Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Lamentations 5:12
Princes are hanged up by their hand: the faces of elders were not honored.
12. The reference may either be to impalement after death, or to torture in order, as Pe. suggests, to obtain information as to hidden treasure. Both death by crucifixion and subsequent impalement were regarded with the utmost abhorrence by the Jews. For the former see Deu 21:23.
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
After the princes had been put to death their bodies were hung up by the hand to expose them to public contumely. Old age, again, no more availed to shield men from shameful treatment than the high rank of the princes. Such treatment of conquered enemies was not uncommon in ancient warfare.
Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible
Lam 5:12-18
The elders have ceased from the gate.
The seat of justice overthrown
1. It is a grievous plague unto a people when the seat of justice is overthrown from among them.
(1) Reasons.
(a) It bringeth in all confusion and disorder.
(b) No man can enjoy anything as his own.
(c) Every one lieth open to the violence of spoilers, and hath no succour nor redress.
(2) Uses.
(a) Better have tyrants govern us, than be void of all government.
(b) Pray unto God for the government under which we live, that in the prosperity thereof we may have peace.
(c) Acknowledge all lawful magistrates to be the special ordinances of God, appointed for our good, and therefore to be obeyed and reverenced.
2. The overthrow of magistracy among a people taketh all occasions of rejoicing from all sorts of people. The young men from their music.
(1) Reasons.
(a) Many great blessings are lost, and many griefs come upon them which will make the heart heavy.
(b) They have no safety, but have cause every one to fear another, and to stand upon his own guard, as though he were in the midst of his enemies.
(2) Use. Pray to God that He would never leave us without those heads and governors that may take care to protect us in peace; for if He do, our life will be more bitter than death itself.
3. Honest recreations and delights are to be esteemed among the good blessings that God giveth His people in this life.
(1) It is here accounted by the Holy Ghost a grievous thing that they are deprived of them.
(2) Neither body nor mind can continue able and apt to their duties without some intermission, but it is never lawful to be idle. (J. Udall.)
The joy of our heart is ceased, our dance is turned into mourning.
Gods people may apprehend themselves stripped of all cause of joy
This is the condition of these distressed creatures in the land of Babylon; whilst they were in Judea, they used to rejoice in their harvest, and to shout at their vintage (Isa 16:10). They had the mirth of tabrets and their harps melodiously sounding in their streets (Isa 24:8). But now there is a crying for wine in all quarters, their joy is darkened, and the mirth of the land is gone (Isa 24:11). All causes of joy are sometimes taken from Gods: precious saints; thus it fared with Israel upon the pursuit of Pharaoh, when she was passing out of Egypt into the land of Canaan (Exo 14:10). Neither was it better with Job in the time of his affliction (Job 30:17-18; Job 30:31). Do but look upon the sweet singer of Israel, and you shall find him in as bad a condition; for the sorrows of death encompassed him, the pains of hell got hold upon him, and he found nothing but trouble and sorrow (Psa 116:1-19). The Lord takes away all cause of rejoicing from, that He may the more deeply humble them for the evil of their ways. Great afflictions effect the like submissions, with strong cries to the God of heaven (Jdg 6:6; Jdg 10:13-15). Gods great design in thus dealing with them, is to purge them from their dross (Isa 27:9), to make them cast off the sin of their souls; you know gold, that it may be refined, must as it were be encompassed with flames (Zec 13:8-9). The best are prone to rest upon the reeds of Egypt, to rely too much upon worldly vanities, therefore God makes the joy of their hearts to cease, that He may take them off from dependency upon creature comforts (Jer 3:22-23; Hos 14:2-3). Beware of sin, it will cause both sad looks and heavy hearts (Gen 4:7; Amo 8:8-10). Keep your eye upon heaven (2Ch 20:12), it is only a ray of His favour that can cheer your hearts (Psa 9:9-10). Disclaim help from others, trust not to yourselves (Isa 30:1-3; Isa 31:1; Psa 20:7; 2Co 1:9). Created substances are but vanities.
I. The precious sons of Zion may be much discouraged in their sufferings. And when Zion was in affliction, did she not as one in despair cry out, My strength and my hope is perished from the Lord (Lam 3:17-18)?
(1) Sudden and boisterous storms sometimes make stout-hearted seamen to give up all for gone (Psa 88:3-8; Isa 54:11; Mat 27:46).
