Exegetical and Hermeneutical Commentary of Zechariah 7:12
Yea, they made their hearts [as] an adamant stone, lest they should hear the law, and the words which the LORD of hosts hath sent in his spirit by the former prophets: therefore came a great wrath from the LORD of hosts.
12. an adamant ] perhaps diamond, “so called from its cutting and perforating (the original meaning of the word being a sharp point, or thorn), as the point of a stylus was made of diamonds, Jer 17:1.” Gesen. “The stone, whatever it be, was hard enough to cut ineffaceable characters (Jer 17:1): it was harder than flint (Eze 3:9). It would cut rocks; it could not be graven itself, or receive the characters of God.” Pusey.
in his spirit ] Rather, by His Spirit, as R. V. The preposition is the same as in the next clause, by the hand of His prophets. The Holy Ghost was the Divine Agent, the prophets were the human instruments. Comp. Neh 9:30.
Fuente: The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
Harder than adamant – The stone, whatever it be, was hard enough to cut ineffaceable characters : it was harder than flint . It would cut rocks; it could not be graven itself, or receive the characters of God.
This is the last sin, obduracy, persevering impenitence, which resisted the Holy Spirit Act 7:51. and did despite to the Spirit of grace Heb 10:29. Not through infirmity, but of set purpose, they hardened themselves, lest they should convert Isa 6:10 and be healed. They feared to trust themselves to Gods word, lest He should convert them by it.
Lest they should hear the law and the words which the Lord God sent by His Spirit by the hand of the former prophets – The Holy Spirit was the chief agent; by His Spirit; the inspired prophets were His instruments; by the hand of. Nehemiah confesses the same to God: Thou didst protest to them by Thy Spirit by the hand of Thy prophets Neh 9:30. Moses was one of the greatest prophets. The law then may be included, either as delivered by Moses, or as being continually enforced by all the prophets. Observe the gradations:
(1) The words of God are not heard.
(2) The restive shoulder is shown; people turn away, when God, by the inner motions of His Spirit or by lesser chastisements, would bring them to the yoke of obedience. Osorius: They would not bear the burden of the law, whereas they willingly bore that most heavy weight of their sins.
(3) Obduracy. Osorius: Their adamantine heart could be softened neither by promises nor threats. Therefore nothing remained but the great wrath, which they had treasured to themselves against the day of wrath. And so Zechariah returns to that, wherewith his message and visions of future mercy began, the great wrath which fell upon their fathers Zec 1:7.
Osorius: I sought not, He says, for your tears; I enjoined not bitterness of sorrow; but what, had they been done, the calamity, for which those tears were meet, had never befallen you. What was it which I admonished you formerly by the former prophets to recall you from sin? What I bid you by Zechariah now. This I preach, admonish, testify, inculcate upon you.
Fuente: Albert Barnes’ Notes on the Bible
Zec 7:12
Yea, they made their hearts as an adamant stone
The disease and cure of the hard heart
A man does not become profligate or altogether wicked at once.
One vice makes way for another. The people in Zechariahs time had arrived at such a prodigious height of vice, that it is said, Yea, they made their hearts as an adamant stone. Adamant is the hardest of all stones: it is found by the best chemists to be indissolvable. The similitude is proper to exhibit the real state of the human heart; which cannot be melted, or reduced to the genuine image of Jesus, by human art or power.
I. The disuse of the hard heart.
1. Of the symptoms or nature of it. It discovers itself in a wayward temper, a pride and stoutness of heart against God, particularly the calls of His providence, and the admonitions of His holy Word. This is the genuine character of wicked men. God is not in all their thoughts. They extinguish the remains of natural conscience. In an inflexibility against the word of truth, and the ordinances of religion. The inflexible adamantine heart defeateth the gracious designs of the Gospel. It is inflexible to the motions of Gods Holy Spirit. And this is the crowning sin. He knocks by the motions of His Holy Spirit, yet the hard heart refuseth to give Him admittance.
2. The different kinds of this disease.
(1) There is a natural hardness: a part of that natural corruption, that original guilt and inbred poison of our nature.
