. lib. ii. c. 64. Tibull. lib. ii. eleg. 1. 2Ch 20:13. 1Co 7:5 and Chandler.

Fuente: Commentary on the Holy Bible by Thomas Coke

Joe 2:16 Gather the people, sanctify the congregation, assemble the elders, gather the children, and those that suck the breasts: let the bridegroom go forth of his chamber, and the bride out of her closet.

Ver. 16. Gather the people, sanctify the congregation, &c. ] Let the priests, God’s ministers, see to it, that the people come together; and for the better too, as much as in them lies. For they are to the people in place of watchmen, of sentinels, of ambassadors, and in Christ’s own stead, who seems to say unto them, as Psa 50:5 , “Gather my saints together unto me, those that have made a covenant with me by sacrifice,” that they may meet me with entreaties of peace, disarm mine indignation conceived against them, and quench the flame thereof with their tears; not quench the spirit in their teachers by their crossness and backwardness to business of this nature.

Assemble the elders ] Whether for age, as Job 15:10 , or for place of authority, as Jos 7:6 1Sa 15:30 Rth 4:4 . These must be chief doers and most forward at fasts, as was Joshua, Jehoshaphat, the King of Nineveh, Ezra, &c. For, 1. They are most guilty in regard of their years and their office, which either addeth two wings to their sins, viz., example and scandal, whereby facile volant, non facile violant, they soar much higher, and fly much farther; 2. Their presence, counsel, and countenance may be a great furtherance to the work. See Eze 46:10 . The prince in the midst of the people, when they go in shall go in; and when they go forth shall go forth. A. Lapide saith, that the elder sort are to meet, because they are least lustful and more prayerful. It should be so, I confess; but how many old goats are there abroad that even hang over hell, which gapeth for them? and as the canker soonest entereth into the white rose, so doth corruption easily creep into the white head. He was a rare old man of whom we read, that being tempted to sin said, Nay: lest he should stain his white head.

Gather the children, and those that suck the breasts ] For they are Church members, and to them also pertain the public dangers and calamities; out of which times and cases, children and novices are not to be tied to these austerities of religion (as our Saviour showeth, Mat 9:17 ), as little, as new wine is to be put into old vessels. Add hereunto, that the parents might by the sight of their poor children (subject to God’s wrath by their default) be brought to a farther sense of their own sinfulness; and moved by their cries and laments ut ferventius orent, et plorent, to cry and pray more earnestly, Eph 2:3 Rom 5:12 .

Let the bridegroom go forth of his chamber ] The newly married man was by the law allowed to cheer up his wife, Deu 24:5 , and therefore exempted from warfare and other public employments abroad, Deu 20:7 , and the wedding day is called the “day of the rejoicing of a man’s heart,” Son 3:11 . They were wont to have a week of feasting at such times, Gen 29:27 . Fulfil her week, sc. of banquet and bride’s ale, as they call it. And it is noted as an absurd thing in Samson’s wife, that she wept all the seven days of such a feast, when mirth was so much in season, Jdg 14:17 . But is it a time for men to hang their hearts upon the merry pin when God calls them to hang up their harps upon the willow trees? when the sword is sharpened to make a sore slaughter, when it is furbished and glittereth, and contemneth the rod ( i.e. lesser and lighter judgments that usually forerun it), should we then make mirth? Eze 21:10 . Should men eat, and drink, and marry, and be merry, when tomorrow they may look to die, and are already stumbling in the valley of the shadow of death? Such a thing the old world may do, buried in security, and to be shortly therefore buried in one universal grave of waters. But holy Noah was vexed at it; and Ambrose thinks (not without reason) that during the time of the Deluge, all the while that he was in the ark, he came as little at his wife as Uriah did while the ark and Judah and Israel abode in tents, and Joab and the host encamped in the fields, 2Sa 11:11 . Nehemiah, though a great courtier, and the king’s cupbearer, could not but be sad when it went ill with the Church; all comforts then were but Ichabods to him, he had no joy of them, Neh 2:2-3 . Sorrow at such a time is better than laughter; for by the sadness of the countenance the heart is made better, Ecc 7:3 . The mad world is a perfect stranger to the truth of this sacred position, as having so far banished sadness, that they are professed enemies to seriousness; and stick not to light a candle at the devil (as they say), for sinful lightsomeness. But woe be to such mad mirthmongers, saith our Saviour, Luk 6:25 , and after him St James, Jas 5:1 ; Jas 5:5 , and before them both, the prophet Isaiah, Isa 22:12-14 , and the prophet Amos, Amo 6:4 ; Amo 6:6 . What so lawful as the use of the marriage bed? Heb 13:4 ; and for whom more lawful than for the bridegroom and bride? Yet in a common calamity, and in a day of restraint (as a fast day is called, Joe 2:15 ), married couples must abstain, 1Co 7:5 , where the apostle speaketh of a public fast, as Peter Martyr observeth. Hence, Zec 8:19 , they separated themselves at such a time. And it is spoken of as a foul sin, Isa 58:3 , “Behold, in the day of your fast ye find pleasure.” All sensual delights, though never so lawful at other times, must be then suspended and laid aside; as music, mirth, perfumes, Dan 6:18 , brave apparel, Exo 33:4 , all ornaments of the body, soft lying, 2Sa 12:16 , all cheerfulness and outward joy, Jdg 20:26 1Sa 7:8 . The Roman censor punished one that showed himself out of a window with a garland upon his head in the time of the second Punic war.

Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)

Gather = Gather in.

sanctify the congregation = hallow a convocation. Reference to Pentateuch (Exo 19:10, Exo 19:22). App-92.

gather = gather out.

closet = bridal canopy. See notes on Psa 19:5 and Isa 4:5. The only three occurrences of Heb chuppah,

Fuente: Companion Bible Notes, Appendices and Graphics

sanctify: Exo 19:10, Exo 19:15, Exo 19:22, Jos 7:13, 1Sa 16:5, 2Ch 29:5, 2Ch 29:23, 2Ch 29:24, 2Ch 30:17, 2Ch 30:19, 2Ch 35:6, Job 1:5

assemble: Joe 1:14, Deu 29:10, Deu 29:11, 2Ch 20:13, Jon 3:7, Jon 3:8

let: Zec 12:11-14, Mat 9:15, 1Co 7:5

Reciprocal: Num 10:3 – General Jos 3:5 – Sanctify Jos 8:35 – women 1Sa 7:5 – Gather 1Ch 15:14 – sanctified Ezr 10:1 – a very great Ecc 3:5 – a time to embrace Zec 12:12 – and their Mar 10:13 – disciples

Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge

Joe 2:16. For comments on this verse, see those on Chapter 1; 14, also the note cited at verse 12 of the present chapter.

Fuente: Combined Bible Commentary

2:16 Gather the people, sanctify the congregation, assemble the elders, gather the {l} children, and those that suck the breasts: let the bridegroom go forth of his chamber, and the bride out of her closet.

(l) That as all have sinned, so all may show forth signs of their repentance, so that men seeing the children who are not free from God’s wrath, might be the more deeply touched with the consideration of their own sins.

Fuente: Geneva Bible Notes