Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Deuteronomy 24:13
In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again when the sun goeth down, that he may sleep in his own raiment, and bless thee: and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the LORD thy God.
13. sleep in his garment ] Heb. salmah (Deu 29:4 and E, Exodus 22), transp. from the more frequent simlah (Deu 8:4, Deu 10:18, Deu 21:13, Deu 22:3; Deu 22:17), the large outer robe which the peasant can dispense with by day while at work, but which he almost invariably sleeps in; cp. Amo 2:8, Job 22:6, Pro 20:16.
and it shall be righteousness unto thee ] Characteristic of D (cp. Deu 6:25). E, Exo 22:27 (26): when he crieth unto me I will hear; for I am gracious.
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
Deu 24:13-16
Thou shalt have a perfect and just weight, measure.
The Christian in commerce
I. Endeavour to point out what Christianity requires of a man in his dealings in business with his fellow men.
1. The most rigid adherence to the principles of moral integrity. Truth. Honesty.
2. The exercise of love and kindness.
3. That a man should preserve his soul in peace and patience.
4. That commerce be consecrated and elevated by the spirit of holiness.
II. Having described what a Christian should be in commerce briefly show why he should be it. All considerations by which religion and morality are commended and enforced are applicable here. The course pointed out is right in itself, what we owe to God and connected with eternal destiny. It is necessary to inherit the kingdom of heaven. It is presented to us in the example of Christ, whom all disciples should imitate. In one word, Christianity requires it; all its precepts, principles, blessings, and prospects require it. (A. J. Morris.)
Fluctuation of trade
Trade is a fluctuating thing; it passed from Tyre to Alexandria, from Alexandria to Venice, from Venice to Antwerp, from Antwerp to Amsterdam and London–the English rivalling the Dutch; the French are now rivalling both. All nations, almost, are wisely applying themselves to trade, and it behoves those who are in possession of it to take the greatest care that they do not lose it. It is a plant of tender growth; it requires sun and soil and fine seasons to make it thrive and flourish. It will not grow like the palm tree, which, with the more weight and pressure, rises the more. Liberty is a friend to that, as that is a friend to liberty. But the greatest enemy to both in licentiousness, which tramples upon all law and lawful authority, encourages riots and tumults, sticks at nothing to support its extravagance, practises every art of illicit gain, ruins credit and trade, and will ruin liberty itself. Neither kingdoms, commonwealths, public companies, nor private persons, can long carry on a beneficial and flourishing trade without virtue and what virtue teaches–sobriety, industry, frugality, modesty, honesty, punctuality, humanity, charity, the love of our country, and the fear of our God. (Bp. Newton.)
Justice
From these specific instances of justice let us extend our views to justice in general; let us consider its true nature and importance to human society; the obligations we are under to adhere to it inviolably; and the fatal consequences of every deviation. Justice is that virtue which teaches us to respect the rights of others, and to refrain from all injurious acts or purposes.
1. Some rights men are born to–such as the use of their own limbs, the free and uncontrolled exercise of their faculties of body and mind–these faculties, derived from the Author of life, sufficiently speak the intention of the Giver–that they should be freely, but at the same time innocently used–this is the equal birthright of every man.
2. Again, if every human being that God has made has a right to live, to breathe, to move, to think–he must also have a just claim to the product of his labour and his thought.
3. Another source of right springs from mutual, voluntary engagements–expressed, or implied–which ought all to be candidly interpreted, and conscientiously fulfilled.
4. Of all obligations the most binding and indispensable is to do no wrong to any; to hold the rightful claims of our fellow creatures sacred. First, all restraint upon personal liberty exercised by one man upon another–uncompelled by previous aggression–tends wantonly to defeat mans whole destination; and is therefore a daring outrage against the Author of his being. Equally, or rather more unjust and more criminal is it, to forge chains for the mind–to prohibit the use of reason–to compel men to violate their conscience. Next to the undisturbed use of our bodily and mental faculties, the fruits of their exertion, justice maintains inviolable–and consequently enjoins–the exact observance of those civil laws by which the disposal of property is regulated, not merely for wrath, but for conscience sake. Moreover, independently of government and laws, that those contracts which are entered into for mutual aid and benefit, and without which mankind could not act collectively and in concert, are to be formed on fair and upright principles, and fulfilled with punctuality–is as evident as that man was created to be a social being, and that no one should undermine that mutual confidence and that willingness to combine and to cooperate together, on which the common good so manifestly depends. Nor do commercial or pecuniary concerns form the only province of justice. She is equally solicitous to render unto all their dues of every kind. She abstains as carefully from violating anothers reputation as his property; of which, indeed, it often constitutes the most valuable part; and as scrupulously shuns taking any unfair advantage in the most secret transaction, as in the sight of all the world. Who is not sensible of the discordant and tumultuous state into which mankind would fall were justice to take her flight? Selfishness and rapine on all sides prevailing in a short time little would remain for the one to covet or the other to prey upon and monopolise. Justice is essential not only to the comfort, but to the subsistence of the species. But where neither the eye of man can penetrate, nor the hand of man can reach–there the claims of justice are felt by the truly upright; the reasonable expectations of their fellow creatures weighed in an impartial scale, and answered with the same conscientious care and unswerving rectitude, as if they were defined by the strictest statutes, and enforced by the severest penalties. Far beyond all formal compacts, all legal obligations, is the demand of reason and conscience on the just man. In comparing his own rights with those of others, his justice stretches into the domain of generosity; in comparing the claims of others between themselves his generosity never deviates from impartial justice. So imperceptible are the shades of difference that separate justice from generosity–whether we consider their motives, obligations, or effects–that, amongst the ancient philosophers justice was the common name assigned to both; and denoted the general principle of all the social virtues–and our Saviour comprehends all that is equitable and all that is kind and disinterested in one and the same precept–Do unto others, as ye would that they should do unto you. I shall only add, that as justice is that virtue which is most essential to every social state, and that state which is reserved for the spirits of the just will be preeminently social; so the habits of justice, which have in this world been interwoven with all their sentiments and actions, must there attain their highest perfection and produce the happiest issue. (P. Houghton.)