(2) There is an acquired hardness of heart. There are those who voluntarily strengthen themselves in their natural disobedience, and reject the counsel of God against themselves. How careful we should be to form our hearts for the Redeemer; to open those gates that the truths of the Gospel may be admitted.
(3) There is a penal hardness of heart. There is a degree above voluntary hardness, as voluntary hardness implieth something above natural. In Scripture God is said to harden mens hearts in two ways–by leaving them in their natural state; and by giving up to a reprobate mind.
(4) This hardness is either in part or in whole. Some complain of hardness and insensibility, as the present frame and temper of the soul. What contributes so much to hardness of heart in believers is, their giving too great scope to carnal delights. These may be tasted, but a large draught intoxicates.
(5) This hardness of heart is severely felt by the genuine disciples of Jesus. It is neither felt nor complained of by carnal and wicked men. But to be past feeling is a sure symptom of death, as well spiritual as natural. There is no life without feeling.
Learn–
(1) From this view of the human heart, the character of the real Christian.
(2) That nothing short of the teachings of the Holy Spirit have ever proved sufficient to affect the heart with a practical sense of the vileness of sin and its own hardness.
(3) Learn what that sacrifice is which is most acceptable and pleasing to God.
3. The causes of this spiritual malady.
(1) Ignorance. The blind mind, the obstinate will, and hard heart, inseparably accompany each other.
(2) Unbelief. The most powerful arguments and most engaging motives of our holy religion are brought from things unseen. Unless we feel the powers of the world to come, neither the joys of heaven nor the terrors of utter darkness will properly work on our fears or encourage our hopes.
(3) Custom in sinning hardens the heart.
(4) Hypocrisy. This dangerous character appears to consist of two branches: dissimulation, by which we deceive others; and formality, by which we deceive ourselves.
(5) Pride. As in the case of Pharaoh. Pride is at the bottom of every vice.
(6) The deceitfulness of sin. Sin deceiveth by general invectives. By delays. By coming plumed in the feathers of profit, or pleasure, or honours, or preferments. By presenting herself in a coat of many colours, especially in making her address in all the charms of sensual pleasures. She attacks the soul in Jacobs voice, and in an angels form. Sin, by continuance, increases upon the soul. In hardened sinners, vice prompts men to presume upon impunity.
II. The cure of this spiritual malady.
1. Serious and frequent mediations on the perfections of the Divine nature, especially His glory and power.
2. Faith in the great doctrines of the Gospel is a sovereign remedy for the most inveterate disorders of the soul.
3. Faith in Gospel ordinances is another sovereign remedy.
4. Faith in the great atonement made by our exalted High Priest is another absolutely necessary ingredient in the cure of the adamantine heart. The dignity and infinite excellence of this sacrifice will appear from its Divine appointment; from the nature of the sacrifice itself; from its noble and infinitely precious fruits; from those vast multitudes who have been saved by this sacrifice.
5. Another ingredient towards the cure of the hard heart is a proper knowledge of the guilt and demerit of transgression. The smallest deviation from the Divine law is entailed with the curse. (J. Johnston.)