(2) Feeble things are soon thrown down, they want strength, it is weakness of faith that dejects their spirits (Mat 8:24-26). Give a check to the heaviness, to the sadness of your souls, when you are in afflictions (Psa 43:5). The apostles carried themselves gallantly with much cheerfulness in the worst of times (Rom 5:3; Act 21:13).
Now that you may come near them in the same spirit, consider–
(1) That the sorrows of our Saviour were very dolorous (Mat 26:38; Luk 22:42).
(2) That what befalls you is incident to the best of saints (1Co 10:13; Son 2:2).
(3) That death will put a period to all your troubles.
(4) That God hath promised to deliver His chosen ones (Psa 126:5-6; Job 16:33). Brag not of what spirit you will be when you come to suffer; you have but a little strength in yourselves, your hearts may come to deceive you, to fail you when troubles come with a strong current upon you; thus did Peter, yet denied his Master (Mar 14:29; Mar 14:31; Mar 14:68, etc).
2. Keep up your heads, your hearts above the waters of sorrow, let them not sink your spirits, but under the worst of evils, retain your joy, and in patience possess your souls (Lam 3:26; Psa 27:13-14). (D. Swift.)
The crown is fallen from our head: woe unto us, that we have sinned!—
Mans fall from love into selfishness
The secret of mans perfection may be summed up in these short words, Love to God. The secret of mans sin may be stated as shortly, Defect of love to God. As the former implied truth and holiness, and purity of motive, and unity of wilt with His will, so this latter implies the departure of all these graces. But not only this. The heart allows no vacuum: sin is not a negative only, but a positive condition; where love has departed, there the opposite of love enters, namely, selfishness, with all its baneful consequences. And the essence of selfishness is, that a man lives not for and in another, be that other his neighbour, or his God, hut for and in himself. Now notice, that this selfishness, arising out of defect of love to God, and in God to others, is not an act, or a series of acts in man, but a state, out of which spring, as the symptoms out of a disease, those sinful acts of selfishness, which we call sins. Selfishness has turned love into lust, dignity into pride, humility into meanness, zeal into ambition, charity into ostentation; has made the strong man into a tyrant, the womanly into the womanish character, the childlike into the childish; has turned family and friendly love into partisanship, patriotism into faction, religion itself into bigotry. It penetrates into, and infiltrates every thought, every desire, every word, every act; so that whatsoever is of it, and not of faith, is sin. And its seat is in the noblest, the godlike, the immortal and responsible spirit of man. So that it is no longer worthy of that noble title of the Spirit, reminding us of God; but they who are thus, are named in Scripture unspiritual, and their whole state is called the flesh; not that it springs from the flesh, but because it sinks them into the flesh. Another degrading consequence results from this usurpation by self of the place of God within us. Man placed under love, though in bond and covenant to God and his neighbour, was really and essentially free; a child of Gods family; his will and Gods will being one, law became to him liberty. But under selfishness, though he has broken loose from covenant with God and his neighbour, he is to all intents and purposes, a slave; in bondage to his own desires and passions, which he ought to be, and wishes to be, ruling. The truth, declares our Lord, shall make you free; but all sin is a lie, It practically denies God,–whose being, and whose power, and whose love constitute the great truth of this universe: this is the negative side of its falsehood; and it sets up self and other creatures in Gods place as lord and guide of mans being: this is its positive side. It apes the perfections and attributes of God, and makes man into a miserable counterfeit, betraying, by that which he wishes to appear, that which he really ought to be. Well then, it now comes before us as a solemn question, seeing that our whole nature, the nature of each man, is thus gone astray, and that every one of us has an abiding tendency to selfishness and to evil–Whence came this tendency? How had it its beginning? This tendency is a departure from God who made us; and cannot therefore have been Gods work. And this departure can only have begun by an act of the will of man. God created us free, gave our first parents a command to keep, which very fact implied that they had power to break it. Now there was no reasonable ground for breaking it, but every imaginable reason against such conduct; the departure was not an act of the convinced reason, but an act of that which we know as self-will–a leaning to self in spite of reason and conscience. So that sin had its practical beginning in the will of man. And this beginning we read of in Scripture in the history of the Fall. At once mans personality, the inner soul of his nature, passes into a different relation to God: it is torn out of the covenant of His love; stands over against Him as His enemy; trembles at His approach. All peace, all innocence, is gone. The body, Gods beautiful and wonderful work, becomes the seat of shame. Man, knowing that he is naked, flies from God and hides himself. And as the spirit of man has renounced its allegiance to God, so have now the animal soul and the body thrown off their allegiance to the spirit. Anarchy enters into his being, and holds wild misrule. The gravitation of the spiritual world is overthrown, its laws of attraction are suspended; the lower revolts against the higher, the lowest against the lower. And as in man, so in mans world. In a moment the poison spreads, electric, over the kingdom which he should have ruled; the elements disown him, the beasts of the forest glare upon him, the ground is cursed for his sake. The king of nature is self-deposed,–his palace is broken up, his delights are scattered, his sweet fellowship with his helpmate is marred,–and he is driven out a wanderer. Then first sprung forth the bitter fountains of tears, destined to furrow the cheeks of untold generations; then first the hands were clenched, and the brow grasped, and the breast beaten,–and the vastness of inward woe sought relief in outward gesture. Verily, the crown had fallen from his head; woe unto him, that he had sinned. (Dean Alford.)