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Fuente: Biblical Illustrator Edited by Joseph S. Exell
Bless thee, instrumentally, as ministers are said to convert and save sinners, to wit, bring down the blessing of God upon thee by his prayers; for though his prayers, if he be not a good man, shall not avail for his own behalf, yet they shall avail for thy benefit.
Righteousness unto thee before the Lord, i.e. esteemed and accepted by God as a work of righteousness, or holiness, or goodness and mercy, which oft is called righteousness, as Psa 107:9; Pro 10:2; Dan 4:27.
Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole
In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again, when the sun goeth down,…. If it was a night covering, as Jarchi remarks; but if it was his day clothes, he was to return it in the morning, when the sun arose; and this was to be done every day, which resist occasion a great deal of trouble, and the pledge of little use; so that it seems as though they might as well be without it as have it, and lend freely; but the Jews say, that there was an advantage by it; for it is said in answer to such a question,
“of what profit is the pledge? by this means the debt is not released on the seventh year, (when all other debts were released, De 15:1) nor could the borrower dispose of his goods to his children, but payment was made from the pledge after his death m:”
now this delivery of the pledge at sun setting was ordered,
that he may sleep in his own raiment; have his night covering to sleep in, his pillow, and bolster, and bedding to lie on, and bed clothes to cover him; and indeed the clothes they wore were made in such form, as would serve for covering to sleep in at night, as well as to wear in the day; and such is the clothing of the Arabs now, which they call “hykes”.
“The usual size of them (Dr. Shaw says n), is six yards long, and five or six feet broad, serving the Arab for a complete dress in the day; and as they “sleep in their raiment”, it serves likewise for his bed and covering by night:”
and bless thee: for using him so mercifully and kindly, as to return him his pledge, which is so necessary to his comfortable repose in the night; and not only will he praise him, and speak well of him for it, and give him thanks; but will pray to God to bless him in soul, body, and estate, for such kindness shown him:
and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the Lord thy God; not his justifying righteousness before God, for by the deeds of the law shall no flesh living be justified in his sight; but it shall be owned and approved of as a good and righteous action, and answerable to the intention of this law, which is, that mercy should be shown to persons in distress; in which sense the word “righteousness” is sometimes used, even for a merciful action, Ps 112:9; so alms is called
, “righteousness”, Mt 6:1, in some copies.
m Maimon Hilchot Milvah Velovah, c. 3. sect. 5. n Travels, p. 224. Ed. 2.
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
Deu 24:13 In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again when the sun goeth down, that he may sleep in his own raiment, and bless thee: and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the LORD thy God.
Ver. 13. May bless thee. ] Saying, as St Paul brings in the relieved poor Christian, 2Co 9:15 “Thanks be unto God for his unspeakable gift.” God will surely bless thee for such a blessing.
And it shall be righteousness unto thee.
Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
raiment = the mantle given to this day; not only for debt, but as a token that a business promise will be kept.
Fuente: Companion Bible Notes, Appendices and Graphics
deliver: Exo 22:26, Exo 22:27, Job 24:7, Job 24:8, Job 29:11-13, Job 31:16-20, Eze 18:7, Eze 18:12, Eze 18:16, Eze 33:15, Amo 2:8, 2Ti 1:16-18
the sun: Deu 24:15, 2Co 9:13, 2Co 9:14, Eph 4:26
in his own raiment: The raiment here referred to was most likely the same as the hyke of the Arabs, a long kind of blanket, resembling a Highland plaid, generally about six yards in length, and five or six feet broad; in which they often carry their provisions, as well as wrap themselves in, in the day, and sleep in at night, it being their only substitute for a bed. How necessary, then, it was to restore the hyke to a poor man before the going down of the sun, that he might have something to repose on, will sufficiently appear from these considerations.
shall be: Deu 6:25, Deu 15:9, Deu 15:10, Gen 15:6, Psa 106:30, Psa 106:31, Psa 112:9, Isa 58:8, Dan 4:27, Jam 1:27, Jam 2:13-23
Reciprocal: Neh 11:2 – blessed Job 29:13 – The blessing Job 29:14 – I put Job 31:20 – General Mat 6:1 – alms
Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
24:13 In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again when the sun goeth down, that he may sleep in his own raiment, and bless thee: and it shall be righteousness unto thee {f} before the LORD thy God.
(f) Though he would be unthankful, yet God will not forget it.