The guilt of hardness of heart
There are periods in the life of every person who hears the Gospel in which his attention is called, in an especial manner, to the subject of religion; and one of the most common discoveries made at these times is this–that the heart is insensible,–that there is in it no corresponding emotions to the magnitude, or to the admitted importance of the great truths which have now become the subject of special attention. Insensibility upon the subject of religion is inexcusable. Notice that you are not destitute of sensibility and susceptibility. You are not incapable of feeling. Religion does not indeed consist in emotion. It consists, first, in a right belief, then right feeling, then right purpose, then right action. You are not destitute of those susceptibilities to which the truths of the Gospel make their appeal. Nothing is so adapted to excite these constitutional susceptibilities as the great truths of religion. Consider the subjects of immortality, the being and character of God. God is love. Then why do you not love Him whom you should love supremely? We are capable of reverence, and God is the most venerable being in the universe. There is in Him independence, eternal existence, majesty, power, dominion, sovereignty, the terribleness of wrath, greatness of mercy, all of which qualities are capable of inspiring the soul of man with the profoundest feeling of reverence. Fearful, said Moses of God, fearful in praises. Consider the great work of redemption. God from His holy throne looking down upon a lost race. God meeting the demands of His own justice, and in order to sustain the principles of His moral government, condescending to be Himself the victim of the law, and a sacrifice to its penal demands. Will you tell me, you who confess to this charge of religious insensibility, will you tell me why you have never sympathised with the Divine compassion? You have looked upon that scene of the Father giving up His only begotten Son to save a lost race, and you never felt that, you never admired, never loved, never thanked, never praised Him for it! It is not that God has made you so, not that religion is not calculated to enlist your feelings on its behalf, there must be some other cause. Your hardness of heart is the result of apostasy. It is the issue, the fatal issue of a process, directly and completely adapted to the end, and incessantly practised up to the present moment. Who is it that is now complaining of moral insensibilities? Is it that person who has cherished the teachings of maternal kindness, and the sentiments inspired from time to time by the solemn admonitions of providence, and the more solemn warnings of life? Oh, no! I apprehend a fair review of your life will take away your surprise at any present hardness of heart. You have the power of commanding your thoughts, of fixing your attention on any subject. You can then command your thoughts, control the current of your thoughts, and the attention of your mind, keep your mental eye fixed upon all that is pure, lovely, noble, vast, glorious, upon God, the human soul, immortality, redemption, the great, the vast interests of the human race. Keep your thoughts up, and your soul will go up; keep your thoughts high, and your character will be elevated; keep your thoughts high, and your hopes will be pure, elevating, high. I am not speaking of this life only, I go beyond that. You will notice, in regard to your own mind, that some subjects approve themselves to you, by the operation of the passions. The passions have their own objects, and when they are at work in the soul, they bring into the imagination those thoughts and visions which are apt to feed themselves. Bodily appetites have their passions, and they control the trains of thought. What I wish to observe is, that the passions, the appetites, the senses, the general conversation of life, the character of the literature of the day, all tend to make you worldly and sinful and not religious. They do not suggest the great truths of religion, nor tend to keep them before the mind. Spiritual subjects must be kept before you by an effort of your will; your thoughts must be raised by meditating upon the Divine will. The hardness of heart which you may be feeling tonight, runs back through the history of your life, and could be traced to a period quite remote from the present. The text is true, You have made your heart as an adamant stone. What a comparison this is to make! Like an adamant stone all moral culture is lost upon it. (E. N. Kirk.)
Gospel hardened
I was on a visit lately at a country village. The first morning I was there, I was awakened very early by the sound of a horn blowing, which continued for about a quarter of an hour. It disturbed me every morning, at the same hour, and on speaking of it to my friends, they assured me that I would soon get accustomed to it, and it would then cease to disturb me. And so it proved. I could soon sleep on undisturbed, though the horn blew as usual. In a spiritual sense I think this is the most dangerous state into which a man can fall. When they hear the Gospel preached to them at first, they seem to waken out of a sleep, and get disturbed and uncomfortable; but if they do not take advantage of what they hear, they get accustomed to it, and by and by can listen to any Gospel sermon without being moved by it. Such a mans state is worse than at the first, for Gods Spirit has ceased to strive with him. (Christian Herald.)
Fuente: Biblical Illustrator Edited by Joseph S. Exell
Verse 12. Made their hearts as an adamant stone] shamir may mean the granite. This is the hardest stone with which the common people could be acquainted. Perhaps the corundum, of which emery is a species, may be intended. Bochart thinks it means a stone used in polishing others. The same name, in Hebrew, applies to different stones.
Fuente: Adam Clarke’s Commentary and Critical Notes on the Bible
They made their hearts as an adamant: though the heart of itself is far from taking impressions, and receiving kindly the law of God, yet these desperate sinners think it is too pliable, they study how to harden it, and this was the fault of many of them. An adamant; the hardest of stones.
Lest they should hear the law; which was peremptorily required of them, and they as peremptorily resolved against it.
The law of God by Moses, of whom they boasted, whilst they despised his law.
The words, counsels and commands, which the Lord of hosts, their God, spake; nay, though they knew he spake they would not hear.