Fuente: Biblical Illustrator Edited by Joseph S. Exell
Verse 12. Princes are hanged up by their hand] It is very probable that this was a species of punishment. They were suspended from hooks in the wall by their hands till they died through torture and exhaustion. The body of Saul was fastened to the wall of Bethshan, probably in the same way; but his head had already been taken off. They were hung in this way that they might be devoured by the fowls of the air. It was a custom with the Persians after they had slain, strangled, or beheaded their enemies, to hang their bodies upon poles, or empale them. In this way they treated Histiaeus of Miletum, and Leonidas of Lacedaemon. See Herodot. lib. vi. c. 30, lib. vii. c. 238.
Fuente: Adam Clarke’s Commentary and Critical Notes on the Bible
Most probably by the enemies hands, though some would have it by their hands, intimating a more sharp and lingering death. Hanging was an ancient way in the Eastern countries of putting malefactors to death, Gen 40:19.
Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole
12. hanged . . . by their handapiece of wanton cruelty invented by the Chaldeans. GROTIUStranslates, “Princes were hung by the hand of the enemy“;hanging was a usual mode of execution (Ge40:19).
eldersofficials (La4:16).
Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
Princes are hanged up by their hand,…. According to some, as Aben Ezra observes, by the hand of the servants before mentioned; however, by the hand of the Chaldeans or Babylonians; see Jer 52:10. Some understand it of their own hands, as if they laid violent hands upon themselves, not being able to bear the hardships and disgrace they were subjected to but I should rather think this is to be understood of hanging them, not by the neck, but by the hand, could any instance be given of such a kind of punishment so early used, and by this people; which has been in other nations, and in more modern times:
the faces of elders were not honoured; no reverence or respect were shown to elders in age or office, or on account of either; but were treated with rudeness and contempt.
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
The beginning of the verse may be explained in two ways. All render thus, “The princes have been slain by their hand,” that is, of their enemies. But I wonder how it never occurred to them, that it was far more grievous, that they were slain by their own hand. I certainly do not doubt but that the Prophet says here, that some of the princes had laid violent hands on themselves. For it would be a frigid expression, that the princes were hung by the hand of enemies; but if we read, that the princes were hung by their own hand, this would be far more atrocious, as we have before seen that even women, excelling in humanity, devoured their own offspring. So he says now that princes were hung, not by enemies, for it was a common thing for the conquered to be slain by their enemies, and be also hung by way of reproach; but the Prophet, as it appears to me, meant to express something more atrocious, even that the miserable princes were constrained to lay violent hands on themselves. (233)
He adds, that the faces of the aged were not honored; which is also a thing not natural; for we know that some honor is always rendered to old age, and that time of life is commonly regarded with reverence. When, therefore, no respect is shown to the aged, the greatest barbarity must necessarily prevail. It is the same, then, as though the Prophet had said that the people had been so disgracefully treated, that their enemies had not even spared the aged. We also now understand why he adds this, for it would have otherwise appeared incredible, that the princes hung themselves by their own hand. But he here intimates that there was no escape for them, except they in despair sought death for themselves, because all humanity had disappeared. It follows, —
(233) The most obvious meaning of the words is, that princes were hung or suspended by the hand, and not by the neck. Such a punishment is not recorded as having been then practiced; but it may have been a barbarity resorted to by the Chaldeans. This seems to be the meaning conveyed by the versions and the Targ., —
Princes were by their hand hung up, The persons of the aged were not honored.