In his spirit; by his Holy Spirit, in clear evidences, piercing convictions, powerful operation, and dreadful threatenings; yet they opposed and resisted. and sinned against his Spirit.
By the former prophets: all of them acted by the same Spirit, pressing them to the same duties, and foretelling the same miseries, and promising the same blessings, but all would not prevail.
Therefore, for this great obstinacy, came a great wrath, which consumed the whole land, and burned against them seventy years together in Babylon.
From the Lord of hosts; in all which the hand of the Lord was most evidently seen, dealing to them according to their ways. Such were your fathers, such their ways, such their sufferings, all which is well known to you who start such queries, and meanwhile run away from the great commands of the law.
Fuente: English Annotations on the Holy Bible by Matthew Poole
12. hearts . . . adamant(Eze 3:9; Eze 11:19).
Lord . . . sent in Spirit by. . . prophetsthat is, sent by the former prophets inspiredwith His Spirit.
therefore . . . great wrath(2Ch 36:16). As they pushedfrom them the yoke of obedience, God laid on them the yoke ofoppression. As they made their heart hard as adamant, God brake theirhard hearts with judgments. Hard hearts must expect hard treatment.The harder the stone, the harder the blow of the hammer to break it.
Fuente: Jamieson, Fausset and Brown’s Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
Yea, they made their hearts [as] an adamant stone,…. The word here used is translated a “diamond” in Jer 17:1 and it is said to be harder than a flint, Eze 3:9. The Jewish writers say g it is a worm like a barley corn, so strong as to cut the hardest stones in pieces; Moses (they say) used it in hewing the stones for the two tables of the law, and in fitting the precious stones in the ephod; and Solomon in cutting the stones for the building of the temple; and is so hard that it cannot be broken by iron: and as hard is naturally the heart of man, and which becomes more so by sinning, and obstinate persisting in it, that nothing can remove the hardness of it but the powerful and efficacious grace of God: as hard as the adamant is, it is to be softened by the blood of a goat, as naturalists says h; so the blood of Christ sprinkled on the heart, and a sense of forgiveness of sin by it, will soften the hardest heart:
lest they should hear the law, and the words which the Lord of hosts hath seat in his Spirit by the former prophets; the words of reproof, admonition, caution, and exhortation, which Jeremiah and others were sent to deliver to them, under the influence of the Spirit of God:
therefore came a great wrath from the Lord of hosts; which brought the Chaldeans upon them, who carried them captive into Babylon.
g Misn. Sota, c. 9. sect. 12. Pirke Abot. c. 5. sect. 5. & Maimon. & Bartenora in ib. Kimchi in 1 Reg. vi. 7. Jarchi in Isa. v. 6. h Pausan. Arcadica, sive l. 8. p. 485. Plin. Nat. Hist. l. 37. c. 4.
Fuente: John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible
He then comes to the heart, They made, he says, their heart adamant, or the very hardest stone. Some render it steel, and others flint. It means sometimes a thorn; but in this place, as in Eze 3:9, and in Jer 17:1, it is to be taken for adamant, or the hardest stone. (75) We now see that the Prophet’s object was to show that the Jews had no excuse, as if they had fallen away through error or ignorance, but had ever wilfully and perversely rejected sound doctrine. The Prophet then teaches us that hypocrisy had been the sole hindrance to prevent them from understanding and following what was right.
But it may be useful to notice the manner of speaking which the Prophet adopts in condemning the perverseness of the Jews, when he says, that they had refused attention to God. For we ought here to observe the connection between the fear of God and obedience, and on the other hand, between the contempt of the law and wilful rebellion. If then we would not be condemned for contumacy before God, attention must in the first place be given to his word, and afterwards the shoulders must be put under, so that we may bear submissively the yoke laid on us; and thirdly, we must listen with the ears, so that the word of God, preached to us, may not be lost, but strike in us deep roots; and lastly, our hearts must be turned to obedience, and all hardness corrected or softened. Then Zechariah adds, that the Jews had a stonily or an iron heart, so that they repudiated the law of God and all his Prophets. He gives the first place to the law, for they ought to have sought from it the whole doctrine of religion; and the Prophets, as it has been often stated, were only interpreters of the law.
He afterwards mentions the words which had been sent by Jehovah through his Spirit and through his Prophets (76) By saying that God spoke by his Prophets, he meets an objection by which hypocrites are wont to cover themselves, when they reject the truth. For they object and say, that they would be willingly submissive to God, but that they cannot bear the authority of men, as though God’s word changed its nature by coming through the mouth of man. But as hypocrites and profane men are wont to lessen the authority of the word, the Prophet here shows, having this pretext in view, that God designed to be heard, though he employed ministers. Hence by this kind of concession it is implied, that Prophets are middle persons, and yet that God so speaks by their mouth, that contempt is offered to him when no due honor is shown to the truth. And further, lest the baseness of men should withhold regard from the word, he mentions also the Spirit, as though he had said, that God had spoken not only by his servants, even mortal men, but also by his Spirit. There is then no reason for hypocrites deceitfully to excuse themselves, by saying, that they rebel not against God, when they depreciate his Prophets; for the power and majesty of the Holy Spirit appear and shine forth in the doctrine itself, so that the condition of men takes nothing away from its authority. This part was also added in order to condemn the Jews, because they had from the very beginning been seasonably warned, and it was only their own fault that they did not repent. For if the Lord had allowed them for a long time to go astray, there would have been some pretense for their evasions: but since God had tried to recall them to the right way, and Prophets, one after another, had been continually sent to them, their unfaithfulness, yea their iron perverseness, in obstinately refusing to obey God, was more fully discovered. This is the reason why Zechariah mentions here the former Prophets.
He then adds, that there was great wrath from Jehovah of hosts; by which sentence he reminded them, that it was no matter of dispute, as in case of a doubtful thing, whether their fathers had been wicked and disobedient to God; for he had sufficiently proved be punishments that he abominated their conduct; for this principle is to be held true that God does not deal unjustly with men when he chastises them, but that the demerit of crimes is to be estimated by the punishment which he inflicts. As then God had so severely chastised the ancient people, the natural conclusion is, that their wickedness had become intolerable. We now then see why the Prophet said that there had been great wrath from God; the reason was, that the Jews might not think that he had been lightly offended, as he had not been satisfied with a moderate punishment; for since his wrath had been so great, and since he had in so dreadful a manner punished the sins of the people, it follows, that their wickedness had been more grievous than what men considered it to have been.
There is also here an implied comparison; for the unfaithfulness of those who then lived was the worse, for this reason — because they took no warning from the calamities of their fathers, so as to deal with more sincerity with God. They knew that their fathers had been carefully and in various ways admonished; they knew that exile followed, which was an evidence of the dreadful vengeance of God. As then they were like their fathers, and had not put off their perverse disposition, they proved themselves guilty of greater and more refractory baseness, for they ought to have been influenced at least by fear, when they saw that God’s judgment had been so dreadful against obstinate men. It afterwards follows —
(75) It occurs in this sense only here and in the two places referred to. Jerome says that it is a stone which breaks every metal, and can be broken by none; and that hence in Greek it is rendered [ αδαμας ], which means unconquerable. — Ed.
(76) Literally it is, “By his Spirit, by the hand of the former Prophets.” Henderson justly remarks, “The double agency by which the divine will was communicated is recognised—that of the inspiring Spirit and that of the instruments inspired. — Ed.
Fuente: Calvin’s Complete Commentary
(12) Adamant stone means a very hard stone; diamond is the modern form of the word. Adamant, adhmas, meaning in Greek unconquerable, was originally applied to steel (Hesiod). LXX. explain the metaphor, made the heart disobedient.
Fuente: Ellicott’s Commentary for English Readers (Old and New Testaments)
Zec 7:12 Yea, they made their hearts [as] an adamant stone, lest they should hear the law, and the words which the LORD of hosts hath sent in his spirit by the former prophets: therefore came a great wrath from the LORD of hosts.