—
Ed.
Fuente: Calvin’s Complete Commentary
(12) Princes are hanged . . .The words point to the shameless exposure of the bodies of the dead. (Comp. the treatment of Saul and his sons in 1Sa. 31:10-12.) This was the common practice of the Assyrian kings (Records of the Past, i. 38). Neither age nor dignity (both are implied in the word elders) was any safeguard against atrocities, either in life or death.
Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)
Princes were hanged up by their hand,
The faces of elders were not honoured.
The cruelty of conquerors was well known. The ‘princes’ may well have been dead, for the display of the dead bodies of important people was a regular practise (compare Saul and his princely sons in 1Sa 31:10; 1Sa 31:12). We know from the ancient records that it was certainly an Assyrian practise. The idea was to shame the leadership and frighten people into submission. But it would not be unknown for men to be hung up alive, as centuries later Jesus Christ would be for our sins.
The elders and the older men in any nation were usually treated with respect. But it was not so in this case. Here they were from a land of rebels. Thus instead of being honoured they were ‘not honoured’, that is, were treated with disrespect.
Fuente: Commentary Series on the Bible by Peter Pett
Lam 5:12. By their hand That is to say, by the hands of the Chaldeans.
Fuente: Commentary on the Holy Bible by Thomas Coke
Lam 5:12 Princes are hanged up by their hand: the faces of elders were not honoured.
Ver. 12. Princes are hanged up by the hand. ] Made to die a dog’s death, and, as some a will have it, by their own hands, .
The faces of the elders were not honoured.
“ Magna fuit quondam capitis reverentia cani:
Inque suo precio ruga senilis erat, ” – Ovid.
But now it was otherwise with the Jewish elders, who haply were not worthy of their years, as we say; like as the princes had done wickedly with both hands earnestly, and were therefore not undeservedly hanged up hy the hand; but if Quakers among us might have their way, our families, saith one, would soon be like the cabins of the Lestringonians in Sicily, where everybody was at liberty, and none regarded or reverenced their seniors or superiors.
a Calvin.
Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
faces. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of the Part), App-6, for the whole person.
Fuente: Companion Bible Notes, Appendices and Graphics
Lam 2:10, Lam 2:20, Lam 4:16, Isa 47:6, Jer 39:6, Jer 39:7, Jer 52:10, Jer 52:11, Jer 52:25-27
Reciprocal: Lev 19:32 – General Isa 3:2 – mighty Isa 24:2 – as with the people Lam 1:8 – all Lam 1:19 – my priests Lam 2:6 – the king Lam 4:2 – how Eze 19:1 – the princes Zec 14:2 – the houses
Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
Lam 5:12. Cruel tortures were inflicted upon the leading men, and no respect was paid to old age. the invaders being interested only in themselves.
Fuente: Combined Bible Commentary
Lam 5:12-16. Princes are hanged up by their hand By the hand of their enemies. They took the young men to grind To grind at the mill was the common employment of slaves, Exo 11:5. The children fell under the wood They made children turn the handle of the mill till they fell down through weariness: so some explain it with relation to the former part of the verse. But the expression may be understood of making them carry such heavy burdens of wood that they fainted under the load. The elders have ceased from the gate The elders no more sit in the gates of the cities, to administer justice to every one, and keep things in order. The young men from their music Those songs of mirth and joy which used to be heard in our nation are heard no longer. The joy of our heart is ceased Since the enemy came in upon us like a flood, we have been strangers to all comfort. Our dance is turned into mourning Instead of leaping for joy, as formerly, we sink and lie down in sorrow. This may refer especially to the joy of their solemn feasts: this was now turned into mourning, which was doubled on their festival days, in remembrance of their former delights and comforts. The crown is fallen from our head At their feasts, at their marriages, and other seasons of festivity, they used to crown themselves with flowers. The prophet most probably alludes to this custom, as we may gather from the preceding verses. The general meaning is, All our glory is at an end, together with the advantages of being thy people, and enjoying thy presence, by which we were distinguished from the rest of the world. Lowth.
Fuente: Joseph Bensons Commentary on the Old and New Testaments
5:12 Princes were hung up by {f} their hand: the faces of elders were not honoured.
(f) That is, by the enemies hand.