Ver. 12. Yea, they made their hearts as an adamant ] That hardest of stones, harder than the flint, Eze 3:9 , than the nether millstone, Job 41:24 . Pliny saith of it, Durities eius est inenarrabilis, et simul ignium victrix natura et nunquam incalescens. The hardness of this stone is unspeakable: the fire cannot burn it, nor so much as heat it through; the hammer cannot break it; and therefore the Greeks call it an adamant, from its untameableness. Hircino tamen rumpitur sanguine, saith the same author. Howbeit this hardest stone, soaked for a while in goat’s blood, may be dissolved and broken in pieces. So may the hardest heart by the blood of Christ (the true scape goat) applied by faith. “They shall look upon him whom they have pierced, and shall mourn” ( , Rev 1:7 ). He shall look again upon them, and they shall melt much more. A stroke from guilt broke Judas’s heart into despair; but a look from Christ broke Peter’s heart into tears. Now till the heart be thus graciously mollified instructions glide off it, as rain falling upon a rock: afflictions, God’s hammers, do not but beat upon an adamant, qui respuit scalptra et malleos, quin at ipsos disrampit, which will sooner break them than be broken by them. “Ye stiffnecked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, ye do always resist the Holy Ghost: as your fathers did, so do ye,” Act 7:51 . How their fathers did appears by this text and Neh 9:29 . They had not only sinews of iron, a natural hereditary hardness (whereby all men are born averse from, yea, adverse to, the motions of the Spirit: “That which is born of the flesh is flesh”), but also brows of brass, Isa 48:4 , a habitual, voluntary, adventitious, wilful hardness; refusing to be reformed, hating to be healed: such a desperate hardness, as neither ministry, nor misery, nor miracle, nor mercy could possibly mollify.
By the former prophets
Therefore came a great wrath from the Lord of hosts
Fuente: John Trapp’s Complete Commentary (Old and New Testaments)
the law. Reference to Pentateuch (Exo 20, &c.), App-92.
in = by. Hebrew. ruach. App-9.
Fuente: Companion Bible Notes, Appendices and Graphics
their hearts: Neh 9:29, Job 9:4, Isa 48:4, Jer 5:3, Eze 2:4, Eze 3:7-9, Eze 11:19, Eze 36:26
lest: Psa 50:17, Neh 9:29, Neh 9:30, Isa 6:10, Mat 13:15, Mar 4:12, Luk 8:12, Joh 3:19, Joh 3:20, Act 28:27, 2Th 2:10-12
sent: Neh 9:30, Act 7:51, Act 7:52, 1Pe 1:11, 1Pe 1:12, 2Pe 1:21
the former: Heb. the hand of the former, Zec 7:7
therefore: 2Ch 36:16, Jer 26:19, Dan 9:11, Dan 9:12, 1Th 2:15, 1Th 2:16
Reciprocal: Exo 7:13 – General Exo 7:14 – Pharaoh’s Exo 8:15 – he hardened Exo 32:9 – a stiffnecked Deu 9:6 – a stiffnecked Job 41:24 – as hard Pro 1:24 – I have called Isa 30:9 – will not Isa 46:12 – ye stouthearted Jer 3:3 – thou refusedst Jer 17:23 – they obeyed Jer 25:4 – ye Jer 34:14 – but Jer 42:21 – but Jer 44:3 – of their Jer 44:5 – they Eze 3:9 – adamant Amo 6:12 – horses Mat 13:5 – General Mat 18:35 – from Mat 19:8 – because Mat 21:32 – repented Rom 2:5 – But after Heb 3:8 – Harden
Fuente: The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge
Zec 7:12. An adament stone is one of the hardest kind of stones and is used to illustrate the stubbornness of the people against the law of the Lord. When the prophets spoke the words of the Lord it was equivalent to His voice as to authority, hence the rejection of them brought down His wrath.
Fuente: Combined Bible Commentary
7:12 Yea, they made their hearts [as] an adamant stone, lest they should hear the law, and the words which the LORD of hosts hath sent in his {m} spirit by the former prophets: therefore came a great wrath from the LORD of hosts.
(m) Which declares that they did not only rebel against the Prophets, but against the Spirit of God that spoke in them.